SPEECH AND THEATER Communication
universals
1. You cannot “not” communicate.
2. All communication has content and
relationship dimension.
 Content-info, literal
 Relationship-between sender and
receiver
 Features of relationship-liking,
responsiveness, control, trust
3. Communication is a series of
punctuated events.
4. …is irreversible and unrepeatable.
5. …is culture-specific.
8 essential components
Source, message, channel, receiver,
feedback, environment, context,
interference (noise)
Barriers to communication
Semantic barriers-faulty
words/translation
Psychological barriers-emotional/mental
state
Organizational barriers-strict org.
structures
Personal barriers- personal reasons
Levels of communication
Intrapersonal- self-talk
Interpersonal- two people; intimate,
formal, impersonal
Group- 3-8 people
Public- one to a group
Mass- powerful way
Guidelines
1. Purpose or reason for speaking
2. Central message
3. Audience
Types of communication
Verbal-speak
Non-verbal-movements; facial
expressions, non-verbal cues
Written—memos, letters, socmed
Visual—images and videos
Listening is the beginning of
understanding
Types of Listening
Appreciative
Emphatic—feeling the shoe, message and
conviction
Comprehensive—focus or concentration;
active participation
Critical—evaluate; analyze; looking at the
content and judging validity
Models of Communication
*Aristotle Model- speaker-speech-
audience-effect
*Berlo’s Model- source encodes message-
channel decodes receive
--source~com.skills, attitudes, knowledge,
social system, culture
--messages~content, elements,
treatment, structure, code
--channel~hearing, seeing, touching,
smelling, tasting
--receiver~com.skills, attitudes,
knowledge, social system, culture
Shannon and Weaver Model
Sender-source; noise and disturbance in
channel; to receiver and back
Schramm’s Model (Wilber Schramm)
Prime importance of encoding,
understanding, and decoding
Helical Model
Frank Dance; 3 dimensional;
communication is dynamic; like helix or
string-upward to down; communication
begins in birth
Purpose of Listening
*To understand the message being sent
or communicated
*to gain the perspective of the speaker’s
ideas and his POV
*to critically evaluate what is said
*to look at non-verbal cues to enhance
understanding
*to concentrate, and show concern and
attention
*to encourage open and honest
communication
*to be considerate of the speaker
*to compromise by having an agreed
views and understanding
Principles in speech delivery
1. Pronunciation/articulation—
breathing, phonation, resonation
2. Modulation—manipulation of sound
& voice timbre; fine-tunes his pitch
and tone; volume, pauses
3. Stage presence—own the stage,
personality, projection; appearance,
body posture, use of space;
confidence and stage presence
4. Gestures & facial expression—free
from inhibitions; purposeful
5. Audience rapport—on-the-spot
relationship; dress well, confident,
organized, inclusivity; no jargons,
positivity, openness, eye contact,
body language
Principles and Characteristics of Good
Speech and Delivery
Features of an Effective Speech
Clarity—clear, unambiguous
Conviction of message—subject matter is
relevant and definite; central issue or idea
Conciseness—precise, short
Interesting—add stories, quotes, humor
Personal Touch--personal experiences;
more believable, effective
Considering the Audience—background,
nature, interest of audience
Soft and slow speech—emphasize ideas
Use body language foe Emphasis—non-
verbal cues, appropriate gesture
Audience Participation—involve, attentive
A good speech flow begins with intro,
then points developed in body and
closure through closing paragraph.
Self-confidence—view on abilities to
accomplish something
Self-esteem—opinion of yourself
Self-efficacy—self-confidence in specific
situations
Qualities of a confident person
Open minded, gives compliments,
operates in principles, accepts others
differences, makes decisions quickly,
keeps learning and growing, self-assured,
sociable and asks for help, humble and
does not try to impress others, treats
people with respect, displays composure
and grace
Tips
Talk positively to yourself.
Think and congratulate yourself for your
achievements.
Look at what you have made or
accomplished so far.
Set a measurable and attainable goal.
Get a hobby, listen to good music and
keep yourself busy.
Be with people who influence you
positively and make you feel good.
Put beautiful pictures around you
especially those that give you good vibes.
 JOURNALISM-written, oral, visual e. Content—routine story, police
Modern Campus Paper Functions reports, science news, developmental
Information, Opinion, Education, news, sports stories
Watchdog, Laboratory, Documentation, f. Minor forms—news brief, news
Entertainment, Developmental bulletin, news-featurette, flash
Paper—daily, weeklies Writing the Lead
National paper—popular, heavy or quality Kinds of Lead—
*Conventional or summary lead (5W’s
SECTIONS OR PARTS of Campus Paper and H)
a. Front Page—local, foreign, *Grammatical beginning lead
dateline, weather, index, others (prepositional phrase lead, infinitive
(nameplate, ears, banner, running phrase lead, participial phrase lead,
head, headline, deck, lead, news gerundial phrase lead, clause lead
story, columns, column rule, fold, *Novelty lead (astonisher, contrast,
byline, box, cut, cutline, kicker, epigram, picture, background, descriptive,
credit line) parody, punch, one word, quotation,
b. Editorial Page—folio, masthead, question.
editorial proper, editorial column, Writing the News Story
editorial cartoon, editorial liner, Various Types of News Structure
letter to the editor 1. Straight news story—summary
c. Sports page lead, elaboration of w, another w,
d. Special features—life and leisure another w, further elaboration
(the arts, religion, entertainment, 2. News-feature story—lead,
and Comics); finance and narrative, surprise climax :
business. *The single-feature story—lead of
Manila Bulletin—home and one isolated event, elaboration of
culture, entertainment, comics, lead, more details
shopping, classified ads, movie, *The several-feature, multiple-angle
TV and radio guides, comics page or composite story—lead angle,
summary of other angles, detail of
Letterpress Printing lead angles, more details, more
Source to city editor to copyreader or details,
deskman to composing room to linotype 3. Fact story—lead fact, secondary
man to compositor fact, fact III, fact IV
4. Action Story--lead incident told,
Elements of News more details retold, more details
Conflict, immediacy or timeliness, retold, more details retold
proximity or nearness, prominence, 5. Speech report, quote, and
significance, names, drama, oddity or interview stories: lead summary,
unusualness, romance and adventure, quote, summary, quote, summary
sex, progress, animals, number, emotion

Types of News Stories

a. Scope or origin—local, national,
foreign, dateline
b. Chronology or sequence—advance or
anticipated, spot news, coverage
news, follow-up news
c. Structure—straight news, news-
feature (single-feature or one-
incident story, several feature,
multiple-angled, or composite story
d. Treatment—fact story, action story,
speech report, quote story, interview
story