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POPULATIONGROWTH
POPULATIONGROWTH
POPULATIONGROWTH
Abstract
The most important fact about the experience of population growth so far
has been that not only the population of the Philippines has been growing but
the world rather; even the rate of growth has been rising. Migration means the
movement of people from one place to the other place. It is one of the various
causes of overpopulation, and control of population growth after fertility and
morality. The migration of people into an area from outside is called
immigration or migration.
Objectives
(i) recall the concept of environmental degradation and factors that cause
it;
(ii) explain how exploitation of natural resources leads to environmental
degradation;
(iii) explain the relationship between population growth and environmental
degradation;
(iv) discuss the impact of industrialization on abiotic (air, water and soil)
and biotic resources (plants and animals) of the environment;
(v) list local, regional and global backlashes caused by environmental
degradation;
(vi) Describe the impact of environmental degradation on life.
High increase in population was observed between 1991 and 2001 due
to the addition of 07 wards in 1994, the creation of the new State, establishment
of Zonal headquarter of South Eastern Central Railway & High Court of
Chhattisgarh. The floating population in the City is around 50,000. People visit
the City daily for official, business and personal purposes. Bilaspur showed a
maximum decadal growth rate during 1951-61 and subsequently a gradual
increase in the growth rate 121.76 %. Than growth rate in 1971 is 10.58 % ,
1981 is 53.42%, 1991 growth rate 22.25% Census 2001 is 52.87% and low rate
of 2011is 29.96% Respectively.
Table No.1
Bilaspur City: Decadal Growth Rate (1901-2011)
Census Year Population Decadal Change Decade
Variation (%
1901 18, 987 - )-
1911 19, 350 963 5.07
1921 24, 295 4,945 25.55
1931 31, 374 7,079 29.14
1941 37, 460 6,086 19.40
1951 39, 099 1,639 4.38
1961 86, 706 47,607 121.76
1971 95, 881 9,175 10.58
1981 1, 47, 106 51,225 53.42
1991 1, 79, 833 32,727 22.25
2001 2, 74, 917 95,084 52.87
2011 3, 35, 293 60,376 21.96
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Trend of Urbanization
Process of urbanization in the region has been slow till 1951 but since then
it has accelerated. The Decennial Growth rate of urban population has declined
from 48.90 % in 1991, 36.24 % in 2001 to 22.60 % in 2011 through rate has
been higher than that of Madhya Pradesh and the country. The proportion of
rural population in Chhattisgarh has come down from96.96 % in 1901, 79.91 %
in 2001 to 76.75 % in 2011.
Table No. 2
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Map No.1 Bilaspur City: Land Utilization
Source: Municipal Corporation, Bilaspur, C.G
Urbanization and Environment
Urban life is city life. More and more people are moving to cities from
rural area in search of jobs. The rural-urban migration is also partly due to
population growth and poverty in the cities. Urbanization means permanent
settlement of people in cities and this has resulted in degradation of the
environment in various ways. Industrialization opened up many new jobs.
Industries attracted rural youth to cities and their migration become easier with
the improvement in communication and transport facilities.
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with desperate poverty and rising levels of consumption are depleting natural
resources on which the livelihood of present and future generations depends.
Poorer people, who cannot meet their subsistence needs through purchase, are
forced to use common property resources such as forests for food and fuel,
pastures for fodder, and ponds and rivers for water.
1. Environmental challenges
Population growth and economic development are contributing to many
serious environmental problems in Bilaspur. These include pressure on land,
land/soil degradation, forests, habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity,
changing consumption pattern, rising demand for energy, air pollution, global
warming and climate change and water scarcity and water pollution. Pressure on
land Bilaspur city faces the most acute pressure on agricultural land. It shows
variations in land use and a narrow range of fluctuations in the proportion of net
sown area to total land in the City since 2001 to 2001. Out of total geographical
area of 329 Thousands hectares, only 306 Thousands hectares is the reporting
area. The land for non-agricultural uses (housing, industry and others) is
increased from 9.36 Thousands hectares in 2001 to 22.97 Thousands hectares in
2011 census.
2.Forest resources
To regulate unabated diversion of forestland for non-forestry purposes,
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 was enacted. It has resulted in reduction of
diversion of forest area for non-forestry purposes considerably and the present
rate of diversion is 16, hectare annually (Economic Survey of Bilaspur, 1991-
01). Forests are an important natural resource of Bilaspur. They play an
important role in providing raw materials to industries and generating income
and employment Bank (Angelsen, A. 1997). Forests also play an important role in
enhancing the quality of environment by influencing the ecological balance and
life support system (checking soil erosion, maintaining soil fertility, conserving
water, regulating water cycles and floods, balancing carbon dioxide and oxygen
content in atmosphere etc. They have moderate influence against floods and
thus they protect the soil erosion.
7.Air pollution
Bilaspur cities are among the most polluted in the Chhattisgarh. Air in
metropolitan cities has become highly polluted and pollutant concentrations
exceeds limit considered safe by the Chhattisgarh Health Organization (WHO).
Table 3 The main factors accounts to urban air quality deterioration are growing
industrialization and increasing vehicular pollution, industrial emissions,
automobile exhaust and the burning of fossil fuels kills thousands and lives
many more to suffer mainly from respiratory damage, heart and lung diseases.
Table No. 3
Bilaspur City: Air Pollution Perametre, 2010- 2012
Air Pollution 2010
Month So2 NoX RSPM SPM
Sep 6.22 15.64 - 409.8
Oct 5.35 13.68 - 348.77
Nov 9.87 23.45 - 386.75
Dec 7.386 20.486 - 402.78
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Air Pollution 2011
Month So2 NoX RSPM SPM
Aprl 9.435 22.112 - 418.43
May 9.062 20.5 - 393.036
June 6.814 17.799 - 334.225
July 7.64 19.873 - 224.91
Aug 6.446 13.453 - 140.18
Sep 7.879 24.504 - 212.425
Oct 9.96 28.014 - 341.025
Nov 9.37 25.281 - 430.95
Dec 6.735 21.338 - 370.62
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The amount of water available per person has declined in recent decades -
primarily because of population growth and water scarcity is projected to
worsen in the future. The water pollution in Bilaspur comes from three main
sources: domestic sewage, industrial effluents and run off from activities such
as agriculture. Levels of solid wastes increased in rivers and ponds and other
water systems are also heavily polluted due to the intrusion of solid wastes
(Bhargava, Gopal, 1999),
Policy implications
The creation of employment opportunities is essential in agricultural
areas with high poverty, unemployment and landlessness. Poverty also affects
the demographic characteristics of the population and hinders the transition to
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slower population growth (Agarwal, B 1997). There is a need to control poverty
and population growth below replacement level in the City. Wastewater
treatment plants should be established in accordance with the need of time and
its usage should be encouraged. The environment protection should not be a
responsibility of government alone but local people and leaders should be
encouraged to make dedicated efforts to eradicate the environmental problems.
The increasing population numbers and growing affluence have already
resulted in rapid growth of energy production and consumption in Bilaspur city
and this trend can only be expected to accelerate in the future. The
environmental effects like air pollution and global warming are of growing
concern owing to increasing consumption levels.
Table No. 4
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7 Total solid mg/l 160 384 264
8 Suspended soild mg/l 124 331 218
fixed dissolved mg/l
9 solid 36 53 46
10 Amm.Nitrogen mg/l 1.12 1.31 1.3
11 Nitrate Nitrogen mg/l 1.39 1.7 1.7
12 Nitrite Nitrogen mg/l 0.04 0.076 0.057
13 Phosphate(po4) mg/l 1.21 1.28 1.2
14 Sulphate(So4) mg/l 35 70 95
Dissolved mg/l
15 Oxigen(Do) 41 42 42
16 BOD (3 days 27 ̊C) mg/l 6.7 6.5 615
17 COD mg/l 1.9 2.4 1.5
18 Total Alkalinity mg/l
19 Total Hardness mg/l 160 220 370
20 Calcium mg/l 150 188 160
21 Calcium hardness mg/l 70 110 100
22 Magnesium mg/l 80 78 60
23 Flaoride mg/l 28 44 40
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Wastewater treatment plants be established in accordance with the need
of time and its usage should be encouraged. The heavy penalty should be
imposed on industries disposing off the wastes into the river. Moreover, the
landfills are to be properly managed to prevent ground water contamination.
Since slums are one of the major sources of water pollution proper measures
should be taken to facilitate the slums with water and sanitation facilities.
Reference
Agarwal, B (1997): “Gender, Environment and Poverty Interlinks: Regional Variations and
Temporal shifts in Rural India, 1971-91”, World Development, Vol.25, No.1, pp.23-52.
Anon, (1995), "Ambient Air Quality-Statcity and Statistics, Central Pollution Control
Board,.
Anon, (1997), "Dhanbad Water Supply Cut-Off', The Telegraph, Anand Bazar Patrika
Limited, Calcutta, December 11, 1997.
Anon, (1997), "Tiny Killers", Down to Earth, Society for Environmental Communications,
New Delhi, November 15, 1997. Bhargava, Gopal, (1992), Pollution and Its Control; Mittal
Publishing Hocitye, New Delhi.
Bhargava, Gopal, (1999),"The Pollution Story in Black and White", Down to Earth, Sunita
Narain Publications, New Delhi.
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