COMPUTER NETWORKS REVIEWER

WEEK 1-2

INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMM AND NETWORKS

DATA – COLLECTION OF FACT AND FIGURE IN RAW FORM

- CAN BE NUMBERS OR DIGITS

COMMUNICATION – DATA TRANSFER FROM ONE ENTITY TO ANOTHER

- ACTIVITY OF EXCHANGING INFORMATION

NETWORKING – ONE ENTITY CONNECTS TO ANOTHER ENTITY WHOSE DATA AND RESOURCES SHARES
TO EACH OTHER

HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS

Early history

HISTORY OF COMPUTING ORGANIZATION – DATA COMMUNICATION HAS ITS EARLIEST ROOTS

IN SAMUEL MORSE’S 1837 EXHIBITION OF A TELEGRAPH SYSTEM

1843 – TELEGRAPH SERVICE HAD BECOME ADOPTED BY GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL – INTRODUCE TELEPHONE IN 1876

GUGLIELMO MARCONI – INVENTED THE RADIO---LAID THE GROUNDWORK FOR NUMEROUS

SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS IN COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

TRANSISTOR – A DEVICE FOUND INTEGRATION IN MYRIAD SUBSEQUENT ELECTRONIC

PRODUCTS

COMPUTER CONNECTIONS

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNET PROTOCOL – MARKED A SIGNIFICANT MILESTONE IN DATA

COMMUNICATION HISTORY

WIRELESS

MODULATED RADIO WAVES – FIRST COMMERCIAL RADIO BROADCAST

- COMMUNICATION CHANNEL THAT TRANSMITTED DATA

FEDERAL COMMUNICATION COMMISSION (FCC) – BEGAN ALLOCATING WIRELESS SPECTRUM FOR

WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

KEY ELEMENTS IN THE COMMUNICATION MODEL

SOURCE – DEVICE GENERATES DATA TO BE TRANSMITTED, LIKE TELEPHONES AND PERSONAL

COMPUTER

TRANSMITTER – TRANSFORMS AND ENCODES THE INFORMATION SUCH A WAY AS TO PRODUCE

ELECTRO MAGNETIC SIGNALS CAN BE TRANSMITTED ACROSS SOME SORT OF SYSTEM
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM - CAN BE SINGLE TRANMISSION LINE

- COMPLEX NETWORK CONNECTING SOURCE AND DESTINATION

RECEIVER – ACCEPTS THE SIGNAL FROM THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

DESTINATION – TAKES THE INCOMING DATA FROM THE RECEIVER

MESSAGE – INFORMATION DATA TO BE COMMUNICATED

PROTOCOL – SET OF RULES THAT GOVERN DATA

- AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN COMMUNICATING DEVICE

HISTORY OF COMPUTER NETWORK

ARPANET ( ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECT AGENCY)

- CREATED IN 1969

- FOR TRANSMISSION LINE

DECNET ( DIGITAL ELECTRONIC CORPORATION NETWORK)

- CREATED IN 1970
- FOR PROPER TRAIT DESIGN

ETHERNET

- CREATED IN 1977-83
- SUPPORT TOKEN RING TOPOLOGY

TCP/IP (TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/INTERNET PROTOCOL)

- CREATED IN 1981
- TO SUPPORT LAN AND WAN

GIGA BYTE

- CREATED IN 1980’S
- TO SUPPORT APPLICATION SUCH AS FTP, SMTP, HTTP, POP3, IMAP4

NETWORK

- GROUP OF COMPUTERS AND DEVICES CONNECTED TO BE ABLE TO EXCHANGE DATA

- EACH OF THE DEVICES ON NETWORK CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS NODE (EACH HAS A UNIQUE
ADDRESS HTT2)

COMPUTER NETWORK

- CONNECTS TWO OR MORE AUTONOMOUS COMPUTERS

- CAN BE GEOGRAPHICALLY LOCATED ANYWHERE
- ENABLE COMPUTER TO COMMUNICATE AND TRANSFER DATA AND FILES FROM ONE COMP,
TO ANOTHER
 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

END SYSTEMS

- RUN APPLICATION PROGRAMS

- E.G., WEB BROWSER, WEB SERVER, EMAIL
- AT “THE EDGE OF THE NET”

CLIENT/SERVER MODEL

- THEY ASK
- GET SERVICE FROM SERVERS
- E.G., WWW CLIENT (BROWSER)/SERVER; EMAIL CLIENT/SERVER

PEER-TO-PEER MODEL

- INTERACTIONS ARE SYMMETRICAL

- E.G., TELEPHONE CONFERENCES

LAN ( LOCAL AREA NETWORK)

- SINGLE BUILDING OR CLUSTERS OF BUILDING

- ETHERNET, TOKEN RING

WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)

- CITY-TO-CITY, COUNTRY-TO-COUNTRY
- TELEPHONE, ISDN, ATM, ETC.,

MAN ( METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK)

- SERIES OF LANs
- INTERCONNECTED IN A METROPOLITAN
- AREA SUCH AS CITY , REGION OR COUNTRY

PAN (PERSONAL AREA NETWORK)

- INTERCONNECTION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEVICES

P2P NETWORK (PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK)

- CREATED WHEN TWO OR MORE PCs ARE CONNECTED AND SHARE RESOURCES W/O GOING
THROUGH SEPARATE SERVER COMPUTER

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY – HAS BEEN A GOOD ILLUSTRATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DATA

COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

COMPUTER NETWORKS REVIEWER

WEEK 3-4

PROTOCOL – SET OF RULES AND CONVENTION THAT ALLOW PEER LAYERS TO COMMUNICATE

- DEFINES THE FORMAT AND THE ORDER OF MESSAGES

 - REPRESENTS AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN COMMUNICATING DEVICES

SYNTAX (DATA FORMAT AND CODING)

SEMANTICS (CONTROL INFORMATION AND ERROR HANDLING)

TIMING (SPEED MATCHING AND SEQUENCING)

PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

HOW NETWORK PROTOCOLS WORK?

- TAKE LARGE-SCALE PROCESSES AND BREAK THEM DOWN INTO SMALL, SPECIFIC TASKS OR
FUNCTION

PROTOCOLS SUITE – SET OF SMALLER NETWORK PROTOCOLS WORKING IN CONJUNCTION WITH EACH
OTHER

AUTHORS OF THE STANDARDS:

IEE (THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS)

IETF (THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE)

ISO (THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION)

ITU ( THE INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS UNION)

W3C (THE WORLD WIDE WEB CONSORTIUM)

DESCRIPTIONS:

IEE (THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS)

- INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION FOUNDED IN U.S

- COMPRISED OF ELECTRONICS, COMPUTER, AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERS
- WORLD’S LARGEST PROFESSIONAL SOCIETY

ISO (THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION)

- COMPRISED MAINLY OF MEMBERS FROM THE STANDARDS COMMITTEE OF VARIOUS

GOVERNMENTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

ITU-T (INTERNATION TELECOMMUNICATIONS UNION-TELECOMMUNICATION SECTOR)

- ONE OF THE FOUR PERMANENT PARTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS

UNION BASED IN GENEVA, SWITZERLAND
- THREE SETS OF SPECIFICATION:
o V SERIES – MODEM INTERFACING
o X SERIES – DATA TRANSMISSION OVER PUBLIC DIGITAL NETWORKS
 o I AND Q SERIES – FOR INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN)
- CONSISTS OF GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)

- OFFICIAL STANDARD AGENCY FOR THE UNITED STATES

- NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION COMPRISED OF EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS

ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION

- NON-PROFIT U.S TRADE ASSOCIATION

- INCLUDES STANDARD DEVELOPMENT, INCREASING PUBLIC AWARENESS

LIST OF NETWORK PROTOCOLS:

- COMMUNICATION
- NETWORK MANAGEMENT
- SECURITY