Industrial

Electronics
BECE 316L
Your best quote that reflects your
approach… “It’s one small step for
man, one giant leap for mankind.”

- NEIL ARMSTRONG
Course Outline
 Filtered Power Supply
 Voltage Multiplier
TRIAC, DIAC and other thyristors
 Voltage regulators
Optoelectronic Devices and
Sensors
 Polyphase Rectifiers
Automatic Welding System
 SCRs
Transducers
 UJT
Programmable Logic Circuits
 PUT
 GTO
Power supply
Power supply is an electronic circuit that converts an ac voltage to dc voltage. It is
basically consisting of the following elements: transformer, rectifier, filter and regulator circuits.
TRANSFORMER
is a static device that transfers electrical energy from without affecting the frequency. It is used to
step-up or step-down the ac voltage level and isolates the remainder of the electronic system from
the ac power.
Vp = primary voltage Vs = secondary winding induced voltage

F = source frequency Np = primary winding number of turns

Ns = secondary winding number of turns

Φm = peak or maximum flux in the core Bm = maximum flux density

A = are of cross-section of the core

TRANSFORMER LOSSES
a. Copper Loss

b. Core loss or Iron loss

eddy current loss

hysteresis loss
RECTIFIER
is a device used to change the AC power into pulsating DC. The basic rectifier is the diode.
The three basic rectifier circuits using diodes are: the half-wave, full-wave center tapped and
the full-wave bridge type.

Two general classifications of rectifiers:

a. Half Wave Rectification

b. Full Wave Rectification

Half Wave Rectification
is the process of removing ½ cycle one alternation which could the of input signal.
Full Wave Rectification
uses the full cycle of the input signal. There two types of full wave rectifier: Bridge type full wave
rectifier and Full wave rectifier with center tapped transformer.

Bridge Type Center Tapped

FILTER
The filter of the power supply is used to keep the ripple component from appearing in the
output. It is designed to convert pulsating DC from rectifier circuits into a suitably smooth dc
level. The two basic types of power supply filters are the capacitance filter (C-filter) and RC
filter.

C-Filter RC Filter
VOLTAGE REGULATORS
Is designed to provide a very steady or well regulated dc output. The
commonly used transistor voltage regulators are the series voltage regulator
and shunt voltage regulator.
Series Voltage Regulator Block
Diagram
The control element controls the amount of the unregulated input voltage that goes to the
output as a regulated voltage. The regulated output voltage is sampled by a circuit that
provides a feedback voltage to the comparator circuit and compared to a reference voltage.
Improved Series Regulator
Operation:

If the output voltage tries to increase, the increase voltage sampled by R1 and R2 increased
voltage V2 causing VBE of transistor Q2 to increase since Vz remain fixed. If Q2 conducts more
current then less current goes to the base of transistor Q1 which then passes less current to the
load reducing the output voltage thereby maintaining the output voltage constant.
Shunt Voltage Regulator Block
Diagram
The shunt voltage provides regulation by shunting current away from the load regulate output
voltage.

Basic Operation: The input is unregulated. Some of the current is pulled away by the control
element to maintain the regulated output voltage across the load. If the load voltage tries to
change in the load, the sampling circuit provides a feedback signal to a comparator which
provides a control signal to vary the amount of current shunted away from the load. As the
output voltage tries to get larger, the sampling circuit provides a feedback signal to the
comparator circuit, which then provides a control signal to increase the shunt current,
providing less current, thereby keeping the regulated voltage from rising.
Shunt Voltage Regulator Block
Diagram
Basic Operation:
Rs drops the unregulated voltage by
an amount depends on the current supplied
to the load, RL. The voltage across the load is
set by the Zener diode and transistor’s base-
emitter voltage. If the load resistance
decreases, a reduced drive current to the
base of Q1 results; shunting less current at
the collector. The load current is thus larger,
thereby maintaining the regulated voltage
across the load.
The Improved Shunt Regulator
Basic Operation:

Zener diode provides a reference voltage so that the

voltage across R1 senses the voltage output. As the
output voltage. As the output voltage tries to change,
the current shunted by the transistor Q1 is varies to
maintain the output. Transistor Q2 provides a
larger base current to transistor Q1 that the basic
shunt regulator circuit, so that the regulator handles
a larger load current. That output voltage is set by
the Zener voltage and across the transistor base-
emitter voltage
An Adjustable Voltage Regulator
Circuit using LM-317
Basic Operation:

R1 and R2 set the output to any desired voltage over

the adjustable range (1.2 to 3.7V). The output voltage
can be computed as:

Note:

The typical IC values are: Vref = 1.25V and Iadj = 100uA

THYRISTOR
is a four layer semiconductor device with each layer consisting of an alternately N-type P-type
material, for example P-N-P-N. The main terminal, labeled anode and cathode, are across the full
four layers, and the control terminal, called Thee gate, is attached to one of the middle layers. The
operation of a thyristor can be understood in terms of a pair of tightly coupled transistors, which
cause the self-latching action.
Thyristor Family
The following are example of thyristor:

a. Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

b. Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS)

c. Gate Turn-Off (GTO) Switch

d. Light-Activated SCR (LASCR)

e. Light-Activated SCS (LASCS)

Silicon Controller Rectifier
The silicon controlled rectifier is a three-junction three-terminal PNPN thyristor that is normally an
open circuit in both directions.
Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS)
The silicon controlled switch is a four-terminal switching device that has four semiconductor
layers, all of which are accessible. It can be used as a silicon controlled rectifier, complementary
silicon controlled rectifier, Gate-turnoff switch or conventional silicon transistor.
 Gate Turn-Off (GTO) Switch
The gate turn-off switch is a type of silicon controlled rectifier that can turned on by a
pulse of gate current and turned off by applying a pulsed negative bias between gate and cathode
terminals. Used for power switching applications at power line higher frequencies.
Light-Activated SCR (LASCR)
The light activated SCR is an SCR that has a glass window for incident light that takes the place
of, or adds to the action of an electric gate current in providing switching action. It is also called
photo SCR and photothyristor.
Light-Activated SCS (LASCS)
Is a semiconductor device that has four
layers of silicon alternately doped with
acceptor and donor impurities similar to in
LASCR but with all four of the P and N
layers made accessible by terminals. When
a light beam hits the active light-sensitive
surface, the photons generate electron-hole
pairs that make the device turn on.
Removal of light does not reverse the
phenomenon. The switch can be turn off
only by removing or reversing its positive
bias.
OTHER IMPORTANT DEVICES
Unijunction Transistor (UJT)
Phototransistor
Optoisolator
Shockley Diode
Thyrector
DIAC (Diode AC)
Unijunction Transistor (UJT)
The unijunction transistor is a PN junction device that has the emitter connected to the PN
junction on one side of a silicon bar and connection for its two bases at opposite ends of the bar.
It may also be constructed by the planar process with all three electrodes on one face of the
silicon chip. The transistor has a stable negative resistance characteristic over a wide temperature
range. Used primarily as a switching device. It is otherwise called a double-based diode.
Phototransistor
The phototransistor is a junction
transistor that may have only
collector and emitter leads or also a
base lead, with the base exposed to
light through a tiny lens in the
housing. Collector current increases
with light intensity, as a result of
amplification of base current by the
transistor structure.
Optoisolator
The optoisolator is a coupling device in which a light-
emitting diode energized by the input signal is
optically coupled to photodetector such light
sensitive output diode, transistor or silicon controlled
rectifier. The optical coupling through air, optical fiber
or some other form of light pipe provides electric
isolation between input and output while transferring
signal, data pulse or control voltages. It is also called
optical coupler, optical isolator, optically coupled
isolator, optocoupler, optoelectronic isolator,
photocoupler and photoisolator.
DIAC (diode AC)
The diac is a two-terminal parallel-inverse
combination of semiconductor layers that
permits triggering in either direction. This
device exhibits negative resistance when
the applied voltage exceeds the
breakdown voltage. It is considered a
gateless TRIAC and normally used to
trigger larger thyristors.
TRIode for Alternating Current
(TRIAC)
Is an electronic component approximately equivalent
to two SCRS in inverse-parallel and with their gates
connected together. This results in a bidirectional
electronic switch which can conduct current in either
direction when it is triggered (turned on). In can be
triggered either a positive and negative voltage being
applied to its gate electrode. One triggered, the
device continues to conduct until the current through
it drops below a certain threshold value, such as at
the end of half cycle of alternating current main
power.
Application

TRAICs are used in many applications such as light dimmers, speed controls
for electric fans and other electric motor control circuits of many household
small and major appliances.