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Secondary Design – Protection Study

Protection system is intended to operate when any fault or abnormal operating condition
takes place in the Power system. It is the Provision is to detect and disconnect elements of the
power system in the event of fault and is an integral part of Power System Design.
(Power systems should be designed so that protective relays operate to sense and isolate faults
quickly to limit the extent and duration of service interruptions.)
Requirements of Protection
Fault Clearance
- Speed
- Selectivity
- Sensitivity
Reliability
Cost

For system Example

System voltage With stand Fault Level (kA) of Duration (in General 1 seconds)
132 31.5
220 40.0
400 40/50/63.5
765 40.0

Control and Protection Circuits

 Current Circuits
Protection
Metering
 VT/CVT Circuits
Protection
Metering

 Source Supply Circuit AC/DC with Supervision (In General using 110V /220V DC)
Generally, two source use for Redundant (From DCDB 1 & 2).
 IED/ Auxiliary Relay Supply Circuits.
In Special Protection Cases Main -1 and Main -2 Protection Relays to be use of
Redundancy
 Control Circuit (Bay/ Feeder Control Circuit say BCU).
Like Isolator/Disconnector Switch for GIS/ Earth Switch.
 Closing Circuit.
 Trip Circuit with Supervision.
General Trip Circuit 1 and 2 Followed by CB’s
In some cases, Trip Circuit -1 for DC source, Trip Circuit -2 for AC UPS supply (Especially
for Process Plants).
 Group A and Group B Interface (For Fault Operation)
 Trip Outputs (For CB fail, Intertrip, Remote Trips etc.,)
 Monitoring Circuits (Like Thermal monitoring for Protective system like Motor/
Generators/ Transformer/ Reactors).
 Annunciator Circuits
 SCADA/SCMS Interface circuits

 PLCC circuits for (Especially for Plants DCS/ ECS, Close/Open/ Trip system Controlling)
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Other Interface Circuits

 Transformer/ Reactor RTCC

 Generator AVR Control Circuits

 AC circuits for Illumination and Temperature Control circuits

Electrical system

- 1 Phase - Neutral, 3 Phase system, 3 Phase with Neutral – 50/60 HZ

Circuits Star, Delta

Sequence
- Positive Sequence (0, -120, +120)
- Negative Sequence (0, 120, -120)
- Zero Sequence
Faults
- Unsymmetrical Faults
- Symmetrical Faults

Protection Elements

Based on Direct Utility

 Fuse Protection
 MCB’s/ MCCB’s
 RCB’s
 ELCB’s

Based on Measurement from IED’s

Current Protection

 Over current (50, 51-IDMT)

 Neutral Over current (50N, 51N)
- Derived Mathematically by IED internally
- Separately Measured
 Sensitive Earth Fault (50 G)
 Directional Protection (67, Which can be adopt both Over current/ Earth Fault)
 Restricted Earth fault Protection (64)
- High Impedance
- Low Impedance

Voltage Protection
 Under Voltage (27)
 Over Voltage (59)

Frequency Protection (81)

 Under Frequency
 Over Frequency
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Negative Sequence Protection (46)
Forward Power (37)
Reverse Power (32)
Impedance Protection (21)
Differential Protection (87)
Breaker Fail Protection (50BF)
Local Breaker Backup Protection (96)
Synchronism Check (25)
Out of Step-Pole Slip Protection (78)
Etc.,

Master Relay (86)

Also in Parallel for fast tripping, redundancy, Severity of Protection system will use fast
tripping Relay

Protection Coordination
Coordination is done with proper margin to avoid mal-operation of Fuses or relay which
follows
 Time
 Magnitude (Say Current etc.,)
 Time VS Magnitude (say Current, Voltage etc.,)
 Thermal etc.,

Protective Zone Coverage

Each protective zone Coverage must overlap Each other From Down Stream to upstream
Asper Switching scheme based on CT and VT/CVT, Breaker and Protection Equipment/System
locations.

System Analysis
As per System Design Follow the respective standard that would meet worst case
analysis based Real-time cases with contingency analysis (like n-1, n-2 requirement).

Like Load Flow, Short-circuit Study, Harmonic Analysis, Switching Reliability,

Protection coordination, Selected of Equipment’s which will meet their requirement based on
forecasting etc.,

Which can be follows,

Manual Calculation (For small system it is Reliable)
For Larger/ Complex network system to be followed Software’s which can be simulate nth
Iterations with graphical representations outputs.

Software like: Etap, PSCAD, EMTP, PSS-E

Correction factor follows as per respective standard which we follow like IEC/IEEE and
Other standards for Short-circuit study
Say Short Circuit Study for HV/LV systems (say Maximum/ Minimum limits 1.1 – 1.5)