20 - u - 2021 Saturday .

Linear-
Algebra .

ñ a

Deff .
:
f : v×V→ f-
=

bilinear forme
transformation ) .

then £
It rank f-
n
= ,

b- said to be
non -
degenerate -

n then £
rank f- <
Jtf ,
"

degenerate
"

is called
bilinear
A now degenerate
all the
may have
transformation
basis .

in
' n' Variables any
Number 3
problem ! 1-
An <

EY :#
o .

← iii.
 "

The mania A
"
has a
negative

eiger value
:

proof: suppose false .

=
Then all e. voter are 70 .

tho maharani synced) .

semidefinite
" "

f. A is
.

tire

An CRN
ratan
-

c-
i. 70

octane < 0
But we are
given

for sure no ¢2M .

⇐
i.
.

'

e.
valve is

i.
At least one

negative .
option
:
⇐ FALSE .

Take 1- =

[I ] ,

Cnn der
-

n =
⑨ .

ntAn= @ 1)
f- : :] [ :]
l < 0 .

[ I]
-
=
=
@D

/ Al = I > 0 .

is false .

-
'
. option (as

option ④ [ ÷ :]
"
l °
A = -
o

=
.

( :?)
- o
o
D= - A =
•
o

positive definite
.

Bui '
 '
optime hand
'
) :
A me

we e.
value .

has me negative
i.

eigenvalue
^

" c-
s
- .

c- CR
i.
3- y
< 0 .

'
(A)
-

is
y
a- fine .

(e)
option
" '
is
incredible
Result : A an

- has one
Then A
matrix .

=3
e.
value ⇐
negative
1- r set An < 0 .

n c-
e.

= 0
! Take y
.

option (d)
= 0
ytlayy
.
=
 i.
option (a)
i
take -

e-
Note ÷ vechr F
space
over
V is
.

←
Linear
called a
→W
ni
T : ✓

Transformation
.

Linear
n' called a
V
T : ✓
→

operation
-

is
called a

T :
V→F
functional
.

Linear
all
Liman
collection of
The
ri
demoted
V
functionals
on

is called the
* It
by ✓
.

dual of 11
.
 :V→F is
]
a

{ t.IT
*
✓ =
Linear fomchimal .

dimensional ,
Dr V ri finite
* =
di
- V .

Kms
dim#
VxV→ Fei a

Note : -
f :
=

transformation
.

bilinear
: V →
V* by
Define ↳ c- V.
Are
Lie
Lycus
=

F defined by
✓ →
Here Lu :
Aw c-
V.
fluid
Lacus
=

Linear
Transformation
Lf is a 11
functional
.
on

Linear
Lu
a
is
 that
It is easy to pure

rautrf-rankLg.fNoTE@fn.VxV
-3 F

V*
C bilinear
C Linear
Lg : U →
C functional)
V → F
Lu :
't
u
: ✓→
1114 Rt can
be
F
✓ →
& Rne :

defined

raukt-rankL@if_rauhRf.y
.
 f :V×V→F
is
Result :
-
Crank f- =n )
degenerate
.

non -

Lg
n
rank
-
=

Ken Lf
= { 03
I = 0 .

o
=3
Lycus
=

I -_ o .

=)
o
=) Lie =

c-
11--30--0
0 Aw
) -_

Lwcw
wJ=oV-wtV Uso .

-
! FCK >
then
f- is non- degenerate
If

☐
he -_o

fine ,us=or-wEV
①
.

b
well
£ t.tn#uru-- 0
,
3-

-1-0
.

the ,w )
② s t -
.
 Example
[9 ?]
:

→ amran 1- =

n←Ax
=

cnn.it: :X ? :]
f-
= cent

=
- n, ke
th , ka
=
⑨
f n C- 1122, set An = 0 .

But A -1-0 .

I.
[ !]
'
Example : A =
, .

-
 rank A = 1 .

All)
=L:)
=
4.1.31 :3 .

=D
E. 1- ✗
✗ =
(1) c- Her A.

Ñ
For any y c- ,

ytco )
0 .

ytA×
=

ñ violated .

condition (2)
I.

- let
g- (e) .A¥ ↳ =

DfAw=o, then V- 2h

we have fire ,w )
-70 -

= .
(5) option @
.

FALSE
.
.

- .

'
A
'
n'
N symmetric .

Mind
=
:

.
FALSE
.

degenerate
.

& ñ non -

2 .

rank of rank A
=
=
:
-

( Full rank
] .

optioned
=L :3
:
'
-
-

a-

Taser -
-

[ 's } ]
B=£@+ sym
.

is ñ

=
ut Bre

& of cures c- Rh
Ale
= .
 phony i the •

= .

(d) .
option @ ii false
hi linear is Not
-
: =

linear )
. Cum zero .

¥:É:÷÷÷ .

[ }
air
D- = ( ai;) = air

aware
Giza ,

can,

=/ E) where
2
set
=

matrix
.

n.ca#
 rank A =/
option @ ) : .

always angular
11-1=0 .

( : mm
>
2)
(b)

semidefinite
:

option A i + we
←
.

is false
aftimfh ]
.

i.

}}
Tme '

opa.ua
=

True
phiaydj
-
.

¥
, :

nil =L : :3
 Lssm )
VxV→ F
.

(9) g- :

V→F ( quadratic
q :
torn ]
=

II ]
'

* a- -

2 I -1cL

[ ]
-

42
Fr l'
l
-

'
v31 D
-

l 12 1

[ ]
2
"
I 4
1k )
I
ezt
'
2

:
=

[
÷ ]
'

"
'

r,⇐
12
-1

'
-
a

e
?⃝
1- ÷ : :3

[ :]
÷ :
-
0 1¥ 0

=
11-1 = ②
rank ptn
⑨
=
=
l - l

Signature =p
n =
-

good frm
.
= -

Ñ_
qui ow ¥ .

}
-1
qciso ] =

- l
or
=
C- 1)
0 )
⑧