CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

For some time now, efforts to integrate rural people into biodiversity conservation programs
have been in place (Hulme and Murphree, 2020). However, these efforts were largely based on
economic incentives (Hulme and Murphree, 2020; Infield and Adams, 2020; Infield, 2021), with
little or no attention paid to the role of culture and traditions in building support for conservation,
even though such roles are recognized (Negi, 2021). Traditional knowledge systems play an
important role in developing species conservation and management strategies because of the
close relationship that exists between cultural diversity and biodiversity (Caldecott et al., 2018;
Hens, 2020). In Africa, there are many studies which suggest that incorporating cultural norms
and taboos into conservation programs may provide incentives to communities to conserve
natural resources. For instance, in Madagascar, Lingard et al. (2022), Schachenmann (2021),
Tengo et al. (2021), Jones et al. (2021) and Rabearivony et al. (2018) reported the relevance of
taboos and cultural laws in the continued existence of forest biodiversity. Also, studies in Ghana
have shown how clans protect their natural resources through the use of taboos (Abayie- Boaten,
1998; Hens, 2022; Saj et al., 2017; Sarfo-Mensah and Oduro, 2020; Kobina and Kofi, 2020;
Nganje, 2020). Similar cases have also been recorded in Nigeria (Bassey and Kanung, 2021 a;
Bassey and Kanung, 1918b; Anoliefo et al., 2018; Banjo et al., 2017; Obasohan, 2018; Akindele,
2017). Moreover, there are also records of effective use of traditional norms and taboos in
wildlife conservation in other parts of the world (Gadil et al., 2018; Horowitz, 2018; Berkes et
al., 2020; Colding and Folke, 2021; Berkes 2017; Becker and Ghimire, 2017; Moller et al., 2018;
Peterson et al. 2017; Mwihomeke et al., 1998; Kweka, 2021; Kideghesho, 2018; Kassilly and
Tsingalia, 2009). These were based on the fact that the practices control human behaviours (Saj
et al., 2017; Jimoh et al., 2017). This study seeks to identify local practices and institutions,
which may promote wildlife conservation; and also the limitations which may affect the efficacy
of such institutions and practices as conservation tools.

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All organization have people, they have human resources. Regardless of the size of an
organization or the extent of its resources, the organization survives and thrives because at the
capabilities and performance are necessary regardless of whether the organization refers to them
as Human Resources Management.

Human Resources Development or Human Resources, or has no formal name for those activities
all. Those activities are the responsibility of all people in the organization. Thus, members of
organizations, regardless of size or resources.

The building up and efficiency of an organization whether private or public, depends to a large
extent upon how effectively human resources are initialized, for an organization to attain it
desired objective. It must seek and obtain the willing co-operation of the people who work with
employees and must, therefore, develop programmes and policies that will enable it to obtain the
best results from the employees. With employees and must, therefore, develop programmes and
policies that will enable it to obtain the best results from the employees.

Each employee comes to work as an individual with personal aspirations, biases and preferences.
Each is concerned about this role, risks and involvement in the organization. Each has a
particular need for attention, recognition and understanding. To motivate employees to put in
their best efforts to ensure that organization goals are met, their personal needs have to be
understand and attended to. Efficient human resources management ensure these systematic steps
are use to recruit, train, develop and commit employees and show them the ladder by which they
can attain their desired goals. Failure to do this can lead to loss of productivity, lateness, high
turnover rate of employees, excessive complaints, and increased accident rate and labour
management  problems.

Human resources management is the organizational function that managing people and the work
place culture and environment effective human resources management enable employees to
contribute effectively and productively to the overall company direction and the accomplishment
of the organizations goals and objective. Glueck (2015)

The quality of welfare and training given to the organizational personnel has significant impact
on their operational efficiency and behavioural integrity.  therefore, human resources

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management should give serious attention to the provision of appropriate and adequate welfare
and training of their employees.

According to Stoner and Freeman (2012), The overall aim of human resources management is to
ensure that an organization realizes it goals or objective with optional effectiveness and
efficiency through proper mobilization of human resources. In the Nigeria organization, these
chains of decisions and activities are disconnected. As a result, training does not translate to
appropriate employees’ deployment and organizational effectiveness recruitment and training in
Nigerian organization should ensure that man power flow is managed so that there is the right
mix of staff that can function with optional efficiency. The welfare of the employees in Nigeria
organization has no received the required attention from the government and the public. welfare
provision is a prerequisite to the performance of organization staffs, the human resources
management should develop appropriate training programmes and welfare benefits for
employees to enhance their job satisfaction and morale as well as organization efficiency in
Nigeria organization.

Human resources management has ever been conceptualize by both social and industrial
scientists to be one of the way of achieving organizational development. Human resources
management (HRM) is defined as the location employing and full utilization of human resources
for organizational goals and employees satisfaction. In order words, it involves how to find and
maintain employees and encourage them to work efficiently and effectively. Explicitly, human
resources management requires a high level of understanding and skill several influences at work
make it clear that there is no human specialist who can identify a given situation
comprehensively and give a full answer to how to manage the groups involved. The complexity
of human in the employment situation also posed a serious problem the tasks of human resources
management.

According to Stoner and Freeman (2012), human resources management is that management
function that deals with recruitment, selection, placement, training and development of
organization members Glueck (2015) sees human resources management as the process of
locating, selecting, recruiting training and development of employees for higher productivity. An
organization is operating with several resources (inputs), among them is the human which is seen
as the most important, but complicated input for an organization. In any case no human effort is
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unimportant, changes or development is in every organization. Many employees are promoted or
leave the organization for better positions elsewhere, ineffective ones are demoted or even fired,
therefore human resources are needed from time for organizational development to take place. It
is necessary to established efficient human resources to optional and effective utilization of their
talents so as to operate efficiently for the attainment of organizational objectives.

Effective human resources management policy and practice can make a significant and
measurable positive contribution to organizational performance.

1.2  Statement of The Problem

For any enterprise to grow, it must be properly organized. In this research work the statement of
human resources management is to critically analyzed how human resources are manage in an
organization. One of the most significant developments in the field of organization in recent time
is the increasing important given to human resources. More and more attention is being paid to
motivation aspects of human personality. This new awakening of humanism and humanization
all over the world has in fact enlarged the scope of applying principles of human resources
management in organization. The development of people, their competencies, and the process
development of the total organization are the main concerns of human resource management is
proper planning and management of human resources within extension organization is essential
to increase the capabilities, motivation and overall effectiveness of extension. This statement
emphases the problem of identifying the differences between human resource management and
personnel management. The following differences between human resources management and
personnel management can be identified.

Personnel management is a classical traditional function of organizational management that is

more oriented on administration and routine activities connected with personnel issue (including
everything related to employment law, employee insurance, pay roll, etc), but human resource
management is more a developing onsgoing managerial function, which is oriented on improving
human relation processes in organization and deals with such broad concepts as personnel
planning and selection, career development, training, performance evaluation, and so on. Taking

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into account the above human resources management can be considered more anticipative,
dynamic and strategically developing part of organizational management, however, personnel
management is more individualized and static function that is able to react on possible demands
or response on possible problems in business organization when the arise. Based on the
individual organization’s view of human resource management and misconceptions held by
many managers in the state. This research study is attempting to analytically review an
assessment of human resources management practice in Nigeria organizations. Glueck (2015)

1.3 Objective of The Study

i. To fine out the relationship between human resources management and conservation in
Nigeria

ii. To fine out the type of conservation practices done in Nigeria

iii. To find out if human resources management system can promote conservation practices in
Nigeria

iv. To fine out the effect of human resources on conservation practice in Nigeria

    1.4   Research Questions

i. What are the relationship between human resources management and

conservation in Nigeria
ii. What are the types of conservation practice in Nigeria
iii. Can human resources management system promote conservation in Nigeria
iv. What are the effects of human resources on conservation in Nigeria

1.5   Significant Of the Study

The study may help other researchers to acquire more skills in research that will enhance
future performance and conservation of gazette by the neighboring communities

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Data collected in this study may beneficial in guiding future policy maker well fare officers
national planner researchers and related persons dealing with coe1istence of protected areas with
people. Therefore a source of information in future as it was available as a documentation
reference.

The information from study may be used in libraries for academic purposes by students
inwidening their knowledge on conservation of gazette areas and suggest possible
recommendations to the policy makers and government on how to deal with such areas.

1.6   Scope of the Study

The scope of conservation resources management is vest because it encompasses virtually every
aspect of the nature. Conservation Practices in Nigeria is to reduce soil degradation. Various
processes and practices resulting from agricultural and non-agricultural practices cause soil
degradation, among which are soil erosion, soil toxicity, soil pollution and depletion of soil
nutrients. Poorly managed or incorrectly manage conservation practices can have consequences
beyond what is initially expected while successful plans can make positive change.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction
LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review is a piece of academic writing demonstration knowledge and understanding
of academic literature on specific topic place in contest (Wikipedia org) Research has been
done that looks at how human resources management system on conservation practice in Nigeria.
However conservation has been defined by the oxford advanced dictionary (12th edition) as the
action of conserving something. To unpack the word conserving in the sentence, the dictionary
provide two relevant definitions of the verb to conserved, that is to protect from harm or
destruction and to prevent from the wasteful overuse of resources. Leader Williams (2021) on his
part define conservation as conservation as action that directly enhance the chances of habitat
and species persisting in the world. In other words, conservation can be seen as the planned or
controlled exploitation or judicious use of natural resources to ensure their continued availability
and to preserve the original nature of the environment it can also be referred to as the protection
of natural resources from loss or wastage through rational use to ensure their availability at all
times.

This chapter deals with the review of related literature on review assessment of human

Resources management system of conservation practices in Nigeria. The topics to be review are;

i. Conservation as a concept
ii. Human resource and conservation practices
iii. Conservation and management information system [m/s]
iv. Conservation in Nigeria
v. Summary of review.

2.1 Conservation as a concept

Conservation is defined as the planned or controlled exploitation or judicious use of natural

resources to ensure their continued availability and to preserve the original nature of the
environment. In other words, conservation is the protection of natural resources from loss or
wastage through rational use to ensure their availability at all times. There has been an extended
debate about the terminology used in ecological science.

Broadly, conservation refers to the more general idea and goal of prioritizing conservation efforts
(Clerk . 2020). According to Ratcliffe 2017), the criteria or principles used in the assessment of
HRM on conservation should allow us to evaluate the intrinsic features of sites, so these can be
compared in terms of their quality and quantity (i.e., size, naturalness, diversity, rarity, fragility).
At the global scale, the allocation of conservation priorities has generally followed an

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irreplaceability/vulnerability framework. Under this framework, however, several criteria have
been applied to establish the conservation priorities: biodiversity hotspots, endemic bird areas,
centers of plant diversity, mega diversity countries, global 200 ecoregions, high-biodiversity
wilderness areas, frontier forests, and “last of the wild” areas (Brooks . 2017).

2.1 .2 Types of conservation practices

3 According to the Department of agriculture, trade and consumer protection
(2020), conservation practices means a facility or practice that is design to
prevent or reduce non-point source water pollution or achieve or maintain
compliance with soil and water conservation standard.

2.1.3 No-Till Farming

Farming land without tilling, or no-till farming, is something soil conservation professionals
recommend. Tilling farmland after each crop disturbs the soil and reduces the ability of the soil
to hold water. No-till farming means the soil is left alone and the remainder of the last crop
decomposes into the soil.

That allows dead plant matter to decompose and provide energy to the soil. Soil has organisms
living in it that needs dead plant and animal matter for food and energy, and no-till farming
helps replenish the soil regularly.

No-tilled fields retain many beneficial organisms like earthworms and others that help feed the
soil. The field is also less likely to evaporate water, helping it retain water better. This method
is less expensive and more efficient.

2.1.4 Crop Rotation and Cover Crops

Growing corn year after year in the same field helps deplete the soil of essential nutrients.
Rotating any crop means the field is less likely to be affected by disease because the pathogens
and weeds that cause them don’t build up.

Rotating susceptible crops with resilient crops gets the best results. Growing crops that need
different nutrients helps prevent fields from building up excess nutrients. This helps not only to
make the soil healthier but to increase crop yields and profits. Legumes, like clover and alfalfa,
are often used as a natural way to fertilize and add nutrients to the soil.

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Even a field that's rotated between corn and soybeans only has living roots for about half the
year. Planting a cover crop on a field when it’s not in use adds to the soil quality. Some
common cover crops are sweet clover, alfalfa, rye and winter wheat. When planted along steep
slopes and stream and river banks, these cover crops help provide ample erosion control,
keeping the soil in the fields and not washing off into waterways.

2.1.5 Contour Farming on Hillsides

When farming on a hillside, farmers till and plant along the contour rather than allowing the
soil to run off the hillside. The furrows and rows of plants prevent rainwater from washing soil
off the hill into lower-lying areas and help keep the soil healthier for future crops.

Windbreaks and Stream Buffers

Wind can blow soil off fields, especially freshly planted fields, and bare stream banks. To
prevent this, many farmers plant rows of trees to keep the wind from damaging the soil. Tree
roots also help to hold the soil in place.

Vegetation planted along a stream or riverbank helps hold the soil in place and prevents it from
running off the fields and into the rivers. When soil runs into waterways, it not only carries off
nutritious topsoil but it also depletes the living organisms in that waterway.

Buffers, whether stream or windbreaks, help provide wildlife habitat for small animals, birds
and insects. Forested stream buffers can shade the waterway and make it more friendly for
trout, crayfish and other fragile aquatic life like small stream invertebrates.

2.1.6 Element of conservation practices

i.  Forest conservation

Afforestation and reforestation help in conserving the forests, which are responsible for trapping
absorbing a huge amount of carbon dioxide from reaching the atmosphere. We should make it
our life mission to plant trees as much as possible, both on public and private lands, and take care
of them. Additionally, legislation that protects the forests should be highlighted, so that we help
in environmental conservation.

ii. Soil conservation

Soil conservation helps control erosions and improves the soil for agricultural purposes. We
should plant more trees, protect pasture lands, and grow cover crops which regulate the blowing

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away of soils. We should also minimize the use of chemicals, use compost fertilizers and terrace
farms on slopy lands.

iii. Managing waste

Solid waste is produced by market areas, industries, homes, settlement areas and many other
locations. We should therefore manage our solid wastes and help keep the environment healthy.
Municipalities should also conduct programs that manage solid wastes, designating litter bins all
over the towns and collecting the waste regularly. Additionally, we should teach ourselves how
to manage our waste without littering all over.

iv. Recycling

We should learn to recycle everything we can for as long as it is possible. Glass, paper, plastic
and even metal are reusable, and should not be thrown away after its original use. about 90% of
all plastic bottles do not reach recycling units and this is unfortunate. They are not biodegradable
and about 500 billion of them are used every year. Reusing these bottles, containers, bags and
more will help in environmental conservation.

v. Reducing our water consumption

Clean, fresh and safe water is precious and not easily available. It is therefore very crucial to
save as much water as possible, and prevent water pollution, otherwise, it will be scarce in years
to come. Reduce the number of baths, take showers, use the washing machine only, do not
discard waste in bodies of fresh water, and recycle, so that we conserve the little freshwater we
have now.

vi. Control pollution

We should regularly maintain our cars and leave them at home for as much as it is possible as
they are a primary source of air pollution. Using rechargeable batteries helps the environment as
we will not be prone to throwing them away once they are empty.

Composting also avoids littering, and not only does it protect the environment, but is also a
reliable source of natural manure. Avoid chemical fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and
insecticides that pollute the environment. We should control pollution in as much as it is
possible, to conserve the environment.

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 vii. Create public awareness

Make people aware of the consequences of our activities through the various means available
such as social media, seminars and the traditional media. Also, discuss environmental protection
with your friends and family members so that everyone is made aware of environmental
conservation, ways to conserve the environment and potential consequences if we do not take
care of the environment.

2.1.7 Types of resources conserved

The land is the most important natural resource. Over the years, to make optimum utilization of our
natural resources, human beings have caused a lot of damages to our land resources. About 95% of
our basic needs –food, clothing, shelter come from land. Hence conservation of land resources and
development of land is extremely crucial to our future generations can survive. There are different
types of resources that can be conserved, are

i. Land conservation

ii. Water resources

iii. Animal resource

iv. Mineral resources

v. Plant resources

vi. Man –made resources

2.1.8 Agencies for conservation

 National Park Service

An agency within the Department of the Interior, the National Park Service, manages
nearly 400 natural, cultural and recreational sites around the country.

 Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)

Part of the USDA, the NRCS helps private land owners conserve their soil, water, and
other natural resources. Website contains links to technical resources, publications,
programs, a plant databases and more.

 United States Forest Service

The Forest Service was e

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 stablished in 1905 and is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Forest
Service manages public lands in national forests and grasslands, which encompass 193
million acres.

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The EPA implements environmental law, setting national standards that states and tribes
enforce through their own regulations.

 Michigan Department of Natural Resources

Forest Management Advisory Committee page of the Michigan DNR.

 National Water Quality Assessment Program

Info to promote understanding of water-quality conditions and how they may vary
locally, regionally, and nationally; whether they are getting better or worse over time;
and how natural features and human activities affect water quality. From the USGS.

 United States Department of the Interior

Government agency that covers the U.S. Fish & Wildlife, Service, U.S. Geological
Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, National Park Service, and the Bureau of Land
Management.

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The EPA implements environmental law, setting national standards that states and tribes
enforce through their own regulations.

 World's Biomes
From the University of California Museum of Paleontology. Description of six different
earth biomes: freshwater, marine, desert, forest grassland and tundra.

2.1.8 Human resources and conservation practices

Human resources is a set of people who make up the workforce of an organization, business
sector, industry or an economy. (Wikipedia. org). In a narrower concept is referred to as human
capital, the knowledge and skill which the individual commands. Similar terms include man-
power, labor, personal, association or people. And conservation on its parts is the act of
conserving something.

However, human resources is faced with the challenge of conservation of its environment, thus,
there is an increase in global environmental concern and the need for implementing standards
have moved to the forefront of the political, economic and trade arenas (Gholami, Rezaei, Sharif
2018, Jabbour 2019). Similarly, specific orientation and training programs that focus on

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 communicating the organization environmental culture, mission, vision and goal to increase
employees awareness of the surrounding environment and how they care lead to effective and
efficient achievement of sustainability related objectives (Yen 2018). Of course, training is
typically aimed at increasing employees environment awareness, their knowledge and their
ability to conduct pro environment action at a work place.

Never the less, tourism firm should consider with caution the mediation effects of innovativeness
on the skull enhancing human resources practice performance relationship although human
resources are assumed to drive innovation, they might become a barrier if not effectively engage
on the process (Stalcup 2018).

Scholars view that the hotel industry has demonstration less emphasis on environmental is not
appreciated (okumus 2019, Arshal 2021, Khan 2021). In addition, studies show that adopting
green procedure practice benefit the hospitality sector through innovation, competitive
advantages, customer satisfaction and loyalty (Kassinis and soteriou 2022).

Furthermore, manegers should develop, promote and implement green policies there by
influencing subordinate perceptions of the organization policies, procedure and practice as
environmentally friend, other conversation practice are crop rotation, reduce tillage, mulching
cover cropping, cross-slope farming among others.

2.1.10 Types of human resources in conservation

Human resources is an essential component of any business regardless of an organization size it

is tasked with maximizing employee productivity and protecting the company from any issue
that may arise with the workforce.

The various human resources available in conservation are:

I. Recruiting, hiring and on boarding human resources
II. The employer conversation and benefit human resources
III. Career development human resources
IV. Addressing work-related issues human resources
V. Policy development

2.1.11 HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN CONSERVATION

Human resource management in environmental protection, in addition to having a direct impact

on environmental improvements, has a significant impact on the overall protection of the
conservation. By exploring cause-related relationships between HRM and conservation [Boselie,
P., J. Paauwe 2018], the conclusion is drawn that the HRM has a positive impact on the
conservation through the impact on human and social capital P., J. Paauwe 2018],. For this

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 reason, the process of human resource management in environmental protection of any
conserved area implies maximization of human capacities with the central tendency creating the
and strengthening human and social capital. The implication that can be very real to us is that
there is a significant place for improving human resources. By a series of derived data, Huselid
2018 argued that the improvement of human resources can positively affect the performance.
Human resources and human resource management are of strategic importance because they
have potential value and have a central position in creating the conservation capabilities
responsible for their competitive advantage.

The HRM is rooted in understanding how earth systems work and how they can be manipulated
to positive ends through management. Since earth systems are inherently complex and our
understanding is often imperfect, conserving and restoring them requires broad knowledge and
experience while using the most current analytical, policy, and managerial tools.

2.1.12 Sources of human resources for conservation

British dictionary (12 edition) define source as the point or place which something
originate Human resources are all the people that in one capacity or another, work for or
contribute to an organization growth. These people can be (Full-time) employees. Contractors,
freelancers or any other kind of contingent worker.
The basic sources of human resources for conservation include:
i. Academic institution
ii. Business institution
iii. Professional journals
iv. Professional organization

2.1.13 Conservation and management information system

Conservation is the act of conserving something for future use while management
information system is an information system used for decision making and for the
coordination control, analysis and visualization of information in an organization
(Wikipedia) Conservation and management information system are social technical
system use as business with the aim to gather, process and provide environmental
information inside companies and in exchange with other factor s in the industries
(Donley M 2021) The help to identify environmental impact and support measures
avoiding these impact or reducing them. Management information system directly assist
in environmental sustainability practices through activities such as green enter
computing green information and technology, environmental intelligent management

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system sustainability awareness and environmental behavior incentives through
information technology (Hility LM and Treibert R2017).

Conservation Management Systems in Practice

Poorly managed or incorrectly manage conservation practices can have consequences beyond
what is initially expected while successful plans can make positive change. One example of
unintended consequences of the Classic approach is the spread of organized crime in the
Mexican Oyamel forest. The land was made part of UNESCO's Monarch Butterfly Biosphere
Reserve Program and had the intention of protecting the migratory habitat of the monarch
butterfly. Locals were pushed out to protect the habitat as part of the classic management
approach. However, local crime organizations have now taken up residence and there have been
numerous deaths and 'disappearances' in the area [4] An example of a plan that made positive
change was that of the use of techno science to create American chestnut trees that were resistant
to blight. Through crosses and manipulations, a lab at SUNY-ESF was able to create a blight
resistant strain of hybrid American chestnut trees. In order to prevent privatization and patenting
from limiting the access of conservation endeavors from using this strain, the lab chose to forego
such neoliberal practices. This has led to positive impact in the conservation endeavors for the
American chestnut tree but has also opened up the door to further biotechnological advances and
possible commodification of related strains.

2.1.15 VALUE OF MIS IN CONSERVATION

Internet knowledge-based system 0n conservation has provide managers on

conservation has provide managers the opportunity to objectively analyses broad
and complex value in ecosystem management that involves abstract concepts that
depends or interdepend states and process(Reynold 2021).

Research shown that information system – based can be successfully applied in the
development of logic models for integrated evaluation of ecological forest
planning (Reynold 2021, Hessbury 2018, Jensen 2019).

Management information system in conservation is benefited in the logic- based

approach to problems specification expedited by model development that
encourage communication of the model to non-technical audience, effective use of
partial information and availability of metrics for evaluation missing information

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to optimize how data gaps are filled (reymold 2021, Humphrine 2018,
Jensen2019). Other values of management information system are to:

i. Improve an organization operational efficiency, add value to existing

product, engender in novation and new product development and help
manager better decision
ii. Helps a company gain a competitive advantages
iii. Helps in decision making as well as reduce downtime for actionable
items
iv. Helps to identify strength and weakness due to the presence of report,
employee performance record etc.
2.1.16 CONSERVATION IN NIGERIA
Conservation type and practice in Nigeria
Soil Conservation Practices in Nigeria Conservation serves to reduce soil degradation. Various
processes and practices resulting from agricultural and non-agricultural practices cause soil
degradation, among which are soil erosion, soil toxicity, soil pollution and depletion of soil
nutrients There are two types of practices for soil and water conservation, namely, (i) mechanical
(engineering, otherwise known as structural) measures and biological measures. Mechanical
measures are permanent and semipermanent structures which include terracing, bunding,
trenching, gabion structures, loose/stone boulders, check dams, crib wall, etc., (ii)biological
(agronomic otherwise known as agricultural and agroforestry) measures are the vegetative
measures which include forestry, agroforestry, horticulture and agricultural/agronomic practices
Nigeria has a wide diversity of soils under different ecological conditions and with different
levels of fertility. The traditional land tenure system and soils management practices involving
shifting cultivation, slash-and –burn processes and traditional tillage method ensure the
maintenance of soil physical properties and the sustainability of productivity. However, land use
pressure has reduced the duration of fallow to restore soil fertility below the recommended
minimum threshold required for sustainability.Many indigenous conservation methods such as
ridging, terracing, multiple cropping and fallowing were used in the pre-colonial In the colonial
times, the British Government conducted large-scale projects in soil conservation but many
failed as imported technologies were inadequate. Soil fertility issues gained more emphasis after
independence. Decreasing funds at the end of the oil boom in the 2017s however restricted soil
conservation schemed According to a study by scholars including Pimentel ., 2018; Uri ND,
2000, Worldwide, around US$ 400 billion annual cost of on- and -off-site erosion has been
estimated for replenishing lost nutrients, cleaning of water reservoirs and conveyances, and
preventing erosion.

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2.1.17 Nature resources conserved in Nigeria

The International, Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
(IUCN) defines conservation as the management of the human use of the biosphere
so that it can yield the greatest sustainable benefit while maintaining its potential to
meet the needs and aspiration of future generations.

The history of conservation in Nigeria started from the colonial era with the
establishment of forest resources. Nigeria Environmental Study Team (1990) noted
that, the traditional methods of conserving natural resources among other methods
include, creating forest reserve areas for relaxation and religion purposes,
prohibiting collection of firewood from designated forested areas .The farming
areas being separated from the protected forests.

After independence in 1960 traditional natural regeneration practices were

abandoned for monoculture plantation such as the growing of the teak plant known
as Tectonia grandis in the west Gmelina arbrea and Elaieis guineensis in the east,
Heves brasihensis, Eucalypius sp and Pinus spp in most parts of Midwest and
Eastern part of Nigeria. The Nigeria’s forest reserves were managed and protected

by states forest reserve while at the Federal level, the Federal Department of
Forestay and Agriculture Land Resources in The Ministry of Agriculture and
Natural Resources were responsible for conservation matters in Nigeria (Gasu et
al, 2005)
The Niger ran Conservation Foundation (NCF) was founded in 1980 and work
with governmental and non-governmental organizations to conserve and protect
the environment and consequently biodiversity. Some of the reputable partners are
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), bird Life international Royal society for the
Protection of birds (RSPB), World Conservation Union (WCU), federal ministries
and other NGOs. Some of the NCF conservation projects include Okomu wetland,
projects, NCF/international institute of Tropical Agricultural (UTA), Watershed
Management Projects, review of the National Forestry Policy in 2002, the
Mangrove Forest and Hadeja Wetland Project, Ecotourism etc. The NCF focuses
on policy reforms, protected area management environmental education training
and capacity building community participation, international cooperation, field
research and inventory work and collaborative management programmes between

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Nigeria and Cameroun for sustainable cross border management of resources in
Cross River in Nigeria/Karip Natural Park in Cameroon

In Nigeria from table 1, there are 25 threatened mammals; 19 birds species, 2

reptiles species, 10 amphibians species, 2 fish species, 1 invertebrate, 119 plant

species and a total of 158 species that are threatened. Dril(l mandrillus
leucophaeus) found in Central Africa and also in Cross River state of Nigeria and
even Gorilla ( Gorilla dretii )the Cross River Gorilla and still found in the bonier
between Nigeria and Cameroon as well as the sub regional border between
Western and Central Africa (Qates, 2001). Other species are threatened by a few
invasive species of plant and animals. The Nypa palm is threatening mangrove
forest in coastal West Africa and tire bracken fern is encroaching on savanna
ecosystem. Invasive plants such as these use up water and nutrient resources and
thus deprive native species and reduce biodiversity. Other threatened species in
West Africa in table 1.

West African countries including Nigeria have responded to the problems of

habitat loss by placing natural areas under protection. However, the number and
size of protected areas in West Africa vary from country to country as shown in
table 2, in 1999, l3urkina Faso and Senegal had over 10 percent of their land area
under national protection whereas in Guinea and Guinea i3issau this was less than
1 percent although they do have marine protected areas (World Bank, 2000). While
Nigeria can boast of only 27 nationally protected areas and some of the areas
Include Obudu Plateau, Gashaka-Gumti in Taraba, Chad basin National Park,
Akassa Forest in Bayelsa state, as well as Aifi Forest in Cross River state NCF,
2002).

Table 3 shows the internationally protected areas in West Africa showing increased
efforts to conserve natural habitats which have been very successful. This
increased effort is attributed to the ratification of the Ramsar Convention and the
Convention of Biodiversity. There are 15 Biosphere Reserves in the sub-region, 10
world Heritage sites and 37 Rassar sites. One of te Raznaar sites found in Nigeria
is, the Omo Biosphere Reserve in Ogun state, Nigeria.

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 2.1.18 Agencies responsible for conservation in Nigeria

Agencies are commission or organizations established for oversight

administration and protection of the environment and its resources against
misuse and degradation from human below are the agencies.

i. Forest research institute of Nigeria (FRIN)

ii. National Biosafety Management Agency (NBMA)
iii. National Environmental Standards and regulation enforcement Agency
(NESREA)
iv. National oil Spill and Detection response Agency (BOSDRA)
v. National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)
vi. Abuja Environmental Protection Board (AEPB)
vii. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

2.2 Summary Of Review

Despite the numerous benefits man derive from conserved resources, his reckless
exploitation of the environment remain unceasing and unabated. Human activities
such as burning, damming or rivers, draining of swamps, environmental pollution,
hunting and poaching have continue to threatens wildlife and degerate the
environment.

Conversation goals and objective in the country’s national policy ought to be given
more attention as concerned Non-governmental organization continue to implore
the support of the government in integrating with nature.

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEACH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter deals with procedures employed in the course of gathering vital data and
information necessary for the completion of this research work. These include; Research Design,
,study area, Research Target population, Research sample and sampling procedures, Data
collection instrument, Data collection procedures and method of data analysis.

3.2 Research Design

Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher to
conduct a study. Survey research method is adopted. According to Simon (2018) is the best
method to obtain the original data and to unravel the large population that cannot be observed
easily. It is appropriate in dealing with opinion, attitude, behaviors and characteristics of the
population. It is used in gathering data on what people say about the variable found in the topic

3.3 Study Area

Bauchi State  is a state in the North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria, bordered

by Kano and Jigawa to the north, Taraba and Plateau to the south, Gombe and Yobe to the east,
and Kaduna to the west. It takes its name from the historic town of Bauchi, which also serves as
its capital city. The state was formed in 1976 when the former North-Eastern State was broken
up. It originally included the area that is now Gombe State, which became a distinct state in

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1996. Of the 36 states, Bauchi is the fifth largest in area and seventh most populous with an
estimated population of over 6,530,000 as of 2016. Geographically, the state is divided between
the West Sudanian savanna in the south and the drier, semi-desert Sahelian savanna in the north
with a small part of the montane Jos Plateau in the southwest.  A key defining characteristic of
the state’s landscape is Yankari National Park, a large wildlife park in southern Bauchi State that
contains large populations of waterbuck, African buffalo, patas monkey, hippopotamus, roan
antelope, and western hartebeest along with some of Nigeria's last remaining West African
lion, African leopard, and African bush elephant populations.

What is now Bauchi State has been inhabited for years by various ethnic groups, including
the Bolewa, Butawa, and Warji in the central region; the Fulani, Kanuri, and Karai-Karai in the
north; the fulani and Gerawa in and around the city of Bauchi; the Zaar (Sayawa) in the south;
the Tangale in the southeast; and the Jarawa in the southwest. Religiously, the vast majority of
the state's population (~85%) are Muslim with smaller Christian and traditionalist minorities at
about 6% and 9%, respectively.

In the early 1800s, the Fulani jihad seized much of modern-day Bauchi State and formed
the Bauchi Emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate. About 90 years later, a British expedition
occupied the Emirate and incorporated it as Bauchi Province into the Northern Nigeria
Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria before becoming independent as Nigeria in
1960. Originally, modern-day Bauchi State was a part of the post-independence Northern
Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State.
 After the North-Eastern State was split, Bauchi State was formed on 3 February 1976
[7]

alongside ten other states. Twenty years after statehood, a group of LGAs in the state's west was
broken off to form the new Gombe State.

As a major agriculture-based state, the Bauchi State economy partially relies on livestock and
crops, such as cotton, groundnuts, millet, tomatoes, and yams with advanced irrigation schemes
increasing agricultural production since statehood. Other industries include food processing and
canning facilities, tin and columbite mining, and tourism in Yankari National Park and its Wikki
Warm Springs.(wikipedia )

Yankari game reserve

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Located in bauchi state, north eastern Nigeria, Yankari game reserve is a large wildlife
covering an area of about 2,244 square kilometres in south central part of of bauchi state. The
reserve is home to animals such as Hippopotamus, wild ox, crocodiles, roan gazella,
waterbucks, African bush elephant, olive baboon, patas monkey, Tantalus monkey, roan
antelope, western hartebeest, lion, African buffalo, and leopard. Yankari Game Reserve has been
described by the Lonely Planet Guide as holding “about the only remnant of wildlife left in
Nigeria. (wikipedia )

3.4 Research Target Population

The target population for this study comprise ofa selected conservered area in Bauchi

3.5 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

The research adopts random sampling technique to sample the size of study. The study focuses
on people with requisite knowledge on the subject matter. The total sample size is 100
questionnaire distributed to the respondents.

For the purpose of this research work, a simple random sampling technique suits the study. In a
simple random sample, individuals are chosen at random and not more than once to prevent a
bias that would negatively affect the validity of the result of the experiment. Simple random
sampling is the basic sampling technique where we select a group of subjects (a sample) for
study from a larger group (a population).

3.6 Research Instrument

Primary and secondary data were used. Questionnaire were designed for collection. Data was
also collected from journals, textbook, seminar papers and magazines.

3.7 Data Collection Procedure

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The research administers the questionnaires to the respondents on a face to face basis and
retrieve it. This will enhance accuracy of data collection process. Relevant answers will be
provided to the respondents where they have no understanding in filling the questionnaires.

3.8 Method of Data Analysis

The method of data analysis is the use of tables and simple percentage. This method is employed
because it is easy in understanding and presentation.

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