Physics Final Hour Revision Note

FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP
PHYSICS FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE
A. MECHANICS
Vectors
1. Vector addition:
 
A and B be vector quantities acting at an angle θ then
Magnitude of resulting (R) = A2 + 2AB cos + B2
 Bsin
α be the angle made by resultant with A then Tan α
A + BCos
Case 1 : If θ = 0 then R = A+B i.e. resultant will be maximum if two vectors are in
0
same direction .
Case 2 : If θ = 180o then R = A-B i.e resultant will be minimum if two vectors are in
opposite direction .

Case 3 : If θ = 90o then R = A2 + B2 and direction with A
Tan α = B/A
 
2. Subtraction of Vectors : A and B are two vector quantities acting at an angle  then
 
subtraction of B from A
Give the result magnitude of resultant ( R) =
 Bsin
A2 – 2AB cos + B2 α be the angle made by resultant with A then Tan α
A – B cos
Case 1 : If θ = 00 then R = A+B i.e. resultant will be maximum if two vectors are in
same direction .
Case 2 : If θ = 180o then R = A-B i.e resultant will be minimum if two vectors are in
opposite direction.

Case 3 : If θ = 90o then R = A2 + B2 and direction with A
Tan α = B/A
3. Product of Vectors:
 
a. Scalar product or dot product : A and B be two vectors quantities then scalar product
   
= A. B = |A| |B|cos θ
 
i. If θ = 0o then , A. B = AB i.e. scalar product of two vectors become maximum.
 
ii. If θ = 90o then scalar A. B = 0 i.e. scalar product of two vectors will be zero.
 
iii. If θ = 180o then A. B = -AB i.e. scalar product of two vectors will be –ve.
 
b. Vectors product or cross product : A and B are two vectors quantities acting at an
   
angle θ then vectors product = A. B = |A| |B| Sin θn when n = unit of vector
 
perpendicular to plane containing A and B.
   
Here A × B = - (A × B)
4. Resolution of Vector : When a vector ⃗ is resolved in two component along x-axis

  
& y-axis then component along x-axis, Rx = R cosθ i component along y-axis, R = R

cosθ i
Motion in a straight line

The equations of motion for uniformly accelerating body are
a. v = u +at b. S = ut+1/2 at2
a
b. v2 = u2+2as d. Snth = u + 2 ( 2n-1)
These equations of motion under the action of gravity are written by replacing ‘a’ by ‘g’ and
‘s’ by ‘h’
Area under the velocity time curve and time axis gives the displacement of the object for
given interval of time.
A body falling freely under the action of gravity then the distance covered in subsequent
seconds starting from rest will be in the ratio of 1:3:5:7 etc.
Velocity of body falling freely under the action of gravity starting from rest will be in the
ratio of 1:2:3:4 etc .
If a body is thrown with velocity u vertically upward then time to reach at maximum height
u u 2u
is g and time to return back to ground is g so time of flight is g if air resistance is
neglected.
If air resistance if taken in account then time of ascent (ta) is less than time of descent (td)
For a particle having zero initial velocity if S ∝tx where x > 2 then particle acceleration
increases with time .
For a particle having zero initial velocity if S ∝tx where x < 0 then particle acceleration
decreases with time.
If a body cover half of distance with speed v1 and another half distance with velocity v2 then
2v1v2
Average speed = v + v
1 2
If a body travel half time with speed v1 and another half time with speed v2 then average
v1 + v2
speed = 2
If a particle start from rest and accelerate with α for t1 and cover a distanced x1 then retard
with β for time t2 and comes to rest after covering distance x2 then
(t1 + t2) 2(x1 +x2)
Vmax = 2x1 = 2 x2 = =
+ +
When a body is thrown vertically upward with velocity ‘u’ then maximum height reached
u2
is H = 2g

The velocity of ass body A moving with Va at an angle θ with body B moving with velocity
     
Vb then Vab = Va – Vb = Va + ( – Vb)

Magnitude of Vab is
2 2
Vab = va – 2va bb cos + vb
 vbsin
Α be the direction of relative velocity with Va then Tan α =
va –vbcos
Motion in Plane
Projectile thrown horizontally from top of tower :- When a projectile is thrown horizontally
g
from top of tower of height ‘h’ with velocity ‘u’ then Eqn of path , y = 2u2 x2
2h
Time of flight , T = g
2hu2
C. Horizontal range , R = g
D. Velocity at any instant v = vx2 + vy2
Projectile fired making an angle θ with horizontal : A projectile is fired at an angle θ with
horizontal from ground then
g
Eqn of path y = x tanθ - 2 2 x2
2u cos 
2u sin
Time of flight T = g
u2sin2 
Maximum height reached , H = 2g
u2sin2 u2
Horizontal range, R = g for maximum horizontal range R max = g if θ = 45
0
Velocity at any instant, V = vx2 + vy2

gt2 gt2
H = 8 , R = 4H cotθ =
2tan
The angle of projection for a projectile with given velocity to have same horizontal range are
θ and 900 –θ
The maximum height is equal to n times the range then the projectile is launched at an angle
θ = tan-1 (4n)
If θ and 90o –θ are the two angle of projections for a projectile to have same horizontal range
then
t1
a. T2 = tanθ
H1
b. H2 = tan θ
2
R1
c. R2 = 1
2R
d. T1 . T2 = g
R = 4 H1H2 f. H1+H2 = u2/2g
If two bodies are thrown in opposite direction from top of tower with velocity u1 and u2
u1u2
then Time after which velocity become perpendicular to each other is t = g
u1u2
Time after which position vectors becomes perpendicular to each other is t = g
When a body is moving along the circumstance of circular path with uniform speed then
velocity and acceleration has equal magnitude but they are changing due to change in
direction.
In a uniform circular motion KE of body remain constant, work done is zero, momentum is
not constant but angular momentum is constant.
v2 42
Ac= rω2 = r = ω.v = 4π2f2r = T2 r f = frequency , T = Time period
 →
∴ ar =  ×→v
10. When body is moving with variable speed then acceleration is
a = ac2 + a t2 a1 = tangential acceleration
11. A body is moving in a vertical circle with speed v by making an angle θ with vertical
mv2
then T = r + mg cos
mv2
If θ = 0o then Tmax = r + mg , at lowest point of vertical circle .
mv2
If θ = 180o then Tmin = r -mg , at highest point of vertical circle
mv2
If θ =
90o then t = r , at horizontal position .
12. Minimum velocity of body in vertical circle.
a. The minimum velocity at lowest point,
v = 5gr
b. The minimum velocity at highest point,
v = gr Error! Bookmark not defined.
c. The minimum velocity at horizontal point, v = 3gr
13. Motion in a conical pendulum: When a body is revolved in a circular path of radius r
by string of length ‘l’ by making an angle θ with vertical then
v2
a. tanθ = rg
l cos
b. Time period (T) = 2π g
14. Maximum safe velocity of a cyclist for turning without inclination
v = rg , this is also velocity to avoid skidding while turning the vehicle .
15. Banking of roads : The angle banking of road is θ in which outer edge is raised at an
angle θ then
a. v = rg tan
b. tanθ = h/b, b = width of road
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRACTION

1. Momentum (P) = mv
dp dp dv dm
2. F = dt = dt (mv) = m dt + v dt
dv
a. If mass is constant then F = m dt = ma
dm
b. If v is constant then F = v dt
3. Impulse I = ∆P F∆t
4. Conservation of linear momentum : If no force act on the system of colliding body
→ d→v
then f = dt = 0 or p = constant or mv = constant
5. Apparent weight in a lift : When a person is in a lift then
a. For uniform motion or at rest
R = mg
b. For lift accelerating upward
R = m (g+a)
c. For lift accelerating downward
R = m (g-a)
d. For lift in free fall, a = g so

R=0
6. When a body of mass ‘m’ is tied with a mass less string then tension on string is
a. for uniform motion or rest T = mg
b. For accelerating upward T = m(g+a)
c. For accelerating downward T = m (g-a)
7. When a chain or rope is held horizontally and pulled : A chain of length L, mass M is
 x
pulled by force F at one end then tension at x is T = –1 F
 
dm
8. Rocket Propulsion when dt is rate of ejection of fuel with velocity v then
a. Force on rocket in absence of gravity F = dm/dt v
dm v
b. Acceleration of rocket in absence of gravety a = F/M = dt , m
dm
c. Force on rocket in presence of gravity F = dt v-mg
dm v
d. acceleration of rocket in presence of gravity a = F/M = dt ,m – g
9. When a jet of liquid of density ρ is escaping from pipe of cross sectional area ‘A’ with
velocity v then Force (F) = ρAv2
Power (P) = Fv= ρAv3
10. When a block is pulled by a force F & just start to slide then
Limiting force of friction (F) = μR
For body moving with uniform velocity
μk = F/R
For body rolling with uniform speed
Μr = F/R
11. Angle of friction (θf): angle between resultant of normal reaction and limiting force of
friction and normal reaction .
∴tanθf = μ
12. Angle of response (α ) Angle of inclined plane with horizontal at which body placed
on it just start to slide down the plane
∴ tanα = μ
13. When a block of mass m is pulled by force F inclined at an angle θ with horizontal
mg mg
then Minimum force (F) = Error! Bookmark not defined.=
cos+ sin 2+1
14. When a block of mass m is pulled by force F inclined at an angle θ with horizontal then
mg
Minimum force (F) =
cos –sin
x
15. A uniform chain L is hanging with ‘x’ down the edge then , μ = L –x

a. Fraction hanging x/L =
+1
16. When a block takes n time to slide down a rough inclined plane of inclination θ as it
takes to slide down a perfectly smooth inclined plane then coefficient of friction , μ =
 1
tanθ 1 –n2
 
17. When bottom of rough inclined plane with velocity v having inclination θ andblock
reach with velocity nv at bottom of smooth inclined plane of same inclination then
 1
coefficient of friction μ = tanθ 1 –n2
 
18. When a block slide a distance x along rough inclined of inclination θ and slide nx
 1
along smooth inclined plane of same inclination in same time then μ = tanθ 1 –n
 
Work, Energy, Power & Collision

1. Work done by force (W) = →F.→s = FS cosθ
2. Work done by variable force
→ →
W= s2 F. ds
s1
w change in energy
3. Power (p) = t = time If a body is moving under the action of constant
force then P = →F.→v
4. Change in PE of body at a height ‘h’ close to surface of earth is
∆PE = mgh
1 p2
5. Kinetic energy (KE) = 2 mv = 2m2
6. Work energy theorem ,

Work done = change in energy
7. A light and heavy body have equal KE then
p12 r22
2m1 = 2m2 i.e. m1> m2 so P1>P2 Hence heavy body has greater linear momentum
than lighter one .
v2–v1
8. Coefficient of restitution ( e) = u –u
1 2
Relative velocity of sepration
= Relative velocity of approach
For elastic collision e = 1

For perfectly in elastic collision e = 0
For elastic collision, 0<e<1
9. In one dimensional elastic collision velocity after collision
m2 cos21 –m2  2m2 

a. v1=  m + m  u2 +  u2
 1 2  m1+m2
 2m2   m1 – m2 
b. v2 = m +m u1 + m + m  u2
 1 2  1 2
10. When a body is dropped from h & rebound n times then

a. Height rises hn = e2nh
b. Velocity just after nthbounse, vn = env
11. When a stationary mass explores in two fragments of mass m1& m2 having total
kinetic energy E then
m2
a. KE of m1 (KE1) = m +m E
1 2
b. KE of m2 (KE2) = E
12. The stopping distance of a car moving with velocity
v2
V is x = 2ug
Gravitation
1. The force of attraction between two bodies of mass m1& m2 at a distance ‘r’ between
GM1
their centers is F = r2
2. The acceleration due to gravity is
GM 4
G = R2 = 3 ρGR
3. Variation of acceleration due to gravity of earth
a. With altitude or height (h)
 R   2h
g’ = g R +h close to surface of each , g’ = g 1 – R 
   
b. With depth (x)
 x
g’ = g1 – R
 
c. Due to rotation with latitude
 Rw2 
g = g 1 – g cos2
’
 
At pole θ = 0 so g’ = g i.e. no effect of rotation
At equator θ = 90o so g’ = g-Rω2 i.e. maximum effect of rotation

4. Gravitational potential due to mass M at a distance r from centre is
GM
Potential (V) = – r
5. Gravitational potential energy of a body m due to earth of mass M at a distance ‘r’

from center of each is
GMm
Potential energy (PE) = – r
6. Orbital velocity of satellite around planet off mass M in an orbit of radius ‘r’ is
GM
a. v0 = r
b. In an orbit close to surface of earth
7. Escape velocity of satellite from surface of palnet of mass M & radius R is
2GM
Vc = R = 2gR
8. The square of time period is directly proportional to the cube of distance of planet
T2 r23/2
from sun i.e. T2 ∝ r3 or T = r 
1  1
9. If force varies with distance as F ∝ rn then
T2 ∝ r(1-n)
10. Total energy of a satellite revolving around planet is –ve
GMm
∴ total energy (En) = – 2r
11. If a satellite is close to surface of earth then
ve = 2 v0
Simple Harmonic Motion

1. The periodic motion in which → a be the acceleration & →
y be the displacement then →
a&→ y
→ →
or a = –k y is called SHM
In differential form,
d2y
dt2 + ky = 0 (linear)
d2
dt2 + kθ = 0 (angular)
The displacement is , y = r sint
Velocity is , v = rcosωt
Acceleration is, a = -ω2y
KE = 1/2mω2(r2 – y2)
PE = 1/2m ω2r2
Total energy (ET) = 1/2m ω2r2
l
2. Simple pendulum: the time period of simple pendulum is T = 2π g on the surface
of earth for short length
a. when length of pendulum is l then
R
T = 2π  R
g1 + l 
 
R
i. If l = ∞ then T = 2π g = 84.6min
R 84.6
ii. IF l = R then T = 2π 2g = = 1 hr.
2
3. Motion of body with spring
a. Force (F) = -ky
m
b. Time period (T) = 2π k
c. Series combination of spring having spring constant K1& K2 is
1 1 1
ks = k1 + k2 and TS = T1 + T2
2 2 2
d. Parallel combination of spring

2 2
2 T 1T2
kp = k1 + k2 & T p = 2 2
T1+T2
4. Conical pendulum : A conical pendulum of length ‘l’ is making an angle θ with
lcos
vertical then Time period (T) = 2π g
5. A body of mass M is suspended from a spring whose force constant is k and mass m
then time period is
m
M+ 3
T = 2π k
Rotational motion
1. The position of centre of mass n particles is
n
i=1 m1r1
r= n
i=1 m1
2. The coordinate of CM of two particles is
m1x1 + m2x2 m1y1+m2y2
Xcm = m + m & Ycm = m +m
1 2 1 2
3. Two particles m1& m2 are moving with velocity v1& v2 then velocity of centre of mass
is
m1v→1 + m2v→2
vcm = m + m
1 2
4. The acceleration of center of mass of two particles m1& m2 having acceleration a1 and
a2 is
m1a→1 + m2a→2
Acm = m + m
1 2
→ →
5. Torque due to a force F about axis at r is
→ → →
Torque ( ) = r × F = Fr sinθ = Iα.
6. Work done by couple, W = τ.θ
7. Power (P) = τ.ω
→ → → →
8. Angular momentum of a body about axis at r is angular momentum (L) = r × P = rp
dp
sinθ = Iω ∴ τ = dt
9. Moment of inertia (I) The moment of inertia of a point mass about axis at ‘r’ is
Moment of inertia (I) = mr2
For distribution of mass
n
i=1 miri
I= n
i=1 mi
10. Radius of gyration (k) : The distance of a point at which whole mass of body is
assumed to be concentered will give same moment of inertia as distribution of mass
give about same axis.
11. Principle of conservation of linear momentum: When no external torque act on a
system of rotating body about any axis then angular momentum of system remain
conserved.
Iω = constant or I1ω1 = I2ω2 = constant
12. Theorems:
a. Parallel exist theorem: The moment of inertia of a body about any axis parallel to axis
through centre of mass is equal to sum of moment of inertia through centre mass and
product of mass and square of distance between axis .
I = Icm + mh2
b. Perpendicular axis theorem: The moment of inertia of a body about any axis
perpendicular to plane is equal to sum of moment of inertia about two perpendicular
axis on plane.
I2 = Ix + Iy
13. Total KE of rolling body: When a body is rolling without slipping then
KET = KErot + KEtra + 1/2 Iω2 + 1/2mv2
14. i. A body will be translational equilibrium if
F = 0
ii. A body will be in rotational equilibrium if
τ = 0
15. Acceleration of rolling body along inclined plane

g sin
A = k2
r2 +1
16. Formula in rotational dynamics
i. ω = ω0 +αt ii. Θ = ω0t+1/2αt2
2
iii. ω2 =  0 +2αθ iv. T = Iα
v. Power (P) = τ.ω vi. KErot = 1/2Iω2
a
vii. θn = ω0 + 2 (2n-1)
Mechanical Properties of solid

Restoring force
1. Stress = Area
Change in dimension
2. Strain original dimensin
l
i. Longitudinal strain = l

ii. Volumetric strain = v
change in position x
iii. Shear strain (θ) = original position = l
3. Hookies Law: The stress is directly proportional to stream
Stress = k strain k = modules of elasticity
So F ∝ e i.e. force is directly proportional to elongation
4. Modulus of elasticity
Fl
i. Young’s modulus (Y) = Ae
pv
ii. Bulk modulus (B) =
–v
F
iii. Modulus of rigidity (n) =
A
5. Energy density on stretched wire
1 YAe2 1
E = 2 L = 2 Fe

∴ Energy density v = ½ stress × strain
 
(stress)2
=½ Y
6. Poission’s ration (σ)
 –D –R l
= a = D = R .
l
t
t
Mechanical Properties of fluid

1. Two liquids of equal mass of density ρ1& ρ2 are mixed then density of mixture will be
2ρ1 ρ2
ρ = ρ +ρ
1 2
2. Two liquid of equal bulk modulus of density ρ1 and ρ2 are mixed then density of
mixture will be
ρ1 + ρ2
ρ= 2
3. Density of liquid of bulk modulus k at a depth h is
 pgh
ρ = ρ0 =  1 + k 
 
4. Upthrust = wt . of liquid displaced by body
5. Apparent wt. of body = Actual wt. upthrust
6. Principle of flotation
i. When wt. of body is greater than up thrust then tension on string supporting the body
in liquid is
T = V(ρ-σ)g
ii. When wt. of body is equal to up thrust then
ρ=σ
iii. When body sink partially in liquid then
wt. = upthrust
V' 
or, Fraction immersed  V  =
  
V' 
Fraction outside = 1- V = 1–

7. Surface tension (T) Force per unit length on imaginary line drawn on the surface of
liquid
∴ Surface tension (T) = F/L
8. Energy required or released due to change in surface area is
W = T.∆A, Here energy is needed to increase the area and energy is released to
decrease the area .
i. If a drop of radius R is splitted in n drop of equal size then Energy required
(w) = 4πR2T (n1/3 -1)
9. Excess pressure : The different in pressure inside & outsides of liquid drop is
Pi –P0 = 2T/r
For soap bubble of two free surface
Pi –P0 = 4T/r
10. Expression for capillary rize

2Tcos
h = ρgr
If length of tube is not sufficient then radius of meniscus at top increases, angle of
contact increases
i.e. cosθ = r/R
∴ r1h1 = r2h2
11. Newton’s formula: - The viscus force between two layer of liquid having velocity
difference dv at dx will be
dv
Force (F) = – A dx
12. Critical velocity: The maximum velocity of liquid flowing through a tube up to flow is
stream line is called critical velocity.
13. Poiseuille’s Formula: The volume of liquid flowing through a pipe per second is
vol pr4
sec = snl P = difference in pressure
vol p 8nl
Or, sec = 8nl where, 4 = R is called resistance
r
r-4
14. Combination of Capillaries.
i. In series Req = R1+R2
1 1 1
ii. In parall Req = R + R
1 2
15. Stoke’s formula:- When a sphere of radius r is moving with constant velocity v in
viscous medium of coefficient of viscosity then
Force (F) = 6 rv
16. Principle of continuity: The flow of liquid in a tube of non-uniform cross section then
AiV1 = A2V2
17. Bernoulli’s theorem: - During flow of non-viscous in compressible liquid sum of PE,
KE & pressure energy per unit volume remain constant
P+ρgh +1/2 ρ v2 = constant
p v2
Or, ρg + h + 2g = constant
p
ρg = Pressure heat
H = gravitational head
v2
2g = velocity head
18. Torricelli’s theorem :- The velocity of effiux of liquid through a hole depth ‘h’ from
surface of liquid is v = 2gh
19. a hole of cross sectional area ‘a’ is made at bottom of tank of cross sectional area ‘A’
then time to lower the height from h1to h2 is:
A 2
T= a g ( H1 – H2)
B. Heat and thermodynamics

Thermal properties of matter
1. The relationship between difference scale will be
c – 32 R k – 273 Rs – 492
=
100 180 = 80 = 100 = 10
c F R k RS
 5 = 9 = 4 = 5 = 9
2. If α,β & γ be the linear , superficial & cubical expansivities of matter then
l
i. α= or lθ = l0 (1 + α∆θ)
l0
A
ii. β= or, Aθ = A0 (1 + β∆θ)
A0
V
iii. γ= or, Vθ = V0 (1 + γ∆θ)
Vo
3. The time lose or gain pendulum clock in 1 sec is change in time per sec =1/2 α∆θ
4. When a rod is not length of two rods will be equal at all temperature if l1α1= l2α2
5. The difference in length of two rods will be equal at all temperature if l1α1= l2α2
6. Expansion of liquid
(V)
i. Real expansivity (γr) =
Vo
or, (∆V)r = V0γ∆θ
(V)
ii. Apparent expansivity (γa) =
Vo
or, ( V) a = V0γa∆θ
iii. γr = γa + γg= γa+3αg, αg = linear expansivity of vessel.
7. Change in density ρθ be the density at θ°C & 0 be the density at 0°C then
ρ0
ρθ = = ρ0 ( 1 – )
1 + 
8. Correction of Hg barometer
i. For scale hscale be height at θ°C then
htrue = h scale(1 + α )
ii. For barometer hcor = hscale{1- (γ - α) }
9. i. The pressure coefficient of gas
p 1
(γv) = = 273 /° C
p0T
V 1
ii. Volume coefficient of gas (γp) = = 273 /° C
V0T
10. Gas laws

i. Boyle’s law: At constant temperature of given mass of gas, P1V1 = P2V2
ii. Charles law
V1 V2
For volume when pressure of given mass of gas is kept constant then , T = T
1 2
P1 P2
For pressure when volume of given mass of gas is kept constant then , T = T
1 2
P1V1 P2V2
iii. Combined gas equation T = T
1 2
iv. PV = nRT for n moles of gas
PV= mrT for mass of gas & r = R/M
P P1 P2
v. r = ρT or ρ T = ρ T
1 1 2 2
vi. Dalton’s law of partial pressure
The total pressure due to mixture of non-reacting gases is equal to the sum of their
partial pressure
Calorimetry
Thermal capacity (C) Heat required to rise the temperature by 1° C anybody is called
thermal capacity C = ms
Heat gained or lost by a bosy is
Q = ms  =C
Water equivalent (W): Mass of water that can give same rise in temperature for same
amount of heat as body give
∴ W = ms in cgs systems
Latent heat: Heat required changing the state of matter without change in temperature.
a. Specific latent heat of fusion (Lf): Heat required changing solid into liquid at its
melting point
∴ heat required (Q) = mLf
b. Specific latent heat of vaporization (LV) Heat required to change liquid into gas at
boiling point
∴ heat required (Q) = mLV
Newton’s law of cooling Rate of loss of heat is directly proportional to difference in

temperature between body and surrounding
dQ d –k
 dt = – k ( –  0) 
dt = ms ( – 0)
KINETIC THEORY OF GAS

1. Pressure extorted by gas is
1 NmC2 1
i. P = 3 V = 3 NmC2 rms
ii. If M be the mass of gas then
1 MC2rms 1 2
P=3 V = 3 C rms
2 3RT 3P
 Crms = =
M 
iii. For 1 mole of gas PV = RT
2 3RT 3KT
Crms = M = m
2. Factors affecting rms speed of gas
i. Tempreture
Crms2 T2
Crms1 = T1
ii. Nature
Crms2 M2 Crms2 T1 M1
iii. Crms1 = M1 for both Crms1 = T2 × M2
3. KE of gas
KE = 3/2PV
i. For 1 mole of gas PV = RT so
KE = 3/2RT
ii. For 1 moles of gas PV= nRT so
KE = 3/2nRT
iii. For each gas molecule
KE = 3/2KT
KE2 T1
iv. KE1 = T2
4. i. Average speed of gas
8RT 8KT
vav = =
M m
ii. Most probable speed
2RT 2KT
v= M = m
5. Mean free path () = Average distance between successive collision of gas molecules
KT
=
2d2P
6. The real gas equation is given by vander waal as
 a
P + 2 (V – b) = RT for 1 mole of gas
 V
 n2a
P + 2  (V – nb) = nRT for n mole of gas
 V 
7. i. Critical temperature (Te): Temperature below which gas can liquefied by
increasing pressure only.
8a
Tc = 27Rb
ii. Critical pressure (Pe): Minimum pressure at critical temperature required to
liquefy gas
a
Pc = 27b2
iii. Critical Volume (Vc): Volume of gas at critical temperature and pressure
Vc = 3b
iv. Boyle's Temperature (TB): The temperature at which real gas showing ideal gas
behavior over certain pressure range
a 27
TB = Rb = 8 tc
Thermodynamics
1. First law of thermodynamics:
Heat given to gas is used to increase internal energy and work done.
dQ = du +dw is an example of conservation of energy.
If sw is +ve then work done by system and dw is –ve then work done on system.
U = PE +KE, for ideal gas PE = 0 so U = KE
2. Heat capacities of gas
i. Molar heat capacities
a. molar heat capacity at constant pressure (CP) Heat required (dQ) = nCpdT
b. Molar Heat Capacity at constant volume (CV)
Heat required (du) = nCVdT
ii. Specific heat capacity
a. Specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp)
b. Specific heat capacity at constant volume (cp)
heat required (dU) = mcvdT
iii. Mayer’s formula
i. Cp - Cv = R
ii. cp - cv = R/M = r
iii.  = Ratio of heat capacities of gas
Cp cp
=C =c
v v
iv. Degree of freedom = n, then  = 1+2/n
5
For mono atomic gas n = 3 so  = 3
7
For diatomic gas n = 5 so  = 5
3. Thermo dynamical process
a. Isobaric process: Pressure constant so dp = 0
Work done (dw) = pdV = nRdT = mrdT
b. Isobaric process: Volume constant i.e.
dV = 0
dw = 0 so dQ = sU
c. Isothermal process Temperature constant i.e. dt = 0
Change in internal energy dU = 0
Gas equation is P1V1 = P2V2
V2
Work done (W) = nRTln V
1
V2
= P1V1 ln V
1
d. Adiabatic process: No exchange of heat takes place, i.e. dQ = 0
dw = -dU i.e. work is done by gas on the expense of internal energy
Gas equation is
 
i. P1 V1 = P1V2
–1 –2
ii. P1 V = P1 V
1 2
 
T1 T2 T1 P1–1
iii. = or T  = P 
–1 –1  2  2
P P
1 2
Work done (w)
nR[T1 – T2] P1V1 – P2V2
= =
–1 –1
4. When Q1heat is absorbed from source at T1 and Q1 heat is rejected to sink at T2 then
W
Efficiency of heat engine (η) = Q × 100%
1
 Q1  T1
= 1 – Q  × 100% = 1 – T  × 100%
 2  2
5. In refrigerator Q2 heat is absorbed from source at T2and W is work done on system

then
Q1 = Q2 +W heat is rejected to sink then
Q2
Coefficient of performance () = W
Q2 T2
=Q –Q = T –T
1 2 1 2
Transfer of heat & hygrometer

1. Rate of low of heat by conduction in which no flow of matter takes place
Q KA(Q1 – Q2)
t = l
l
Thermal resistance (R) = KA
Q Q
a. Series combination of conductor. Heat current remain same i.e.  t 1 =  t 2
   
Req = R1 + R2
Q Q Q
b. Parallel Combination of conductor Heat current divides i.e. t =  t 1 =  t 2
   
1 1 1
 R = R +R
eq 1 2
2. Growth of layer of ice on surface of pond: IF layer of ice grows from x1 to x2 on surface
of pond in a atmosphere of –θ°c then
Lf 2 2
Time (t) = (x2 – x1)
2k
3. Rate of flow of heat by conversion is
Q
t = hA (1 – 2)
4. Stefan’s law: The energy radiated per unit area per unit time of a perfectly black body
E = σT4
i. If A is surface area of body then
Power (P) = σAT4
ii. If e is emissivity of body then
Power (P) = σeAT4
iii. A body of temperature T is placed in an enclosure of temp T0 then
4
IF T > To , rate of energy radiated (P) = σA (T4 – T0)
4
IF To> T , Rate of energy absorbed (P) = σA (T0 – T4)
iv. Solar Constant (S) solar energy incident on unit area on unit time normally
R
∴ S = σ  r 2 T4 , R = Radius of sun
 
r = Distance of earth from Sun
v. Wein’s Displacement Law: At maximum intensity of radiation
T = b, b = 2.89 × 10–3 mK is called Wein's constant
∴ T =  'T'
5. Relative humidity The ratio of mass of water vapour present and mass of water
vapour required to saturate expressed in %
m P
∴ RH = M ×100% = p × 100%
p = SVP at dew pt.
P = SVP at room temperature
C. Optics
Wave Optics
1. When two waves of amplitude a1 and a2 superimpose then
2 2
aR = a1 + 2a1a2cos + a2
∴ IR = I1 + 2 I1 I2 cos + I2
a. IF ∅ = 0, aR = a1 + a2 i.e. maxima occurs
b. IF ∅ = πthen aR = a1 –a2 i.e. minima occurs.
lmax a1 + a2  I1 + I2
∴ l =  a – a 2 =  2

min  1 2   I1 – I2 
2. Young’s double slit experiment : When two slits are placed at ‘d’ in which interference
pattern are obtained on screen at D then
Path different = xd/D
i. Maximum will occur if, xd/D = n, n = 0, 1, 2, 3
ii. Minima will occour if, xd/D = (2n-1)

2 where
iii. Fringe width β : - Distance between successive bright and dark fringe
D
∴ β= d
iv. IF apparatus is immersed in medium of refractive index μ then
m 1
=
a 
v. If n1 fringes for 1 coincide with n2 fringes of 2 then
3. Diffraction: When light is diffracted by single slit of width d then

For maxima, d sinθ = (2n + 1) , n = 1,2,3, …
i. Width of central maxima
2D
a. Linear width (2x) = d

b. Angular width (2θ) = 2sin-1 d
ii. Fresnel distance: Distance covered by beam at which spreading due to diffraction is
greater than size of slit so
D f d2
d = d ∴ Df = 
iii. Diffraction grating IF a & b be the width of transparent & opaque then
1
(a+b) sinθ = n & N = a + b = no of lines per unit length
iv. Resolving power of instrument

For microscope , θ =
2sin
2sin
Resolving power = 1/θ =

1.22 
For telescope , θ = D
D
Resolving power = 1/θ =
1.22 
4. Polarization
i. MAlu’s Law : When a polarization beam incident on a analyser then intensity of
emergent beam varies with square of cosine of angle between plane of analyser&
polarizer
I’ = I cos2θ
ii. Brewster’s Law: When reflected ray is completely polarized then
Tan ip = μ, Here ip + rp = 90°
Reflection of light
1. The angle of incidence i= Angle of reflection r
2. Deviation due to reflection (δ) = 2g = 180-2i
3. No of image formed by two inclined mirror is
360° 360°
n= – 1 If is even
 
360° 360°
n= if is odd
 
4. Radius of curvature and focal length of spherical mirror are related as f = R/2
1 1 1
5. Mirror formula, f = u + v
1 v v f
6. Magnification (m) = 0 = u = f – 1 = u – f
7. If x and y are distance of read object and image from focus then f2 = xy (Newton’s
formula)
 v
8. IF object is placed along principal axis of mirror then axial magnification , m = u2
 
v – f  f 
=  f 2 = u – f2
   
9. When object move with speed u towards or away of spherical mirror then speed of
image is
 v v – f  f 
V = m2u = – u2 u =  f 2 u = u – f2 u
     
Refraction of Light
Bending of light while traveling from one medium to another medium due to change in
speed of light in different medium
sini c a
a. Refractive index of medium (μ) = sinr = v =
m
b. Refraction index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1 is
sini v1 1
1μ2 = = =
sinr v2 2
1
∴ 1μ2 = μ & 1μ2 × 2μ3
1 2
Cauchy’s formula: Relationship between wave length & refractive index is
B
μ=A+ 2

Perpendicular distance between incident ray & emergent ray while passing through glass
slab.
∴ Lateral shift (P) = t secr sin (i - r)
If I = 90o then p = t i.e. lateral shift will be maximum
If I = 90o which is equal to thickness of glass slab.
Real & apparent depth: When object in denser medium is seen from rarer medium then
Rea depth
Refractive index (μ) = Apparent depth
t  1
∴ Vertical displacement (d) = t – = t 1 – 
  
If different medium of thickness t1, t2 …...Having refractive index μ1, μ2 … are placed
one above other then
t1 t2 t3
Apparent depth = + + + …
1 2 3
Critical angle: Angle of incidence in denser medium if angle of refraction in rarer medium is
90o
1
∴ μ = sinc
A fish inside pond at a depth ‘h’ sec outside world through horizontal circle so
h
Radius (R) =
2 – 1
h2
Area (A) = πr = 2
2
 –1
Refraction through spherical

Deviation produced by prism is
δ = i1+i2 –A
If i1= i2 = I r = A/2 then deviation will be latest or minimum is called minimum
deviation
Δmin = 2i-A
A + min
sin 2
∴ μ= A
sin 2
Deviation produced by small angled prism is
δ = (μ – 1) A
Limiting angle of prism is, A ≤ 2C
i. Angular dispersion ( θ ) = (v – r)A
vr v – r
ii. Dispresive Power (ω) = =
 –1
A v – r
iii. Deviation without dispersion Condition is, A' =  
 –1 
Net deviation = (μ – 1) A – (' – 1)A
A v – r
iv. Dispresion without deviation condition is, A' =  
 –1 
' '
Net dispersion = μv – μf ) A – (v – r) A'
Scattering of light is inversely proportional to 4th power of wavelength
1
I 4

1 1 1
i. Lens formula : f = u + v
ii. Len’s maker’s formula:
1 1 1
= ( – 1)  + 
f R1 R2
1
iii. Power of lens (P) = f(in meter) , unit is Dioptre (D)
Focal length for lens in contact:
i. When lens of focal length f1 f2 are kept in contact then
1 1 1
f = f1 + f 2 + …
∴ P = P1 + P2 + …
ii. IF two lens are placed at d then
1 1 1 d
F = f1 + f 2 – f 1 f 2
Silvering
a. When one surface of biconvex lens is silvered then

1 2 1 2(2 – 1)
F = f1 + f m – R , acts as concave mirror
b. When plane surface of plano convex is silvered then
1 2 2( – 1)
F = f1 + – R act as convex mirror
c. When convex surface of plano convex lens is silvered
1 2 1 2
F = f1 + fm – R , act as convex mirror
If object & screen are placed at a distance D in which d be the distance between two
positions of lens, then
D2 –d2 = 4fD
i. I1&I2 be height of image then O = I1 I2 & m1m2 = 1
ii. A1& A2 be the area of image then area of object A = A1 A2
Optical instrument & Photometry

Chromatic aberration fr –fv = ωf
1 f1 1 1
i. Achromatism , = f or f + f = 0
2 2 1 2
ii. Two thin lens of same material having focal lengths f1& f2 are palced so that it
f1 + f2
form achromatic combination then d = 2
Simple microscope:
D
i. m = 1+ fe , if final image is at D
D
ii. m = fe , if final image is at ∞
Compound microscope
v0  d
i. m = m0 × me = u 1 + fe
0  
ii. Length of tube L = Vo + ue
Astronomical telescope
f0
i. Normal adjustment (i) m = fe
ii. Length of tube (L) = f0 + fe
f0  D
iii. Final image at D, m = fe 1 + fe
 
Terrestrial telescope
f0
i. Final image at infinity m = fe
L = f0 + 4f + fe
f0  fe
ii. Final image at D, m = fe 1 + D
 
L = f0 + 4f + μe
Galilean Telescope
f0
M = fe
L = f0 – fe
Defect of vision
i. Myopia If x be near point for defected aye then
f = –x
ii. Hyper metropia if x be near point for defected eye then
xD
f=x–D
Camera
f
i. Diameter of aperture (d) = f , fnumber represent size of aperture
number
ii. Brightness is
d2
B  f2
iii. Time of exposure
f2
T  d2
10. Photometry
Luminious flus
i. Luminous efficiency (η) = Power

= P

ii. Luminous intensity (I) =

  = 41
iii. Illuminance (E)
 I I
E = A = r2  E  r2
If light fall at an angle  with normal then
Icos
E= r2
D. Sounds & Wave

1. Waves
a. Progressive wave equation y = a sin
 2x
t  
  
b. Phase difference between two particles at x is
2x
 = kx

c. Wave velocity (v) = f
d. Particle velocity (vp) =  a2 – y2
Max. particle velocity v = a
2. Velocity of longitudinal wave in a medium

E
V=

Y
a. For solid , v =

B
b. For liquid , v =

P PT
c. For gas ,v = =
 M
d. Factors affecting the velocity of sound in gas
1. Temperature (T) For a medium
V T
v2 T2
or, v = T1
1
2. Nature (M) At constant temperature
 v2 2 M1
V M or, v1 = M2 × 1
For both,
v2 T2 2 M1
v1 = T 1 × M 2 × 1
v 
e. IF v be the velocity of sound Crms be rms speed of gas molecule then C = 3
rms
f. A stone is dropped in a well of depth ‘h’ then sound will be noticed after,
2h h
t= g +v
3. Velocity of transverse wave in a stretched string is
T1 T T stress
V= = = =
M M A 
4. Intensity of wave: -
2
P0
I = 2 2f2a2 v = P = Pressure amplitude
2v o
i. For a medium , I  f2a22
5. When two waves of frequency f1 & f2 super impose then
Beat frequency (fb) = |f1 – f2|
1 1
Beat period (T) = f = |f – f |
b 1 2
6. Standing or stationary wave equation is y = 2a sinωtcoskx or y = 2a cosωtsinkx

= A sinωt = A cosωt
Waves in pipe and string and Dopplers Effect

v 3v 5v
1. The frequency of closed pipe are 4l , 4l , 4l …
…… so only odd harmonics are present
v 2v 3v
2. The frequency of open pipe are 2l , 2l , 2l . … so al even & odd harmonics are present
in open pipe
3. End correction (e) = distance of antinode from open end
e = 0.3d= 0.6r
4. Resonance air column: - l1& l2 are 1st& 2nd resonating length for a fork of frequency ‘f’
then
V = 2f (l2-l1)
 = 2f (l2-l1)
l2 – 3l1
e= 2
L2 – L1 = L3 – L2 = … = Ln – Ln–1
5. The frequency in a stretched string are
1 T 1 T 1 T
2l 
m 2l 2 m , 3 2l m , … so all even & odd harmonics are present
6. Melde’s Law: The product of no of loops & square root of tension of stretched wire is
constant
n T = constant
7. Doppler’s effect: Apparent change in frequency of sound due to relative motion

between source & observer.
i. Wavelength decreases of source move towards observer & wavelength increases if
source move away from observer.
v  v0
ii. Apparent frequency (f ') = ×f
v  vs
iii. When source passes the stationary source then
2vs
fb = v f
iv. When observer passes the stationary source then
2v0
fb = v f
I
8. i. Intensity level of sound wave of intensity I is L = 10log I
0
ii. Intensity level between sound wave of intensity I1& I2 is
I2
∆L = L2 – L1 = 10log I
1
iii. Intensity level due to a source between two points at r1 & r2 is
I2 r1
∆L = L2 – L1 = 10log I = 10log r 2
1  2
E. Electrostatics
1. Coulombs Law: Force between two charges q1 and q2 placed at r is
1 |Q1| |Q2|
i. In air or vacuum F = r2
40
|Q1| |Q2|
= 9 × 109 r2
ii. For medium of dielectric constant εr
1 |Q1| |Q2| 9 × 109 |Q1| |Q2|
F= = =
40 r2 r r2
Q
iii. Surface charge density (σ) = A
→
2. Electric field intensity (E) force experienced by unit +ve test charge placed at that
point
1 Q Q
i. In air, E = = 9 ×10 9
40 r2 r2
1 Q 9 × 109 Q
ii. In medium E = =
40 r2 r r2
3. Electric dipole: Two equal charge but opposite in nature are placed at 2a called electric
dipole Dipole moment (P) = 2aq
i. Electric field intensity at any point on perpendicular bisector of electric dipole is
P 4
E= = If r > > a
4o + r )
(a2 2 3/2 40r3
ii. Electric field intensity at any point on axis of electric dipole at r from centre
Pr 2p
E= = if r > > a
4o(r2 + a2)2 40r3
iii. In uniform electric field dipole experience a torque given by
→ →
τ= P×E
4. → is
Electric flux () = The electric flux passing through small area dA
→ →
Electric flux (d) = E . dA
1
5. Gauss theorem : Total electronic flux through a closed surface is equal to Times to
o
total charge enclosed .
1
Electric flux () = (Q)
o
i. Electric potential (V) workdone to bring unit +ve test charge from infinity to that point
w Q Q
 Potential (V) = q = = 9 × 109 r
4r
ii. Electric potential difference (Vab) Work done to bring unit +ve charge from one point
to another point
Wab Q  1 1
Vab = q =  – 
40 b a
iii. Electric field intensity and potential gradient
dv
 E = – dr
7. Electric field intensities and potential at a point
i. Outside the spherical charge distribution

1 Q
a. E=
40 r2
1 Q
b. V=
40 r
ii. On the surface of spherical charge distribution
1 Q
a. E=
40 R2
1 Q
b. V=
40 r
iii. Inside the hollow spherical charge distribution
a. E=0
1
b. V= i.e. potential at surface
40R
iv. Inside a uniformly charged non conducting sphere
Qr
E=
40R3
Qr 3R2 – r2
V=  
40  2R3 
v. A plane charge distribution

E=
20
vi. A uniform linear charge distribution

E=
20r
8. Electric potential energy: - Two charge Q1& Q2 are placed at a distance r then
Q1Q2
PE = For system of charges
40r
n Q1 
Q n
1
PE =
40  r 
 i=0 i
9. When n drops of same size uniformly charged having potential v coalesce then
potential of single drop
V = (n)2/3v
10. Capacitor
Q
a. C= V
b. Capacitance of
1. Parallel palte capacitor in
0A
i. Air , C = d
A
ii. Medium , C = d
2. Spherical capacitor in
i. air, C = 40 R
ii. Medium , C = 4R
3. Concentric spherical capacitor
4ab
i. Outer is earthed , C = b – a
4ab2
ii. Inner is earthed , C = b – a
c. Combination of capacitor
i. Series combination: If capacitors of capacitance C1, C2 ………Cn are placed in series
1 1 1 1
=
Ceq C1 C2 + + … + Cn
ii. Parallel combination: If capacitors of capacitance C1, C2 ………Cn are palced in parallel
then
Ceq = C1 + C2 …+ Cn
d. i. Energy stored in capacitor
Q2 1
Energy stored (U) = ½ CV2 = 2C = 2 QV
U 1
ii. Energy density  V = 2 0 E2
 
e. Charging and discharging of capacitor
i. Charging
Q = Q0 (1 – e–1/t/CR)
V = V0 (1 – e–t/CR)
I = I0 (1 – e–t/CR)
ii. Discharging
Q = Q0 e–t/CR
V = V0 e–t/CR
I = I0 e–t/CR
F. CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. i. Direct current
ii. Current (I) = venA
I
iii. Current density (J) = A = ven
2. Ohms Law: When physical conditions are kept constant then
   
V = IR or E =  J or J =  E
3. Resistance: Resistance of conductor is given by
l
R = A
R2 l2
Recasting i. For length R = l 2
1  1
R2 A2
ii. For area R = A 2
1  1
iii. For diameter or radius
R2 d14 r14
   
R1 = d2 = r2
4. Combination of resistors when resistors R1, R2, R3 …. Rn are placed in
i. Series then Req = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
1 1 1 1
ii. Parallel then R = R + R + ... + R
eq 1 2 n
5. Circuit formula
i. When a source of emf E internal resistance r connected with a load of resistance
R then
V = E – Ir
ii. If source is charged with current I then
V = E + Ir
6. Combination of cells
i. Series combination: When n cells of emf E and internal resistance r are placed in
series with load of resistance R then
nE
I = R + nr
ii. Parallel combination source are placed in parallel then
E
I= r
R+n
iii. Mixed combination N cells are placed in m rows with n cells in each row then
NE
I = mR + nr
For maximum current, mR = nr
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT
1. Kirchhoff's Law
i. Current Law: Albebraic sum of current meeting at a point in electrical circuit is
zero i.e. I = 0
 Based on conservation of charge
ii. Voltage Law: Sum of emf in a closed loop is equal to sum of product of current
and resistance in loop i.e.
E = IR
 Based on principle of conservation of energy
2. For balanced condition of wheat stone bridge
P X
Q=R
3. Potentiometer
i. To compare emf: l1 and l2 are the balanced lengths for source of emf E1 and E2
then
E1 l1
E2 = l2
ii. To find internal resistance: l1 is balanced length for source and l2 be the balanced
length with resistor R then
l1  E 
Internal resistance (r) = l – IR = V – 1R
2   
4. Conversion of galvanometer into

i. Ammeter: When galvanometer is used as ammeter of range n times then
G IgG
Shunt (S) = n – 1 = I – I
g
ii. Voltmeter: Galvanometer is used as voltmeter of range –V then
V
R=I –G
g
5. Joule's Law of heating: Heat developed due to flow of current through resistor
V2t
H = I RT = IVt = R
2
H 2 V2
 P = t = I R = IV = R
i. When appliances of power P1, P2 … Pn are placed in series then
1 1 1 1
=
PT P1 P2+ + …. + Pn
ii. When appliance of power P1, P2 … Pn are placed in parallel then PT = P1 + P2 + …
+ Pn
iii. The current and radius of fuse wire are related as
6. Faraday's law of electrolysis
i. First Law: Mass deposited or decayed is directly proportional to charge passing
through it
m = zQ = zIt
ii. Second Law: If same charge is passed through different electrolyte then mass is
proportional to their chemical equivalent
m
E = constant
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT

0Idl sin
1. Biot and Savart Law: The magnetic flux density due to current element dB =
4r2


dl r
 
 0 I(dB × r )
If vector form dB = r3
4
a. Magnetic field due to a straight conductor carrying current
0I
B= (sin1 + sin)
4a 1
O
2
I
For infinitely long conductor 1 = 2 = 90°,

0I
B=
2a
0I
 At one end 1 = 90° and 2 = 0°, B =
4a
b. Magnetic field due to a current loop
0I
B = 2R
0NI
 For N turns of loop, B = 2R
2 0I 1
 For arc of angle 1 n = so B =  2Rn
  
c. Magnetic field due to solenoid
 
0nI
B = 2 (cos – cos)
 For infinitely long solenoid  = 0° and
 = 180° B = 0nI
 At one end of solenoid  = 90° and
 = 180°,
0nI
B= 2
d. Magnetic field at any point on axis of circular coil
0IR2 0IR2
B = 2r3 = 2(x2 + R2)3/2
0NIR2 0NIR2
 For N turns B = 2r3 = 2(x2 + R2)3/2
e. Helmholtz coil
0NI
B = 0.72 R
f. Magnetic field inside rod at x from axis
0Ix
B=
2R2
2. Ampere's Circuital Law:
 
O B . dl = 0It
3. Force per unit length between two parallel wires carrying current I1 and I2 is
0I1I2
F=
2a
4. Force on a conductor carrying current placed in magnetic field
F =BIl sin,  = Angle between conductor and field
5. Torque on rectangular coil of wire placed in magnetic field
 = BINA cos = Angle between B and plane of coil
6. Magnetic moment due to a current loop

M = IA

 For N turns, M = INA
7. Force on a charge particle moving in electric and magnetic field is
  
F = q ( E + (  × B ))
8. When a rectangular coil of wire carrying current placed in magnetic field then
 BNA
i. Current sensitivity (S1) = I = C
 BNA
ii. Voltage sensitivity (Sv) = V = CR
9. Electromagnetic induction
d
Induced emf (E) = – dt
a. Emf in a rod moving in magnetic field
Emf in a rod moving in magnetic field
b. Emf in a coil rotating in magnetic field
E = BAN co
 = Angle between B and normal of plane of coil
c. Emf in a disc rotating in magnetic field acting along axis
10. Self induction: Induced emf is
LdI
E = – dt
 0N2A
 Inductance of coil (L) = I = l
 Energy stored in solenoid
1
E = 2 LI2
U B2
 Magnetic energy density V =  
  20
11. Mutual induction
 = MI
0N1N2A
or, M = l
12. Transformer
Es Ns Ip
Ep = Np = Is (ideal transformer)
Pout
 Efficiency () = P × 100%
in
13. Growth of current in RL circuit
I = I0 (1 – e– Rt/L)
 Decay current is
I = I0 e–Rt/L
MAGNETISM AND AC
1. Magnetic moment (M) = 2ml
2. Coulomb's law
0 m1m2
F=
4 d2
3. Magnetic field intensity due to a bar magnetic
i. Any point on axial line
0 2Md
Ba =
4 (d2 – l2)2
0 2M
 For short magnet, Ba =
4 d3
ii. Any point on equatorial line
0 M
Be = (d2 + l2)3/2
4
 For short magnet d2 + l2 = d2
0 M
bE = d3
4
4. Intensity of magnetization (I)
M m
I= V =A
 Permeability () Ratio of magnetic induction and magnetizing field intensity
B
=H
 Susceptibility () Ratio of intensity of magnetization and magnetizing field

intensity
I
=H
 r = I + 
Angle of dip() Angle made by total field intensity with horizontal
 Horizontal Component (H) = B cos
 Vertical Component (V) = B sin
 B2 = H2 + V2
V
 tan = H
V tan
 dip needle is ° out of magnetic meridian then apparent dip tan1 =
H cos cos
 If 1 and 2 are apparent dip in two perpendicular planes then
cot2 = cot21 + cot22
5. Magneto Meter: If B and H are perpendicular to each other and compass needle
makes an angle  with B then
H tan = B
Oscillation magneto meter
I
Time period (T) = 2 MH
6. AC: The rms value of current and voltage in ac is
I0 V0
Irms = and Vrms =
2 2
a. AC through resistor: Across resistor current and voltage are I = I0 sint and V =
V0 sint
Current and voltage are in phase
 Power absorbed (P) = I2rms R
b. AC through inductor: The current and voltage across inductor is I = I0 sint
and V = V0 sin(90° + t)
 Voltage lead current by 90°
 Power absorbed is 0 since cos = 90°
 Reactance (X2) = 2/L = L
c. AC through Capacitor: The voltage and current across capacitor are V = V0 sint
and I = I0 sin(90° + t)
 Current lead voltage by 90°
 Power absorbed is 0 since cos = 90°
1 1
 Reactance (Xc) = =
c 2fc
7. Resistor and inductor is series
 Impedence (z) = R2 + Xc2
 V = VR2 + VL2
VL XL
 tan = V = R ,  = phase difference between V and I
R
 Power absorbed (P) = Irms Vrms cos
R
= IrmsVrms × z
8. Resistor and Capacitor in Series
 Impedence (z) = R2 + Xc2
 V= VR2 + VC2
VC XC
 tan = V = R ,  is phase difference between V and I
R
R
 Power absorbed (P) = IVcos = IV z
9. Inductor, Capacitor and Resistor in series (LCR)
 Impedence (z) = R2 + (XL – XC)2
 V = VR2 + (VL – VC)2
VL – VC XL – XC
 tan = V = R ,  = phase difference between V and I
R
R
 Power absorbed (P) = IVcos = IV z
10. LCR Resonance: At certain frequency XL = XC then
 z = R become least
 Current become maximum
 Power factor (cos) is unity
 Current and voltage are in phase
1
 At resonance XL = XC so f0 = is called resonating frequency
2 LC
11. Quality Factor (Q): Ratio of VL or VC and applied voltage at resonance
XL 1 L
Quality factor (Q) = L = R C
Greater value of Q factor sharper peak
G. MODERN PHYSICS
ELECTRON
1. Motion of electron in uniform electric field

i. The path of cathode rays is parabolic
1 Ee x2
y = 2 m v2
ii. Velocity of beam of electron
vR = vx2 + vy2
2. Motion of electron in uniform magnetic field
mv2
Bev = r
mv P
 r = Be = Be
Be 2m
 f= , T = Be
2m
3. When electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other so that beam of
electron remain un deflected then
Bev = Ee
E
 v=B
4. Millikan's Oil drop experiment: An oil drop fall with velocity v1 in absence of electric
field
9v1
r =
2( – )g
 If drop fall with terminal velocity v2 in electric field
6 qnv1
q= E (v – v2)
2( – )g 1
 If drop remain stationary in electric field
v2 = 0 so
6 9v1
q= E v
2( – )g 1
 If drop is raised with velocity v2 in electric field
6 9v1
q= E (v + v2)
2( – )g 1
PHOTONS
hc
1. Energy of a photon (E) = = hf

hc
 Energy due to n photons (E) = n = nhf

n hc n
 Power (P) = t = t hf

2. Work function () Minimum energy of photon needed to emit an electron from
surface of metal with zero KE
hc
 = hf0 =
0
3. Stopping Potential (Vs) Negative potential of anode at which most energetic electron
just fail to reach anode
1
eVs = KE =
2 mv
2
4. Einstein's Photo Electric Equation

hf =  + KE
 KE = h (f – f0)
 Change in stopping potential,
hc 1 1  h
dV = e  –  = e (f1 – f2)
1 2
5. X-ray
i. Electromagnetic radiation of short of wave length
 hfmax = eV
hc
min = eV
ii. Absorption of x-ray: When x ray passes through medium of absorption
coefficient  then
I = I0 e–x
iii. Mosley's Law
f = a(z – b)
iv. Bragg's Law
2d sin = n d = distance between atomic plane
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1. Closest distance of a  particle of energy E of nucleus of charge +ze is
ze2e
=E
4or
2ze2
 r=
40E
2. i. Angular momentum of electron is quantized i.e.

nh
mvr =
2
ii. radiation is emitted only when electron jump from higher energy level to lower
energy level
E = E1 – E2
3. i. Radius of Bohrs orbit
0lt2 n2 n2 o
r= , = 0.53 z A
rne2 z
ii. Velocity of electron in nth orbit
e2 z c z
v= × n = 137 × n
20h
iii. Energy of electron is nth orbit
– ze2
 PE =
40r
ze2
 KE =
80r
–ze2 –me4 z2 z2
 En = = × = –13.6 n2 eV
80r 80h2 n2
iv. Wave length due to transition of electron

1 1 1
= R  2 – 2 nf = final energy level
 n n 
 f i
ni initial energy level
4. i. Ionization energy: Energy required to knock out electron from orbit
E = E – Ei = – Ei
ii. Excitation energy: Energy required to excite electron from lower energy state to
higher energy state
E = Ef – Ei
5. Heisenberg's uncertainity principle: Product of uncertainities of conjugate quantities is
h
x 
2
6. De Broglie's Wave: Any moving particle is associated to wave
h h h h h
 = p = mv = = =
2mE 2meV 2mqV
NUCLEUS
1. Radius of nucleus is
R = R0 A1/3
2. Mass Defect (m) = {z × mp + (A – z)mn – zMA)
3. i. Binding energy (E): Defected mass is converted into energy to bind nucleous in
side nucleus
E = m × 931 if m is in u
E = m × c2 if m is in kg
m
ii. Packing fraction (f) = A
 E  m × 391
iii. Binding energy per nucleus A = A MeV
 
4. Radioactive decay
t
 N m C A 2 1
i. N = N0 e– f ii.  T
N0 = m0 = C0 = A0 = 2 2
 1 0.693 1
iii. Half life T  = iv. Mean life (T) =
 2  
C1 r2
v. If C1 be count rate at r1 and C2 count rate at r2 then C = r 2
2  1
5. Semiconductor
Ic Ic  
i. Ie = Ib + Ic ii.  = I and  = I iii.  = and  =
b b +1 1–

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FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE AVAILABLE IN HELP FOR ENTRANCE APP

PHYSICS FINAL HOUR REVISION NOTE

4. Resolution of Vector : When a vector ⃗ is resolved in two component along x-axis

Motion in a straight line

Velocity at any instant, V = vx2 + vy2

LAWS OF MOTION AND FRACTION

d. For lift in free fall, a = g so

Work, Energy, Power & Collision

6. Work energy theorem ,

For elastic collision e = 1

m2 cos21 –m2  2m2 

10. When a body is dropped from h & rebound n times then

At pole θ = 0 so g’ = g i.e. no effect of rotation

At equator θ = 90o so g’ = g-Rω2 i.e. maximum effect of rotation

5. Gravitational potential energy of a body m due to earth of mass M at a distance ‘r’

Simple Harmonic Motion

d. Parallel combination of spring

15. Acceleration of rolling body along inclined plane

Mechanical Properties of solid

Mechanical Properties of fluid

10. Expression for capillary rize

B. Heat and thermodynamics

10. Gas laws

Newton’s law of cooling Rate of loss of heat is directly proportional to difference in

KINETIC THEORY OF GAS

5. In refrigerator Q2 heat is absorbed from source at T2and W is work done on system

Transfer of heat & hygrometer

3. Diffraction: When light is diffracted by single slit of width d then

Refraction through spherical

a. When one surface of biconvex lens is silvered then

Optical instrument & Photometry

D. Sounds & Wave

2. Velocity of longitudinal wave in a medium

6. Standing or stationary wave equation is y = 2a sinωtcoskx or y = 2a cosωtsinkx

Waves in pipe and string and Dopplers Effect

7. Doppler’s effect: Apparent change in frequency of sound due to relative motion

i. Outside the spherical charge distribution

4. Conversion of galvanometer into

MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT

For infinitely long conductor 1 = 2 = 90°,

 Susceptibility () Ratio of intensity of magnetization and magnetizing field

1. Motion of electron in uniform electric field

4. Einstein's Photo Electric Equation

2. i. Angular momentum of electron is quantized i.e.

iv. Wave length due to transition of electron

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