10 NURSING ASSESSMENT

Describing symptoms
Match illustrations A-N to symptoms 1-14.

Listen and check your answers. Then listen again and repeat.

Language
Reading
Avoiding Medical Mistakes
Five years ago, researchers estimated the
number of deaths each year from medical mistakes
in United States hospitals. The estimate was
between forty-four thousand and ninety-eight
thousand, or one in every two hundred patients.
The study called "To Err Is Human" came
from the Institute of Medicine, part of the National
Academy of Sciences. Some experts called the
estimates too high; others called them too low.
The report called for changes in hospital
policies in an effort to reduce the chance for
mistakes. The study called for another
examination later this year to measure progress.
Health care experts say a number of reforms
have yet to take place. But they say hospitals have
made improvements. Some involve easy steps to
avoid misunderstandings. If a patient needs an
operation on the left leg, for example, the word
"yes" might be written on that leg. The word "no"
might be written on the other leg. Last month a
hospital inspection group ordered that simple
safety measures like these be required before all
operations.
Another effort to reduce mistakes involves
information sharing among hospitals to improve
the treatment of newborn babies. Each hospital can
search the collected information for the best way
to perform an operation or treat different
problems.
The Institute of Medicine report five years ago
said most mistakes are caused by communication
failures. These include mistakes with medicines.
New medicines with similar names are part of the
problem. Also, handwritten orders from doctors
are often difficult to read.
There are efforts to increase the use of
computers in hospitals to avoid such mistakes. The
goal is make sure patients get the correct
medicines and in the correct amounts. A computer
can also help avoid other problems. For example,
it can warn if a medicine will react dangerously
with other drugs taken by the patient.
The flight industry has done a lot of work to
reduce mistakes. This includes training pilots
about the importance of teamwork. But safety
experts say teamwork is not the only solution.
Efforts are also made to change systems where
misunderstandings and mistakes can easily
happen.
Simple Past Tense (Past Tense)

Simple Past Tense menyatakan kejadian atau perbuatan yang benar-benar selesai di masa lampau, yang
terjadi once (sekali), never (tidak pernah), atau several times (beberapa kali).

Signal Words untuk Simple Past: yesterday, five minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday

Kalimat Aktif (Active Voice) Kalimat Pasif (Passive Voice)

 Bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan dalam
Simple Past Tense adalah bentuk Past atau
V2, dan hanya terdiri dari SATU KATA saja;
kecuali ketika ada tambahan modal auxiliary
verbs.
 Dalam suatu kalimat kadang tidak terdapat
kata kerja (verb) yang menunjukkan aksi.
Namun karena syarat kalimat harus memiliki
subjek dan kata kerja maka kalimat yang
tidak punya kata kerja aksi bisa dibantu
dengan BE. Dalam Simple Past Tense BE yang
digunakan adalah was atau were tergantung
subjek kalimat.
 Secara umum pola kata kerja untuk passive
voice adalah BE + past participle (V3); ini
merupakan verb phrase (sekumpulan kata
yang membentuk satu unit kata kerja/verb).
Verb phrase untuk passive voice dalam
setiap tense pasti ditutup dengan past
participle (V3), dan yang menjadi ciri atau
yang menunjukkan tense kalimat dapat
dilihat dari bentuk BE yang digunakan untuk
menemani past participle (V3).
 Dalam Past Tense kata kerja kalimat pasif
menggunakan verb phrase dimana BE adalah
was atau were (tergantung subjek).

S + V2 + …… S + BE (was, were) +V3 + ……

Ex: Last year I spent my holiday in Ireland. Ex: Some books were sold in the store.
(Tahun lalu saya menghabiskan liburan (Beberapa buku telah Dijual di toko itu).
di Irlandia).

Exercises
Put the verbs into the correct form (simple past).
1. Last year I (spend) ______________ my holiday in Ireland.
2. It (be) ______________ great.
3. I (travel) ____________ around by car with two friends and we (visit) ___________ lots
of interesting places.
4. In the evenings we usually (go) ________________ to a pub.
5. One night we even (learn) _____________ some Irish dances.

Change the active sentence into passive sentence or the passive sentence into active sentence.
ACTIVE PASSIVE

1. The singer just sang a beautiful song. 1. _______________________ by the singer.

2. _______________________ very much. 2. His friends were loved very much by him.
3. They cancelled all flights because of fog. 3. __________________________ (by them).
4. __________________________ yesterday. 4. Our house was cleaned yesterday (by us).
5. Her company employed 300 people in 2003. 5. ____________________________ in 2003.
11 PAIN ASSESSMENT