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Ge 08 Ethics Prefinal Module PDF
Ge 08 Ethics Prefinal Module PDF
General Education
Academic Year 2021-2022,
2nd Semester
ETHICS
GE 08
Qayser D. Siblante
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OVERVIEW
Not all acts of the human person as a moral agent are
considered human act. Some may be classified as acts of man. This
is what you will learn in this Lesson in addition to the determinants
of the morality of the human act.
Activity
Classify the items either as human act or act of man. Write 1 for
human act and 2 for act of man.
____1. Breathing
____2. Blinking of the eyes
____3. Observing diet
____4. Dilation of the pupils of the eyes
____5. Perspiring
____6. Tutoring the slow learners
____7. Preparing for board exams
____8. Jerking of the knee
Analysis
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The object of the act is the act itself. The following are
instances: using the name of God with reverence; sincerely invoking
God's name or the names of saints (the evil object is using the name
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of God and the saints in vain), honoring one's parent, going to Mass
on days of obligation, a human life, respecting other's rights and
property, having pure acts and thoughts, being true to marital
commitments, telling the truth, etc.
The end, or purpose is the intention of the acting subject, or what
inspires the acting subject. For example, rendering free service to a
neighbor with the intention of boasting about it. Or helping a
neighbor inspired by love of God. The first instance is immoral,
while the second is moral. The guiding rule is the end does not
justify the means. The intention of helping a neighbor, say giving
food, by stealing the food from another neighbor, is never justified.
This is what Robin Hood did. He stole from the rich and gave it to
the poor. Of course, no matter how good his intention was, i.e. to
help the poor, his stealing is not made right by his good intention.
The circumstances, including the consequences, refer to the time,
place, person, and conditions surrounding the moral act. They either
increase or diminish the moral goodness or evil of human acts.
A morally good act requires the goodness of the object, of the end,
and of the circumstances together. An evil end corrupts the action,
even if the object is good in itself (such as praying and fasting "in
order to be seen by men")
Application
1. Can an act of man be considered human act if the action is carried
out with malice? Why or why not?
2. Illustrate with at least 3 examples “the end does not justify the
means."
3. Robin Hood robbed the rich and gave the money to the poor. Was
his act justified? Explain your answer.
4. Relate an instance when you acted like Robin Hood. Was your act
justified?
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KEY POINTS
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Now that you have finished the review of the various concepts
outlined above, it is now time for an assessment to see how far you
have improved. On every module’s “End of Module Assessment”
(this part), write your answer/s on a one whole sheet of yellow pad
paper.
LOOKING AHEAD
Congratulations for making it till the end of this module! The
next topic will deal on The Filipino Character! Happy learning!
REFERENCES
Etgics by: Ruben A. Copuz, AB English-Philo, Lib, PhD,
Brenda B. Corpuz, BSE, MAEd, PhD and Lorimar Publishing,
INC 10-B Boston Street, Brgy. Kaunlaran, Cubao, Quezon
City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
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Now that you have finished the review of the various concepts
outlined above, it is now time for an assessment to see how far you
have improved. Write your answers on a one whole sheet of yellow
pad paper.
Direction: Classify whether the given phrase refers to act of man or
human act. Write 1 for act of man and 2 for human act.
__1. Deliberate
__2. Happen "naturally”
__3. Without reflection
__4. Freely chosen 5. Automatic
__6. Performed in freedom
__7. Done voluntarily
__8. Without consent
__9. Thought out
__10. Judgment of conscience
OVERVIEW
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
Activity
1. Read the story of Judas' betrayal of Jesus in Luke 22:1-53.
Analysis
1. Could Judas be held answerable/accountable for having
betrayed Jesus?
2. On what factors (at least three) would you base Judas
accountability?
Abstraction
Bases of Moral Accountability
Says Fr. Coppens (2017):
When I perform a free act -- one which I am able to do or
not to do, as I choose -- the act is evidently imputable to me: if the
thing is, blameworthy, the blame belongs to me; if it is
praiseworthy, I am entitled to the praise. Every human act
therefore, since it is a free act, is imputable to him who performs it.
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LOOKING AHEAD
Congratulations for making it till the end of this module! The next
topic will deal on Universal Values! Happy learning!
REFERENCES
Ethics by: Ruben A. Copuz, AB English-Philo, Lib, PhD,
Brenda B. Corpuz, BSE, MAEd, PhD and Lorimar Publishing,
INC 10-B Boston Street, Brgy. Kaunlaran, Cubao, Quezon
City, Metro Manila, Philippines
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OVERVIEW
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Activity
1. One sticker in a truck says: “If it feels good do it.” What
does this mean? Is this, always right?
2. Here are statements from a Filipina OFW in the USA.
Read then answer the questions below.
“I will never be able to forgive myself if I won't fly home
to be with my family in my father's death. I may not be able to talk
to him anymore, you may find it impractical and unreasonable but
I have to fly home. If I don't, I will not feel whole at all.”
If you were the Filipina nurse, would you decide and act
the same way? Why?
Analysis
1. What's wrong with “If it feels good, do it.”?
2. Would you consider the Filipina nurse's decision to fly
home, right? Why or why not?
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Abstract
Feelings in Decision-making
Feeling, in general, is an emotional state or reaction, experience of
physical sensation, like feeling of joy, feeling of warmth, love,
affection, tenderness, etc. How do they affect moral decision-
making? “Several studies conclude that up to 90 percent of the
decisions we made are based on emotion. We use logic to justify our
actions to ourselves and to others.” Researches also show that
“actual emotional states can influence the process of moral
reasoning and determine moral judgment.”
Feelings are instinctive and trained response to moral dilemma.
They can be obstacles to making right decisions but they can also
help in making the right decisions.
Are there advantages of emotional decision making? According to
recent research, feelings or emotions have positive effects on
decision making. Some are identified as follows:
• A totally emotional decision is very fast in
comparison to a rational decision. This is reactive (and
largely subconscious) and can be useful when faced with
immediate danger, or in decisions of minimal significance.
• Emotions may provide a way for coding and
compacting experience, enabling fast response selection.
This may point to why expert's "gut" level decisions have
high accuracy rates.
• Decisions that start with logic may need emotions to
enable the final selection, particularly when confronted with
near equal options.
• Emotions often drive us in directions conflicting with
self-interest
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KEY POINTS
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Now that you have finished the review of the various concepts
outlined above, it is now time for an assessment to see how far you
have improved. On every module’s “End of Module Assessment”
(this part), write your answer/s on a one whole sheet of yellow pad
paper.
LOOKING AHEAD
Congratulations for making it till the end of this module! The
next topic will deal on The Three Levels of Moral Delimmas!
Happy learning!
REFERENCES
Etgics by: Ruben A. Copuz, AB English-Philo, Lib, PhD,
Brenda B. Corpuz, BSE, MAEd, PhD and Lorimar Publishing,
INC 10-B Boston Street, Brgy. Kaunlaran, Cubao, Quezon
City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
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Now that you have finished the review of the various concepts
outlined above, it is now time for an assessment to see how far you
have improved. Write your answers on a one whole sheet of yellow
pad paper.
ESSAY
1. Do feelings serve moral decision making? Explain you
answer.
2. When do feelings work against moral decision making?
Explain.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Activity
Read these arguments. Are these based on reason? Defend your
answer.
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1. “You didn't even finish high school. How could you possibly
know about this?”
2. I am filing for reconsideration of the offenses complained
about. Since I am a well-known athlete, I can make your
University great again.
3. Oh, Officer, there's no reason to give me a traffic ticket for
going too fast because I was just on my way to the hospital
to bring blood bags to my dying child. They are needed in a
few minutes.
4. After Sally presents an eloquent and compelling case for a
more equitable taxation system, Sam asks the audience
whether we should believe anything from a woman who isn't
married, was once arrested, and smells a bit weird.
5. Linus Pauling, winner of two unshared Nobel prizes, one for
chemistry, another for peace, stated his daily medication of
Vitamin C delayed the onset of his cancer by twenty years.
Therefore, vitamin C is effective in preventing cancer.
6. "UFOs are not real, because the great Carl Sagan said so."
You haven't held a steady job since 1992. Worse than that,
we couldn't find a single employer who'd provide you with a
good reference.”
7. "People like you don't understand what it's like to grow up
in the slums. You have no right to argue about the gang
violence on our streets."
8. "Well, it's not like you graduated from a good school, so I
can see why you wouldn't know how to properly grade a
writing assignment."
9. “You're clearly just too young to understand.”
10. "How can you make a decision about someone having
marital problems if you've never been married yourself?"
Analysis
Answer the following questions:
1. Which arguments are attack on the personality of the
source of the argument?
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Values Clarification
Moral reasoning either arrives at what is right or wrong,
good or bad (valuable or not valuable). The moral reasoning
process may thus follow a model called values clarification.
Values clarification method as a part of the moral reasoning
model consists of a series of questions which one may ask himself
or others in order to arrive at one's true values, values that he really
possesses and acts upon. The following consists of the steps of the
values clarification model: (Raths, L. et al, 1978)
1. Choosing freely
Did you choose this value freely? Where do you suppose
you first got that idea?” or “Are you the only one among your
friends who feels this way?”
2. Choosing from alternatives
“What reasons do you have for your choice?” or “How long
did you think about this problem before you decided?”
3. Choosing after thoughtful consideration
“What would happen if this choice were implemented? If
another choice was implemented?” or “What is good about this
choice?
What could be good about the other choices?”
4. Prizing and being happy with the choice
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career? Would you repeat eating the food? Would continue playing
the game, given the chance? And do you always abide by the
principle you have chosen to follow? The answers to these
questions will ultimately reveal what you really value in life, they
will clarify your values.
The 7 questions can be summed up into 3 big clarifying
questions:
1) Did you choose your action freely from among
alternatives after thoughtfully considering the consequences of
each alternative:
2) Do you prize or cherish your choice by publicly
affirming it and by campaigning for others to choose it?;
3) Do you act on your choice repeatedly and
consistently? If the answers to the questions are a YES, then the
moral choice or moral decision can be said to be a product of
reason.
As a result of the process, one may disco values. One
may need to recollect and re-orient oneself to genuine values.
Critique: Creative Responsibility
When a moral problem comes one's way, which may be
communicated as a silent or verbal message, or through a
happening or an incident, the serious response would be a process
of moral reasoning. One may use the aforementioned reasoning
models. One may automatically apply classic or traditional
frameworks or norms. One may be legalistic or situationist. But
one significant guide to the moral reasoning process is what
ethicist like Fr. Gorospe (1974) termed as “creative responsibility,”
which has the following characteristics:
First, a creative and fitting response involves some form of
positive human action... Second, to give a fitting human response
in some form of positive action inevitably means “create” a
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KEY POINTS
✓ The minimum requirements of morality are reason and
impartiality.
✓ Moral decisions should be arrived at by the use of reason.
✓ The use of reason is exemplified in the 7-step model of
Scott Rae and the value clarification process.
✓ Fallacious reasoning such as ad hominem, ad verecundiam
and ad miserecordiam has no place in moral decisions.
Now that you have finished the review of the various concepts
outlined above, it is now time for an assessment to see how far you
have improved. On every module’s “End of Module Assessment”
(this part), write your answer/s on a one whole sheet of yellow pad
paper.
LOOKING AHEAD
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REFERENCES
Etgics by: Ruben A. Copuz, AB English-Philo, Lib, PhD,
Brenda B. Corpuz, BSE, MAEd, PhD and Lorimar Publishing,
INC 10-B Boston Street, Brgy. Kaunlaran, Cubao, Quezon
City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
Now that you have finished the review of the various concepts
outlined above, it is now time for an assessment to see how far you
have improved. Write your answers on a one whole sheet of yellow
pad paper.
OSMEÑA COLLEGES
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College of Teacher Education