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    2002 Crittenden K S and Rodolfo K S Baco

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    2002 Crittenden K S and Rodolfo K S Baco

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    Jade Cadaoas Magos
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    2002_Crittenden_K_S_and_Rodolfo_K_S_Baco

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    2002 Crittenden K S and Rodolfo K S Baco

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    Jade Cadaoas Magos

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    NATURAL DISASTERS AND CULTURAL CHANGE Edited by Robin Tonner and John Gratan COREE a sper tm |Brkou ssh ue New Yo 180 Eee eo eee saegerengeepenomemecierett =elriaieneaceeenares SEL, In iy Caring ann @ tino Cg Cae hae ‘C? ee. OM ons ‘London snd New Yoo 4 Bacolor town and Pinatubo volcano, Philippines: coping with recurrent lahar disaster KS. CRITTENDEN AND KS. RoDOLEO “Thi hpi ithe tiny sin of poe i he eof “onophe and he erence of sere coon the of Teeth serena tex The btw destted bel lary son oa ‘huelgwal msorches dat depos to state Gite seat Srlston beween test sd call roa Ty rey st cher Sse he ssp ecm anise ye Ince ht my ote dete fe eho cod ‘Me Dian’ 191 ean, te won pen 9 ea S07 ew of lose, ot denon Ok fh Pine vole: The pet Sinus wot weeded ing the vpn Ht ut Sa the monsoon ‘pone eon nat eyes Aaa tei nd lod a te (Tlhabed bog scuen of es ae lew Cem Ser et br ‘edward en aes ensactes to creck. Oeste ‘be Pato ia ne awed dow Sve major cana ofthe wl, om ‘Slarar38 n/h Ara hr wing 200, mtch debs rena on eno ‘obit new om, ‘isk ey od SERENA al ‘ued so om ta Scending sng te Pango ech ae Serta timed te ay 1o00kiereimed wire Exenifinge mensy of people acme lee, ve tee of gong Ue he ac hues S| ‘i nd sro tep town ane. Abe desig he pyar es ti ory of Bln he eon snd the eng Yn ahr en me Ceaser Row the Tewaspeople ve teen ale by nd espn fo te teeing ase an he ates of ten ta have emeiged the hae Te ter ir er in pore, one hare gowed by ei “mnpidesegeeny” Pacpelrger eves our es foqucoly (Alexander, 1991), Therefore, people 215k Bom a major event have litle opperenity 0 become fun with the hazard The efor nhabans wil expend to rehubiliatesdatnaged comment = Tunedon of tne Ecos. Fast. a more chronic and familie est wil be bette integrated with the loa cute, which wil ave developed rotine mitigation sti (Andenon, 1967). Second, a omaunity will be dicouraged font Sempeing rehabilison in pce if wo infasruttare survives upon which fe rebuild Th, even if eveything i destoyed. people wil rebuilt com- -ourty they pereive the thret to be over, We irate thew piciples by Contesting the Bacelor experience an the town proper ith that of other barangays, with cher Pinitubo towns, and with comustnies near Mt Mayon, smother Phiipie vale, PINATUBO VOLCANO ‘Me Pinatubo and ts 1991 eruption lave been dscubed in encystopedc dtl (Newhall and Panonghayan, 199), Stated in west cent Luzon Nand inthe Pilppines(15°08.2"N, 12°21. £), Pinatubo the nrcheromon of chain of Jae, andeste-dactewratovokanoes (Fg. 1). The sue members of the «hao, Mes Nan and Marve form the Bata penne of World War ae “The mugs of thet volcanoes are asccinal with eatorard subshacton of ‘he South Chins Sen lchosphere along the Manila Trench. In hi topic Jocae,cubonate sediments te abundant atop the tlativey shallow abactng, i ai uo Figure 4.1 MePitabo andi soniveing [AHA DISASTERS IN BACOLOR, THE PHILIPPINES 6 lithosphere, ands the magmas ofthe volcanoes ae sich in carbon done ad exceptionally eervewent Pinatubo had not eroped in recorded hitory before (991 Ic experience ts greatest explosive epinade sol befor 35,0 RP, which war an ede of maga Tie rer thin the 191 evee (Newb, 1996), Seseolos evidence (Mor tea, 1986) delineated lage magna chamber 5 £0 H kes beneath Pinatubo, Periily, Bau mgm injected into the bettors ofthe chamber eigen ‘Seite eraptons that over a bie prod generate a caldera and mich pyrclic ‘kins, Then, extided sosly over cenes of rlenn, lsc andes lavas fill dhe elders wit lava dome tht is obersted by the nex ead Ratinetbon dies of wood Rom the voleane 2pron document adiiona pio oughly 17,000, 2,00, 6 110-5,000, and 392,30 year. The a “upain before sb 1997 occurred some ime betwen 5 ap OD yeas ‘Me Pino is rend in oer mountains tothe north, west and sueh, However the volcano is unconfined tothe eat, where pyevstic Wows and Laas have bu gery oping fa tht merges tothe warp aee head of ‘Mani Bay, The peak, sich nod 1745 m above sca level before the 1991, ruption, wasreplaced with ealdera 2) lower and 25k caeter this ‘kspest pot se 680m below rim Jones and Nevhal. 19%). Labor “The Pnatubolskar, hough smetinesclled musi’ areacslly composed ‘hedy of sind and coaner mater. The sore lute labs are ced Ingenta bocave tei sediment contents ~ 6 078 pet cent Ly weight are greater than those fd most bid oem team, Ap fom “spaying prominent standing wes dite aes lok deceptively hie deeat fram nom, diy floodwaters (Rov, 200), "The les moat power abate ated flows in which te water no more ‘han about 25 per cen by wight anda low a 10 percent ~ barely enough nobis the debs, Owing to thee high densities, thickness and velocities, they ‘cert powerfl shear sees on tc channel an especly om thei bse. By ‘roving ind incorporating addtional tock mts they ve, hey “alk ‘resell a remarlable degre. [Emerging fom a mountain canyon or overiwing is channel banks and spreating om over enter slopes, a ders Now rarely more han several metres thse, ands any low bill or slope can tere 4 ree, AS spreads, is baal area {dco esitanc incase, sng it down, Debi ows ae more Wscou ‘lower speed ths cases dhe ow down even mae quickly. Asa conse= Gjuence, spreading Iker are commonly not powerfal enough to copple even Fae sutures sucha thatched hut They merely dow around and into them, sd bury their bso, ‘The Pasit-Poe River -Ajre-eraption up Pig. 41) shows the head ofthe Pasig river o be 6 kn fom the suman of Me Pinatubo, Rm above ses level ft Gows eaeward down steep org fr 9k, co where it valley opens out on to the wakanic apron. Ther ‘where he emer cll the Power ie, becomes bred only shall Jacked, snd time southeast to flow another 1 kin over tbe one degree ‘Slopes tte apron, Aran elevation of 30m above se lve, changeit the imate of estas othe Pampangs dela. The deta src dope nly 0.00 0 (0002 log the 21k dstaace ee Bacolor to the esd of Mara Bay snd ses fom severe Noods daring te rainy sen, ypc on ne tough ‘October Inte 1960s, dikes were bale contain 13 Lin the iver and pret the towns and vile of Sens Rita, Buco atd Gass fom fooding, The swampy region hss been greatly moi ima rice pads ad pond si has ben 2 maori, spa an fh Bake fr cotures pAcoLoR Baclor municipal, located on the eu bank of the Pig Potro sve in Pampanga pownce,seadle te tansion from volcanic apron to de. The ‘ames fps and people i Pampanga ronal rel the sarour eins ‘ment. Pega means "ver hank the people, a well ar the aay ae eed Capampargn othe aver bank and the province ase i Sani compton ofthe fame word. Bicol is derived fom baad, meaning high grou” “hgh fering wo only 1-2 ofl rele above the surrounding swampy £25 to ihn eer wich neighbouring town is raed} The town propet 9 ke from the vlano summits sod about 10 m above mean cs lve before the eruption. "The hyous of Bacolor and nighboutngsmuicpalites eet their phi _zaphic sting. To the north the nves and eee tht dante voles spon ‘Suthwestwarl ae paral by vllges and roach, which to the south a oe ‘rented lowing the meandeig deta ream. The Phipps developing unity wi few roads and aa exploding populcoa; barns contnae longue snd couece long each oak. Preemption Bab The extly history of Brcoor not well known, Capampangas ate believed to ‘ave ave more tan evo centres before the Spasade conquered Prpang, in 1571 (Lakin, 1993). They came rom Borneo or Suma (Henson, 1983) bag, ourgesd, wind- and oar-peopeed boa ald ange Set, 1990) pe atl ed wo mea "ilage' Breve nc aes By" Fasiy Spnih chroniclers spcultd hat esch barangay cone the descendants ot paral eld of migra le imporant oe tthe conte of the recent Froatto expenence, that ‘arangayorgmaly retired so group of people ‘ther tas loeaty (Set, 19), Una 199, the Capampangans bad no experience or orl tration of olcanoeor ls. nakltion to exaebaing he erpon de, thi fact ms) ber onthe dite of he penakinate Pinatubo capt, Newhall al (1999) reported that pars docarbon dats indist tat hit episode occured anytime ‘fom 800 0 500 BF mos ely toward he end of hirange. However, th crent ws Inger chan the 1991 erupéon and dt happened only 500 year ag 1 Would be surprising ifthe ne Spanrd chronicles did noc hear aboot when they aved afew generate ter fabian of the Papas New Guieshigh- lands havea strong onl tition about the Long snd enpion 160 (on, 1982, snd chon of Mt Pate in Mindi have sketchy orl sory fs 16H eruption (C. Newhal writen com, 2000). ‘Prehiypanic Fins di not ive sn cer orton. Beyond de family, the only community Was the stonomousbarmeny, ypc of same Md e100 Families. ter de congus the Spaniards work hat to Cait them into Jangee towns to mre esi adminizer and Chiltan the Flipinos, Apparel ‘only the colour pomp, spectacle and mnysey of che Mas and he Sea aly induced the relacine Pipinos to comply (Scot, 1994). In the suvequet ‘entries, however, Flpinos have developed strong arachmentf thi ow. Brcolor war the cpa of Panpanga ander the Spanih and Ameri ors 17460 1904, andi 1762-64 was the seat ofthe Spon goverment dives ox ‘of Man by the Bish (Henson, 195). The porn or town core wt i nt ‘in what has been ermed the Philippine plaza complex (Har, 1955: Lak, 193), ‘ened on the pss or town square dominate by San Guile pa char ‘eos dhe plaza were the mui or tow hall two-state rectangala, ome ‘edie, the police sation and the courthouse. Neste plas wa the comeete, Steehcofed palenge or manicipal market The nestby busines secon che {so bank, a tobacco Sctry,specny sore and shop foe rafsmen, Facing {he ple war the Don Honan Ventura college of asad trade ous by the town ete in IH, I several two-storey bldg wed te lool public highschool and a vafiey ef educational programmes that drew aver 5) sudens fiom che province. Neuby Bacolor Cenmal elementay schoo eve he palo, “The plaza ses surounded by the splendid ance homes of ke fale, {akin (1993: 10-11 ae decribed the Pampanga hows nthe ety ewertch ‘cent AS sed of de ground by a wone foundation; uppers owes had ‘wooden walls and ered bluray, wth age, sng wow panel made of ‘tasacent cap sallop shel mounted in wood. The high, peaked roo were ‘of ps pal leaves or gon ges titch, andthe loos wer old wood. Many Such ie homes in Bacolor were so wel bu th they lated over 100 yea. As Ute a 1972, the pollo wll Eatured "sane choter of clegant nineceth century homes fi more tha a anyother mumcpalty” see province (Lakin, 199397), Lowers houses made of gon, np and tambo, taal had fone or ewo sparely fired room ons bamboo pole fame, withthe oor ‘event fcr above the ground In 1991 only afew ofthe fine, Spansh-eraancesal homes stil mse ithe town proper and yalvanised ion rooB were much more tpl han thatch Concrete ha replaced incresinglysece wood in comtrucson However ty (ofthe older homes oll sported worden wl, ee window, sd harbwoos oobi ctcnent ae, om 24 85k (Unb, 1997). This ocured 20 {cin the fainy sen to alee the years obra, but bad serous conse ‘eens fr the flowing yan "rom uly Gogh October 199, peng phoom generated has 1 ines (atoll 1998) Inu afer bres the new eastern ies ‘pve des 4m thick t Bey Powers snd tm thick ae By Das nd Sn ‘Attono. On 8 Asp ke-brekos ihn buried Bgys Malwa nd Dolores in depts wp to 2 m thick, Sma fows Jeposted an addon etre tn ‘Malwa nite Apt. On 2223 Spee, two cond explosions snd 4 ‘carpe lake brskowr genet Ine bars tat Kile 25 people and ‘pace 50,00 people Along with ever outing trang, Bacto wn [oper wastrerel forthe Seinen the eruption adver 1,000 hoes Ire bared wo dep of en Sn Gallo church wan made ans Door Ted under 2 of deb ‘The Ikeresdout lik eroded mot of thet setimene fom the depostonal Selo the has brought down since 1991, ‘ching wide, dec chanel tat wat to serve 3 the min cond forthe Sern an of 095. "The goversmeat of desgated Busoe sa high-k area tobe aban- ocean dened pub fds for consection. Ve, ced with an enoeouh ‘lg em pv es 2 vere grey wold cca rogonsbiy fr mam permanent reetdement. Shook, churches an ule bigs ll over the province were ramped with refiges. A debate About whether esc vicns ot obi age ‘owetiv’ kes ws ever rosdved. Efbra were made to do both, but mo of the fans went to ‘ontrcing hin U-shaped eof unmoured dikes, conising of compacted ‘nar dons to eas abow 80 kn” f te Pasig Peo wae int 4 deb ai, “The new dike proved inetve and exceed he os of ie by impaing an anpied sense fey Inthe pope To 1995, 11 Iban Fenced Biclortrangaybt one (Ul a, 196) On 30, aba wp com deep treed weer portion ofthe die ven er the nite opp on 1 Aug, ‘has eoctined to pl hough the Bach iso previouty tated areas “Typhoon induced ans abo atred western Bacolor om m- Angew eat Sepenber, ling seven people snd buying 900 owes Tent of howande of -itlorctes edo eraconon center Hchcoptes rescued handed app on ‘ote, The gli war bay iy nd San Gallen church wor bared under other dm of epost Pais wore abr clmiy occured on 1 October, Inte, polnged \ypboon ris gee ashe bared 3 25 kn? ae in 8% 10 of debs (Cinta e at, 196), Brccloredos downstream were reeved st dir to heat ‘aoe repo mn the police watchpoine ta che How wee only wate. The Aoodwater, however, bulked up imo debs Hows dowestem fom the ‘atcha swing cen mote by coding and incorponting a1 En seh of SSecesem dk, Otaapying a cacti dow te sew pared wtceal Bghway. the ha ea oly shout st hour wo oblterte Bgy Cabslantan, arhich had toullyecaped las since the eruption. In al 2,390 hose in Calan a snoter 3,900 four nearby wilages were busied wet depose ‘pro 9m deep. No hbiable houses remained in Cablantian. Ten thot of aew efigets joined the backlog of aes asin eee aha swept hundreds fom roofope Remobiliedlahas are cool, and so ‘many survived Ben no-swines Wie dd no pane Honted eal nthe deee aur Some were cared evel lometrey, inl ight chen ecued or, ‘as of wateryacinds by Ssherien 3m asy, Asano 1000 people ene ‘upto 3 hours on roofs, expend othe element, mot without ood or neee, Most ales were fom drowning or eiffocton, Ore people tied om lecercition and heat atacks snd si succumbed oaks tt, Cab foramiveais had ben Catalan cong indy. Many ofthe cabs apd and, along wi indigenous poionous specie, sug tefage om ron ahd cer ‘ecapied by people ‘The tal munber of Cabaatian Gages romans conuovenis, On 3 (Qeober, the Bacolor mayor onfimed 70 det He inctesed ta umber co ‘more thin 8 on 6 October, whe the national government wa sdmiing fo ‘only 17 fais, The nextday the mayor reported over 100 dea and 352 ‘ising, whe a eionl dae councl pokepeton san thts many 2,000, ‘did Four dae er the dsr an extnatd 1,00 people were sl reported, ‘ming and search tums had yet Glo locate #3 lated india Ty 13 (October, 35 onthe ist had been lose with eaves chewhere, No da ve avaible ating how many ofthe remainder were dead. Ente mies ox eves ‘lan of poor firming fk ang in clo pron a low dweigs ay fave pied, evi one to repr them masing LAHAR EXPERIENCES IN BACOLOR By cle seman te cig ney inden ide thesis raed fom the mop. However bens pee as a Soyer sched clone cere ty ‘eee snares ae ‘ether whe mv spp pe sta [SSG Sees umes nee a is sarge se ee a ior ere vce ot Sc ep he gv to prove © Only homeownen er gle frecuentes ie a repro rea aE Gin dtl ow gs acc Foon, tee, spe np Sn age Se Saco ome y iy eset ct ean ak epee eaten Cee a Film napenpes seen eneancccrmaaaaas 2 S.CRITTENDEN AND KS RODOLFO gobled is catchment are, om 24t9 55 ke! (Uma, 1997). Tis oceuted 00 thes inthe rainy seson to fet the year’s aba aciviy, bat had serious come fences for the Flowing year. rom Jay through October 1994, pasing typhoons generated as 14 tes avbolda el. 1995). In Joly, after breaching the new exer dike, huss (pppated debi 4m thick t gy Potrero and 1m cick ac Bgys Dua nd Son ‘Ruoni. On 8 August, ke-reakoat aka buried Bays Maivaly and Dolores ‘Aap up to 2-m thick, Sila flows deposed an adational metre i Malate im lite Angus, On 22-25 September. two secondary explosions anda Masrophie lake brekout generated lange Iaae tht killed 23 people and ‘Gopacel 30.000 people. Along wih several outing barangay, Bacolor town proper as severely ft forthe fins ime since the erupion and oer 1,000 houses Tre buried wo dep of It m, San Guillermo church was invaded and is lor Tuned undee 2 of debris, The lake-breskout lars eroded most of seir Sediment from the depositional field of the Ihss brought down since 1991, Teaving 2 wide, desp channel thot was to serve 36 the main cond fr the Adasroslabar of 195, “The government ofcillydesiated acolo a2 high-k atea toe aban done snl denied public Fi for constriction. Yet, faced wath an enormous bhekog af rfugecs fn previo aha seasons, no goverment ageney would Sreeperepomibiy for mass permanent reeelement. Schools, churches and pre bullingy all over dhe provine were swamped with refugees A debate out whether to resettle vie oto build bigger ‘protective kes was never fevoled. Efors were made t do Both, Dut most of the finds went 0 Comtrutng tid. U-shaped st of unurmoured kes, consisting af compacted Tatar deposts to tania about 8D kn of the Psg-Potrero watered sto a Seb n "The new dikes proved inelfcive and exacerbated the loss fife by imparting an unjniied sere of security the populace. tx 1995, 11 Tahars reached all acolo barangays bt one (Usb a, 199). On 30 July, has up 0 4m deep breached were portion ofthe dike. Even afer the airs stopped on t August, as contined to pl through the breach into previonly unafected ares. “Typoon- induced iar ako fected western Nacoloe fom mid-Asgsto eat September. ling seven people and burying 900 houses, Tens of towandh of Bicoloreie eto evacuation cenees. Helicopters rescued hundred tapped on rooftops The plc wa bay hit, and Sen Glermo church was buried under nother 4m of depots, Pinatubo's wors liar eaunity ocurred on 1 October Intense, prolonged typhoon rie tage ar tht bene a 25k? area in 5% 10° of debs {Crna a, 196), Baceoreios downiteam were glewed at dawn to ear raced reports from the police watchpoin the the lowes were only water. The floodwater, however, bulked up io debris flows downstream fom the swatchpoint swelling even more by crading and icorporting a1 kan sretch of the eatern dike. Ovenopping snd cascading down the new rpsined national highway, te hare took ontyabour x hous to obliterate gy Cabslnton, LAHAR DISASTERS IN HACOLOR, THE ILPPINES s ‘which tad eotly escaped laa since the eration. tna 2:00 hows in {Costin ac another 3,900 noe nay vila were uted ude depot gt Benny Noite lwe seniel i Cali Tes etre ‘new fefigees joined the bicklog of nite awating retro {har step hundreds fom roofs. Rembiised abr are cool, an so ‘many survived Even non-sinne who i ot poet enn te dese ihr Se mercedes cag ih in on ‘as of ener yah by fermen yay 1000 people pot ‘po. hours on rotiopexpoed othe clement, mont without fod r wate Mos titi were fem drowning fost. Otber people die ro tectocuon snd beam stock, an ssc to toake te Cotes beeing. forantiveninbadbeena Catan otge indy. Many othe cobs espe tnd alongwith indigenous ptunous specie, sought refage on vos and tee capi by pope The tal eer of Cialis Beit mcg coer, Ox 9 October, he Dacooe yor confined 70 deaths le ress ht be ‘ore tan ion 6 October, whe the maton goverment ws amiting ny 17 fais. The next cay the mayor ported ver 100 dead and 352 tig einer dimer cover yotomrernes ince nr 00 tnd died Four dae afer the dae an eat 1,00 people wee al sepored ising an eh tens had ye led to oct 3 ie ned By 13 sb, 35 theft had bec lente wth eaves cee: Novae wala wating how many of the reminder mee de Ente fies even ‘le of por sng ving i hve pony lowe dling ay hare perched lensing noone to repr then ing LAHAR EXPERIENCES IN BACOLOR By 1996 ll he residents of mos ofthe outlying barangays ad been placed and these villges ese fem the map. However, the coven peaper was never totally

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