. IV. AGENTS KNOWN TO PRODUCE LUNG INJURY IN HUMANS .

TOXICANT DISEASE EXPOSURE ACUTE EFFECT CHRONIC EFFECT

Acrolein Acute lung injury, Biomass or hot oil Cough, shortness of Chronic obstructive
Chronic obstructive cooking, fire fighters, breath, extreme Pulmonary disease,
pulmonary disease environmental tobacco oronasal irritation, possibly asthma or lung
smoke, biocide water Pulmonary edema, cancer
treatment airway hyperreactivity

Aluminum Shaver, disease, corundum Abrasives manufacturing, Alveolar edema Interstitial fibrosis,
abrasives smelter’s lung, bauxite smelting Emphysema
lung

Aluminum dust Aluminosis Aluminum, firework, Cough, shortness of Interstitial fibrosis

ceramic, paint, electrical breath
good, and abrasive
manufacturing

Ammonia Farming, refrigeration Oronasal and bronchial Acute lung injury, chronic
Operations, ammonia, Irritation, pulmonary bronchitis
Fertilizer, chemical, and edema
Explosive manufacturing

Arsenic Pesticide, pigment, glass, Bronchitis Laryngitis, bronchitis, and

and alloy manufacturing lung cancer

Asbestos Asbestosis Mining, construction, Fibrosis, pleural

shipbuilding, brake repair, calcification, lung cancer,
vermiculite contamination mesothelioma

Aspergillus Farmer lung, compost Working with moldy hay, Bronchoconstriction, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
lung, malt worker’s lung compost, or barley cough, chest tightness (hypersensitivity
pneumonitis)

Avian protein Bird fancier’s lung Bird handling and farming Bronchoconstriction, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
with exposure to bird cough, chest tightness (hypersensitivity
droppings pneumonitis)

Beryllium Berylliosis Mining, alloy, and ceramic Pulmonary edema, Interstitial granulomatosis,
Manufacturing, Milling pneumonia Progressive dyspnea,
beryllium corpulmonarle, fibrosis,
and lung cancer

Cadmium Welding, smelting, and Cough, pneumonia Emphysema, Cor

Electrical equipment, pulmonale
battery, alloy, and pigment
manufacturing

Carbides of Hard metal disease Metal cutting and Bronchial epithelial Peribronchial and
 tungsten, manufacturing hper- and metaplasia perivascular fibrosis
titanium, or
tantalum

Chlorine Paper, plastics, Cough, hemoptysis,

chlorinated dyspnea, bronchitis,
Product manufacturing pneumonia

Chromium (VI) Chromium compound, Oronasal and bronchial Fibrosis, lung cancer
paint, pigment, chromite irritation
ore reduction
manufacturing

Coal dust Coal worker’s Coal mining Fibrosis with emphysema

pneumoconiosis

Cotton dust Byssinosis Textile manufacturing Chest tightness, Restrictive lung disease,
wheezing, dyspnea chronic bronchitis

Hydrogen fluoride Chemical, photograph Airway irritation,

film, solvent and plastic hemorrhagic pulmonary
manufacturing edema

Iron oxides Siderotic lung disease, Welding, steel and Cough Silver finisher’s lung with
silver finisher’s lung, jewelry manufacturing, subpleural and
hematite miner’s lung, are foundry work, hematite perivascular macrophage
welder’s lung mining aggregates; hematite
miner’s lung with dif use
fibrosis-like
pneumoconiosis; arc
welder’s lung with
bronchitis

Isocyanates Auto painting and plastic Airway irritation, cough, Asthma

and chemical dyspnea
manufacturing

Kaolin Kaolinosis Pottery making Fibrosis

Manganese Manganese pneumonia Chemical and metal Acute pneumonia (often Recurrent pneumonia
manufacturing fatal)

Nickel Nickel mining, smelting, Delayed pulmonary Acute lung injury, chronic
Electroplating, battery edema, skin allergy Bronchitis, non-small-cell
manufacturing, fossil fuel lung cancer, nasal cancer
combustion

Nitrogen oxides Silo-filler’s diseases Silo filling, welding, Immediate or delayed Bronchiolitis obliterans,
explosive manufacturing Pulmonary edema emphysema in
experimental animals
 Nontuberculous Metalworking fluid Working with metal Bronchoconstriction, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
mycobacteria hypersensitivity cutting fluid contain water cough, chest tightness (hypersensitivity
and contaminated with pneumonitis)
mycobacteria

Ozone Welding, photocopying, Substernal pain, Fibrosis (including

bleaching, flour, water exacerbation of asthma, airways)
treatment, deodorizing bronchitis, pulmonary
edema

Perchloroethylene Drycleaning, metal Edema Hepatic and lung cancer

degreasing, grain
fumigation

Phosgene Plastic, pesticide, and Severe pulmonary Bronchitis and fibrosis

chemical manufacturing edema

Silica Silicosis, pneumoconiosis Mining, stone, cutting, Acute silicosis Fibrosis, silicotuberculosis
sand,blasting, farming, (inflammation)
quarry mining, tunneling

Sulfur dioxide Chemical manufacturing, Bronchoconstriction, Chronic bronchitis

Refrigeration, bleaching, cough, chest tightness
fumigation

Talc Talcosis Mining, rubber Cough Fibrosis

manufacturing, cosmetics

Thermophilic Farmer’s lung, mushroom Farming (hay or grain Bronchoconstriction, Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
actinomycete worker’s lung, penguin degradation) cough, chest tightness (hypersensitivity
humidifier lung pneumonitis)

Tin Mining, tin processing Widespread mottling in

chest X-ray often without
clinical impairment

Vanadium Metal cutting and Airway irritation and Chronic bronchitis

manufacturing, specialty mucus production
steel manufacturing