MODERN ARCHITECTURE AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process
of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy
to one dominated by industry and machine
manufacturing.
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new
manufacturing processes in Europe and the United
States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime
between 1820 and 1840.
This process began in Britain in the 18th century
and from there spread to other parts of the world.
The Industrial Revolution took place from the
eighteenth century up until the mid-nineteenth
century, marking a process of increased
manufacturing and production which boosted
industry and encouraged new inventions and
innovations.
INVENTIONS
1712- Thomas Newcomen invents the first steam engine.
1733- The simple weaving machine is invented by John
Kay known as the Flying Shuttle. The new invention
allowed for automatic machine looms which could weave
wider fabrics and speed up the manufacturing process.
1764- The invention of the Spinning Jenny by James
Hargreaves in Lancashire. The idea consisted of a metal
frame with eight wooden spindles. The invention allowed
the workers to produce cloth much quicker thus increasing
productivity and paving the way for further mechanisation.
INVENTIONS
1769- Scottish inventor James Watt is commissioned to carry
out repairs to a Thomas Newcomen steam engine and quickly
recognises ways that it can be modified to operate much more
efficiently. By changing the way the cylinder was heated and
cooled, the amount of coal used in heating the water to
produce the steam could be reduced by more than 60%.
1774- The English inventor Samuel Crompton invented the
Spinning Mule which would combine the processes of
spinning and weaving into one machine, thus revolutionising
the industry.
1814- George Stephenson invented the first steam engine for
railways. It pulled a train of eight heavy coal carriages.
1822 to 1825- Stephenson built the first railway in the world
that carried both cargo and passengers , the Stockton and
Darlington Railway in the north-east of England. There were
carriages for four hundred and fifty people.
INVENTIONS
1839- James Nasmyth invents the
steam hammer, built to meet the
need for shaping large iron and
steel components.
1852- The British shipbuilding
company Palmer Brothers & Co
opens in Jarrow. The same year,
the first iron screw collier, the John
Bowes is launched.
1860- The first iron warship, HMS
Warrior is launched.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN
UNITED STATES
The beginning of industrialization in the United States is usually pegged to the opening
of a textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1793 by the recent English immigrant
Samuel Slater.
Slater had worked at one of the mills opened by Richard Arkwright (inventor of the water
frame) mills, and despite laws prohibiting the emigration of textile workers, he brought
Arkwright’s designs across the Atlantic.
He later built several other cotton mills in New England, and became known as the
“Father of the American Industrial Revolution.”
Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention of the cotton gin revolutionized the nation’s cotton industry.
Samuel Morse created the telegraph, which sent electric signals over a wire allowing
the nation to communicate.
Andrew Carnegie built the first steel mills in the U.S. while Alexander Graham Bell
invented the telephone.
EFFECTS
The Industrial Revolution brought about sweeping changes in economic and
social organization.
These changes included a wider distribution of wealth and increased
international trade.
Managerial hierarchies also developed to oversee the division of labor.
By the late 1700s many people could no longer earn their living in the
countryside. Increasingly, people moved from farms and villages into bigger
towns and cities to find work in factories.
Cities grew larger, but they were often dirty, crowded, and unhealthy.
CONDITION OF CITIES
EFFECTS
Machines greatly increased production. This meant that products were
cheaper to make and also cheaper to buy. Many factory owners became
rich.
Growth of cities let to horrible living conditions. The wealthy fared far better
than the industrial workers because they could afford to live in the suburbs
on the outskirts of the cities.
Workers sought to win improved conditions and wages through labor unions.
These organizations helped establish laws to protect workers. Such laws, for
instance, limited the number of work hours for employees and guaranteed
they would be paid a certain amount.
LABOR PROTESTS
CULTURAL CHANGES AND
TRANSPORTATION
CULTURAL CHANGES- The Industrial Revolution brought about many
cultural changes. Before the revolution, most people lived in the country and
worked on farms. During the revolution, people moved to the cities to work in
factories. Cities grew and became overcrowded, unsanitary, and polluted. In
many cities, poor workers lived in crowded and unsafe buildings. This was a
dramatic shift in the way of life for the average person.
TRANSPORTATION- It changed dramatically throughout the Industrial
Revolution. Where before people traveled by horse, walking, or boat; new
ways of travel were introduced including railroads, steam boats, and
automobiles. This changed the way people and products were able to travel
around the country and the world.
WORKING CONDITIONS
Workplaces were often poorly ventilated, over-crowded, and replete with
safety hazards.

Men, women, and children alike were employed at survival wages in

unhealthy and dangerous environments. Workers were often able to afford
no more than the simplest housing, resulting in the rise of urban slums.

Poor working conditions for people in factories. There were few laws to
protect workers at the time and working conditions were often dangerous.
People often had to work long hours and child labor was a common practice.
By the end of the 1900s, labor unions and new laws began to create a safer
working environment.
PROS AND CONS OF
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
PROS-
Advancements in production.
Growth in innovations and inventions.
Workers earned higher wages.
Improvements in transportation networks.

CONS-
Deplorable working conditions and child labor.
Unsanitary living conditions and pollution.
Food shortages.
BUILDING MATERIALS
CAST IRON- AN ESSENTIALLY BRITTLE MATERIAL, IS
APPROXIMATELY FOUR TIMES AS RESISTANT TO COMPRESSION AS
STONE.
WROUGHT IRON- WHICH IS FORTY TIMES AS RESISTANT TO
TENSION AND BENDING AS STONE, IS ONLY FOUR TIMES HEAVIER. IT
CAN BE FORM AND MOLDED INTO ANY SHAPE.
GLASS- CAN BE MANUFACTURED IN LARGER SIZES AND VOLUMES.
SOLID STRUCTURES COULD BE REPLACED BY SKELETON
STRUCTURES, MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO ERECT BUILDINGS OF
ALMOST UNRESTRICTED HEIGHT.
BUILDINGS COULD BE CONSTRUCTED INTO ANY SHAPE AND IN
SHORT TIME.
BUILDING MATERIALS
CAST IRON WROUGHT IRON
GLASS
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Modern Architecture is Architecture that emerged in the 1920s in Europe and
the United States.
It began as a response by Architects to rapid technological advances and
greater urbanization of society at the turn of the century.
It is the very dominant style which came during the 19th century. It
symbolized the Ideal Public Virtues of democracy, liberty and reason. It is the
Architecture of simple forms(rectangles) enclosed with flat opaque (solid) or
transparent (glass) walls.
Modern Architecture is considered progressive(forward looking) rather than
regressive(backwards looking).
Modern Architecture expresses volume, balance and elimination of
ornaments. Modern styles and concepts, by contrast, took root more quickly
in commercial, industrial, and residential Architecture.
MATERIAL USED
With the continuous progress in the field of Iron and Glass, these material
became the most common and important.
Apart from these, ceramic hollow tiles and concrete block were also used.
Steel framing and reinforced concrete serve as the primary structural
materials of large-scale architecture.
Iron could be used to span for larger spaces. In 1892 French engineer
François Hennebique combined the strengths of both in a new system of
construction based on concrete reinforced with steel.

TOWER BRIDGE, LONDON

CHARACTERISTICS
Common themes of modern
architecture include:
An indefinite
number of stories
The notion that "Form follows of offices piled
tier upon tier.
function", a dictum originally
expressed by Frank Lloyd the exterior
"shell" of the
Wright’s early mentor Louis skyscraper
Sullivan, meaning that the should change
in appearance
result of design should derive to reflect
directly from its purpose. interior
functions.

The 1891 Wainwright Building

in St. Louis, Missouri
CHARACTERISTICS
Simplicity and clarity of forms
and elimination of "unnecessary Behrens’s
detail“. turbine
factory
reflects
the
absence of
decorative
elements
Visual expression of structure typical of
modern
(as opposed to the hiding of architectu
structural elements). re.

The AEG Turbinenfabrik (“turbine factory”), 1909

CHARACTERISTICS
The related concept of "Truth to
materials“ meaning that the true
nature or natural appearance of a
material ought to be seen rather than
concealed or altered to represent
something else.

Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier

CHARACTERISTICS
Use of industrially-produced
materials and a visual emphasis on
horizontal and vertical lines.

The Home Insurance

Building in Chicago,
Illinois
Adoption of the machine aesthetic,
particularly in International Style
modernism.
NOTABLE ARCHITECTS
Important to the history and development of the modernist movement include
1.Le Corbusier
2.Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
3.Walter Gropius
4.Frank Lloyd Wright
5.Louis Sullivan
6.C.R. Mackintosh
7.Edwin Lutyens
8.Antoni Gaudi
THE CRYSTAL PALACE,
LONDON
THE HOME INSURANCE
BUILDING IN CHICAGO,
ILLINOIS
WAINWRIGHT BUILDING IN
DOWNTOWN ST. LOUIS,
MISSOURI