Optimizing Transformer RMS Current Using Single
Phase Shift Variable Frequency Modulation for
Dual Active Bridge DC-DC Converter
Suman Mandal
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Mumbai, India
sumanm@ee.iitb.ac.in ashukla@ee.iitb.ac.in
Abstract— The dual active bridge dc-dc converter is
increasing its acceptance in various applications due to its high
efficiency, high power density and the wide range of power
transfer capability with galvanic isolation. All these
characteristics depend on the modulation techniques used to
operate the converter. In literature, suitable modulation
techniques and their optimization techniques are proposed for
2022 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) | 978-1-7281-9387-8/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ECCE50734.2022.9947681
dual active bridge dc-dc converter to improve its characteristics.
However, the control parameters used in the optimized
techniques reported in the literature are not decoupled. This
leads to complicated control architecture and/or algorithm. This
article proposes an optimization technique using single phase-
shift and variable frequency modulation scheme. This is
formulated with the help of the two different procedure: direct
derivative and Lagrangian multiplier technique. The control
parameters of the proposed optimized operation, such as phase-
shift and switching frequency, are shown to be independent of
each other. This helps in reducing the computational burden
and increases the robustness of the controller. The proposed
algorithm results in a) minimal transformer rms current, b)
lower current stress on the semiconductors, c) full range of zero
voltage switching operation in both the active bridges, and d) a
simplified control architecture, which eliminates the current
sensor for measuring the transformer current. The proposed
modulation scheme is verified using simulation study as well as
experimental results derived from a laboratory-scale hardware
prototype.
Keywords— Dual active bridge, transformer rms current,
phase shift, soft switching, variable frequency modulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
The isolated DC-DC conversion system is becoming
essential for some of the major power electronic applications,
such as, solid state transformer, electric vehicle (EV),
integration of renewable energy source with grid, etc. [1], [2].
The dual active bridge (DAB) dc-dc converter has gained
immense popularity in the domain of isolated dc-dc converter
due to its features such as high efficiency, high power density
and high frequency isolation of two DC links. DAB utilizes
leakage inductance of the transformer for the power flow,
which helps in eliminating/suppressing the voltage spike
across the switches and provides soft switching operation
resulting in reduced switching loss.
The operating characteristic of DAB is dependent on the
modulation technique utilized for converter operation. In the
last few decades, several modulation techniques have been
reported in the literature for DAB dc-dc converter. These
techniques have focused on improving the converter operation
in terms of switching losses in the semiconductor switches,
978-1-7281-9387-8/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
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Anshuman Shukla Suryanarayana Doolla
Department of Energy Sciences And
Engineering
Mumbai, India Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Mumbai, India
suryad@iitb.ac.in
conduction losses of all the passive and active components of
the converter, magnetizing loss of the high frequency
transformer, among others. These modulation techniques can
be categorized as, the phase-shift modulation techniques,
combinational modulation techniques, PWM modulation
techniques, and variable frequency-based modulation
techniques [3]-[20].
In the category of phase-shift modulation techniques, the
single phase-shift (SPS) modulation technique is the first
modulation technique introduced to operate DAB [3], [4].
This is the simplest technique in terms of its control system
implementation. In SPS, the transformer winding voltages are
of square wave shape with 50% duty cycle, and the primary
and secondary winding voltages are phase shifted to enable
power transfer flow in a certain direction. The SPS has the
highest power transfer capability, highest utilization of the
components, but it also causes high switching and conduction
losses due to narrow soft-switching region, high back flow of
power and high reactive power at low power range and wide
voltage variation of input and/or output [5]. The extended
phase-shift (EPS) modulation technique is introduced to
extend the soft-switching area and reduce the back flow of
power [6]. The Dual phase sift (DPS) modulation technique
further extends the soft switching area, which improves the
converter efficiency at low power range [7], [8]. The triple
phase-shift (TPS) and triangular phase-shift (TRG)
modulation techniques offer further flexibility to improve the
converter efficiency at lower power range and reduce the
current stress on semiconductors for wide variation in input
and/or output voltages [9], [10]. All the phase-shift
modulation techniques except SPS can exploit more than one
degree of freedom. This increases the scope to enhance the
converter performance through more optimized operation
[11]-[13]. Several optimization techniques have been
suggested for the modulation techniques, but they all involve
high computation requirements and complex control
architecture [13].
To address some of the aforementioned issues, the
combinational modulation techniques are developed with two
or more modulation techniques to avail the advantages of
distinct modulation techniques at different power zones of
operation and to achieve high efficiency for wide range of
output power flows [14], [15]. The PWM modulation
techniques are also proposed to overcome the shortcomings of
the phase-shift modulation techniques, where a three-level
voltage is applied across the transformer winding and
modulated to reduce the rms current of transformer, current
stress over semiconductors and enhance the efficiency [16],
 Fig. 1: (a) Schematic of a DAB dc-dc converter, (b) Its lossless equivalent circuit, and (c) Typical waveforms for the SPS modulation technique, such as
the transformer winding voltages, transformer current and secondary bridge output current.

[17]. The variable frequency (VFM) based modulation to regulate the output power ( ). This scheme obtains the
techniques further extends the low power region and reduce optimum phase shift ( _ ) to achieve _ . For
the current stress improving the converter efficiency [18]-[20]. fixed output and input voltages, _ will be constant
In this paper, a modulation technique has been proposed, over the full range of . The transformer current ( ) of the
which achieves further improved performance by optimizing converter at steady state condition, which is illustrated in Fig.
the system to achieve minimum rms current using both SPS 1(c), has four switching states similar to the conventional SPS
and VFM. In literature, the optimization techniques are modulation technique. The switching time period ( ) is
discussed using EPS, DPS, TRG, TPS and VFM, where the divided with respect to the voltage polarity of the transformer
modulation techniques utilize a minimum of two degrees of winding voltages ( and ) and the slope of . In this
freedom of the system. Similarly, the proposed modulation section, the principle of operation of SPVFM scheme is
technique in this article uses switching frequency ( ) and discussed considering all the switching states.
phase shift (φ) for the optimization process. It is shown in this A. Switching State I:
article that the optimum phase shift ( _ ) is independent
The time duration refer the waveforms of switching state I
of for achieving the minimum rms current of transformer
as shown in Fig. 1(c). Considering the equivalent circuit
( ). The derived optimization procedure allows to vary
shown in Fig. 1(b), the voltage ( ) across the equivalent
to regulate for a constant _ . This optimized leakage inductance for this state is positive because is
operation reduces the computational effort and increases the equal to and is equal to (− ). Hence, the slope ( )
system robustness. In comparison to the existing optimization of will be positive, as expressed in (2). Here, is the
techniques, the proposed methodology eliminates the need for equivalent leakage inductance referred to the primary side and
current sensor for measuring the inductor/transformer current.
is defined in (1). The duration of this state ( ) is (φ /2π),
The proposed technique combines the modulation schemes of
where φ is the phase shift between and . The current
VFM and SPS; and hence it is named as ‘single phase-shift
magnitude at the end of this state is , as shown at Fig. 1(c).
variable frequency modulation’ (SPVFM) in this article. This
is defined in (3), where (− ) is the initial magnitude of
also achieves full zero-voltage switching (ZVS) operation for
current at time t = 0.
both the input and output active bridges. The minimum rms
current and full ZVS operation lead to reduced conduction and = ! + # (1)
switching losses, thereby improving the system efficiency and =( + )⁄ (2)
reliability. The proposed modulation scheme is most suitable =− +( + )φ ⁄2π (3)
at low load and variable output voltage conditions.
B. Switching State II:
This article is organized as follows. Sec. II discusses the
operating principles of the proposed modulation technique. The waveforms for the time duration of refer the
Sec. III analyzes the steady state condition of the converter. switching state II, as illustrated in Fig. 1(c). During this state,
Sec. IV explains the optimization technique and control is equal to and is equal to . Hence, the polarity
structure of the DAB. Sec. V describes the soft-switching of is defined by ( − ). Therefore, the slope of for
criterion for both the input and output bridges. Sec. VI this state will be , as expressed in (4). The duration of this
provides the experimental and simulation results. Sec. VII state ( ) is ((π − φ) /2π). The current magnitude ( ) at the
concludes this paper with discussion on suitable application end of this time duration is calculated as in (5).
areas.
=( − )⁄ (4)
II. OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE SINGLE PHASE-SHIFT = +( − )(' − φ) ⁄2π (5)
VARIABLE FREQUENCY MODULATION (SPVFM) SCHEME C. Switching State III:
The proposed modulation scheme is the combination of The waveforms of different parameters for this switching
SPS and VFM. This hybrid modulation technique uses two state are illustrated in the time duration duration ( , as shown
degrees of freedom to regulate the output power and achieves in Fig. 1(c). The polarity of in this state is negative as
the lowest possible rms current ( _ ) through the is equal to (− ) and is equal to . Therefore, the slope
transformer. Shape of the transformer current and voltage ( ( ) of is negative, as expressed in (6). Note that ( is
waveforms are like those of the SPS modulation technique, equal to (− ). The current magnitude (− ) at the end of this
but the switching frequency ( ) of the converter is modulated

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 Fig. 2: Characteristic of vs. for SPS Fig. 3: Existence of minimum NO_ ⁄ ratio at Fig. 4: Trajectory of NO_ under SPS
modulation. different L . and SPVFS at L =1.5.

time duration is calculated as shown in (7). The time duration 3 9: 9: ;9<

of this state is same as that of switching state I. ⃓
⃓
⃓ ⎡ 7 ( )8 + 7 ( )8 ⎤
⃓1 ⎢ ⎥
= (− − )⁄ = − =⃓
(6) 9: (12)
( ⃓
⃓ ⎢ => ?9@ => ⎥
− = −( + ) ⁄2π (7) ⃓ ⎢+ 7 ⎥
⃓ ( )8 + 7 ( )8
D. Switching State IV: ⎷ ⎣ 9:;9< => ?9@ ⎦
The waveforms for the time duration ) refer the switching =
state IV. For this switching state, is equal to (− ) and ( (' − )
is equal to (− ). Therefore, the slope ( ) ) of is + − + (13)
defined by equation (8), which is equal to (− ). The current D ' 3' ( ' '
magnitude (− ) at the end of this switching state is calculated (' − )( (' − )
+ +
as expressed in (9). The duration of this switching state is same 3' ( '
as that of the switching state II. =
1 12 8 (
= (−
) + )⁄ = − (8) (14)
F H( − ) + − I
− = − + (− + )(' − ) ⁄2π (9) 48 ' '(
III. STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF SPVFM TECHNIQUE The output current ( ) of the converter is derived by
In the previous section, the principles of operation with obtaining the mean value of ( + ), as shown in Fig. 1(c).
respect to the switching states in a switching time period were According to the waveform, is defined by (15), which leads
discussed. Expressions of the current through inductor and the output power expression, as in (16).
its rate of rise/fall are also determined along with the current
magnitudes at the end of each switching state. This section = J1 − K (15)
2' '
derives the steady state expressions of different parameters,
such as rms current , output current and output power
in terms of the control parameters ( , ). Here, all the = J1 − K (16)
2' '
analyses are carried out considering lossless model of the
DAB converter, as illustrated in Fig. 1(b). The motivation and Using (16), the required can be achieved by controlling
the objective of this article are also summarized here based on and/or . The conventional SPS modulation technique
the derived expressions at steady state conditions. controls to regulate , where all other parameters remain
constant. For stable operation of the converter, phase shift
The expression of the current magnitudes and at the can vary between 0 to ' /2. Consequently, and
end of the switching states are obtained by solving the (3) and modulate within a range, given by (14) and (15), respectively.
(5), and expressed in (10) and (11). At an operating condition, the ratio / , defined in (17),
1 2 (10) indicates the amount of reactive power flow present in the
= - . − 1/ + 0 converter for transferring a given output power . This also
4 '
specifies the current rating of semiconductors and transformer.
1 2 (11) The expression of / is plotted in Fig. 2. Here, L is the
= - + . − 1/0
4 ' voltage conversion ratio defined in (18).

The rms current ( ) is derived considering the 1 48 L 64 ( L

= FH(L − 1) + − I (17)
expression of ( ) during each of the switching states I-IV, as 2 ' '(
expressed in (12). Upon simplification, this leads to (13). Now,
substituting , , and in (13), the closed-form L= (18)
expression of is obtained in terms of the control
parameters , as expressed in (14). According to Fig. 2, the ratio / has a minima in the
range of for a certain value of L. Let this minima appears at
the phase shift _ . In SPS modulation technique, the

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 converter provides a unique at _ and also provides ℒ( , , _) =
high / at low and high value of . The proposed (
1 12 8
modulation technique SPVFM operates at _ for full F H( − ) + − I (27)
range of , while is regulated by controlling . The 48 ' '(
characteristics of with respect to is illustrated in Fig. 3. (1 − /')
The objectives of SPVFM technique are to find the + _- − #b 0
_ 2'
with respect to L and control to regulate .
The different components of the equations (24) and (25)
IV. COMPUTATION OF _ AND CONTROL ARCHITECTURE are separately mentioned in (28)-(31).
This section discusses two procedures to compute the d ( , )
optimum phase shift angle ( ) and the further =
_ d
utilization of that in the control architecture. The computation √3 (' − )
methods are direct differentiation of iQRST /iU and Lagrangian (28)
optimization technique. Both of these methods converge to a ' (/ e' ( ( − ) + 12' −8 (
unique expression of _ .
A. Method - 1: Direct Differentiation of / ∂ ( , )
=
This method has obtained the minima of / with ∂
respect to . As the slope of / is zero at minima, the e' ( ( − ) + 12' −8 ( (29)
_ value can be computed by solving (19). The −
derivation of expression in (17) with respect to results in 4√3' (/
(20), which is a fourth order polynomial equation defines four
∂ U( , ) (' − 2 )
roots of . Among these four roots, only one root lies in the = (30)
operating range of (0 ≤ ≤ π/2). This root defines the ∂ 2'
optimal phase shift angle ( _ ), as shown in (21), where ∂ U( , ) (' − )
X is defined in (22). Note that, equation (20) and (21) are =− (31)
∂ 2'
independent of .
8( / ) Now, equation (24) and (25) are rewritten as equation (32).
=0 (19) The left-hand side and the right-hand side of this equation are
8 mentioned in (33) and (34), respectively. Incorporating these
8( / ) ) ( expressions in (32), the equation (35) can be obtained.
= 4L − 8'L − 2' ( (1 − L)
8 (20) Equation (35) is a function of only variable . For all values
+ ' ) (1 − L) = 0 of #b , the equation (35) will be independent of
_ = considering L is constant. Solving (35), the _ can be
obtained as expressed in (21).
' (1 + L ) (21)
Y1 + √1 + X − F(2 − X) + [ d ( , ) ∂ ( , )
2 L √1 + X f
/(
d ∂
\2L(1 − L ) ] d U( , ) ∂ U( , ) (32)
X= (22) = f
2L d ∂
B. Method - 2: Lagrangian Optimization Technique d ( , ) ∂ ( , )
f
The method has studied the conventional procedure with d ∂
the formation of Lagrangian (ℒ) as mentioned in (23). Here, 12 (' − ) (33)
( , ) is the objective function and the ( , ) is the =−
' (( − ) + 12' −8 (
constraint function. At minima, the gradient vectors of both of
these functions will be in parallel. _ is the Lagrange multiplier. d U( , ) ∂ U( , ) (' − 2 )
f = (34)
According to this procedure, the slope of Lagrangian (∂ℒ/ ∂ ) d ∂ (' − )
becomes zero at minima. Therefore, the _ value can 12 (' − )
be obtained by solving (24), (25) and (26).
(' − 2 )a' ( ( − ) + 12' −8 (c

ℒ( , , _) = ( , ) + _a ( , ) − (35)
#b c (23) −1 = 0

∂ℒ( , , _) ∂ ( , ) ∂ U( , )
= +_ =0 (24)
C. Control system with the optimization technique
∂ ∂ ∂ The control architecture of the proposed modulation
∂ℒ( , , _) ∂ ( , ) ∂ U( , ) technique fulfills the following two objectives, a) regulation
= +_ =0 (25) of , b) obtain optimum phase shift. The block diagram of
∂ ∂ ∂
the control architecture is illustrated in Fig. 5, which
∂ℒ( , , _) comprises of output voltage controller, optimization block and
= ( , ) − #b = 0 (26)
∂_ modulation block.
The expressions of and U , mentioned in (14) and The optimization block calculates the optimum phase shift
(16), are substituted in (23) and found the equation (27). Here, _ with respect to the and the output reference
#b is the desired output power of the converter. voltage ( #b ). Here, L is considered as ratio ( #b / ),

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 Fig. 5: Block diagram for control system. Fig. 6: Soft switching criterion of optimized
trajectory.
which used to obtain _ from equation (21). The
output voltage controller receives the instantaneous value of
and #b to compute the switching frequency of the
converter. A conventional PI controller is used in the voltage
controller, which response with respect to the voltage
difference ( #b − ).
According to (21), the computation of optimum phase shift
does not depend on . The voltage controller output will
vary with respect to the output power following the equation
(16). The optimization block will be unaffected for this
variation of . This ensures the decoupling between the
control variables ( and ). Furthermore, at the transient state
due to the change of load, the instantaneous variation of
does not effect the the optimization block, as #b remains
constant at output voltage reference value. So, the optimum
phase shift _ will be constant for full range of output
power at constant #b / .
The optimization technique used in the proposed SPVFM
scheme ensures the operation at minimum rms current for the
full range of output power. According to Fig. 4, the blue curve
represents the gh X/ i ratio for SPVFM technique. This
signifies that the rms current always attend the minimum
gh X
value for full range of i
. Whereas, the SPS modulation
technique exhibits very high gh X at very low and high power
region. Following the rms current, the reactive power flow in
the system also reduces, but this optimization technique does
not measure the transformer current or winding voltages to
obtain the reactive power. Therefore, the proposed SPVFM
technique can be implemented using only one sensing input
(output voltage) as shown in Fig. 5.
V. SOFT SWITCHING CRITERION OF SPVFM TECHNIQUE
The typical SPS modulation technique works in zero
voltage switching (ZVS) condition following the constrains
mentioned in (36). The system crosses the boundary of soft
switching criterion for wide variation of L and/or low power
condition. The boundary of the soft switching zone for SPS
modulation technique is illustrated in Fig. 6. The shaded area
indicates the zero voltage switching region and this is
independent of the operating frequency .
' 1
.1 − / , L ≥ 1
2
> k' L (36)
(1 − L), L ≤ 1
2 Output capacitance
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Fig. 7: Efficiency for SPS and SPVFS at
L =0.875.
For the proposed SPVFM scheme, the trajectory of the
optimal phase shift _ with respect to L is plotted with
the black line as illustrated in Fig. 6. This indicates that the
switching operation characteristics for input and output
bridges lie entirely within the soft switching zone. This
eliminates the switching loss during turn-on. However, at low
load condition, the turn OFF loss increases with operating
frequency .
VI. SIMULATION AND HARDWARE RESULTS
The proposed SPVFM technique is verified using
simulation study as well as tested with the help of a hardware
setup. PLECS is used to avail the actual model of the
semiconductors. The copper loss of the inductor and
transformer is modeled using a lumped resistance. For
SPVFM technique, is varied from 10 kHz to 100 kHz for
the power variation from 1.0 pu to 0.1 pu, as shown in Fig. 3.
For wide range of frequency, SiC-MOSFET is considered.
However, this leads to higher cost compared to Si-MOSFET.
Nonetheless, higher efficiency is achieved using SiC-
MOSFET with SPVFM technique, as shown in Fig. 7. This
reduces the operating cost of the system with respect to Si-
MOSFET with SPS modulation technique. This comparative
study is performed where L is maintained at 0.875.
The details of the parameters used in the hardware setup
is listed in Table I. The hardware is tested using both SPS and
SPVFM techniques for 0.75 pu, 0.5 pu and 0.33 pu of the
rated output power, as shown in Fig. 8. For SPS modulation
technique, = 10 kHz irrespective of the output power;
however, changes with respect to . On the other hand,
under SPVFM scheme, inversely changes with , whereas
and L are constant at 41.89° and 1.5 respectively. These
experimental results validate that the is lower for the
TABLE I. PARAMETERS USED IN HARDWARE PROTOTYPE.
Parameters Details
Input voltage 48V
Output voltage 72V
Rated power 160 W
Primary Leakage inductance 90 µH
Secondary Leakage inductance 90 µH
Turns ratio of transformer 1:1
Input capacitance 940 µC
940 µC
Switches SCT3030
 Fig. 8: Waveforms of hardware result. (a), (b) and (c) are the waveforms of SPS modulation technique at 0.75 pu, 0.5 pu and 0.33 pu of the rated load,
respectively. (d), (e) and (f) are the waveforms for SPVFM technique at 0.75 pu, 0.5 pu and 0.33 pu of the rated load, respectively.

proposed SPVFM technique than the conventional SPS

modulation technique for a given . Furthermore, ⁄ is
constant at the minima ( ⁄ = 2.2) for the proposed
SPVFM techniques for all three operating points; whereas,
the ⁄ for SPS modulation at these operating points are
different, such as 2.3 at 0.75 pu, 2.74 at 0.5 pu and 3.8 pu at
0.33 pu. For full range of output power, the switching
operation always remains in the soft switching area, as
claimed in Fig. 6. The experimental results also show that
SPS modulation operates in hard switching area as pointed
out in Fig. 8. Efficiency of the converter obtained from the
experiment setup is plotted in Fig. 9, where better efficiency
is observed at low power condition under SPVFM with
respect to SPS modulation. Note that, the losses occurred in
the switching circuit (switching loss and conduction losses of
MOSFET) and magnetic components (core loss and
conduction loss of the inductors and transformer) are
considered for the efficiency calculation.

Fig. 9: Experimental results of efficiency vs. output power for SPS and
SPVFM. Fig. 10: Experiential setup.

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 VII. CONCLUSION
This article proposes an optimization technique in order
to minimize the transformer rms current of DAB dc-dc
converter using both single phase shift and variable frequency
modulation. The proposed SPVFM technique improves the
converter operation at low power by varying the switching
frequency while maintaining the phase-shift at its optimal
value _ . This achieves the minimum for full
range of output power. The proposed SPVFM technique is
tested on an experimental setup for a certain range of output
power and compared with the existing SPS modulation
technique. The experimental results shows that the rms and
peak values of the transformer current are much lower while
using the optimized SPVFM technique. This reduces the
conduction loss and improves the converter efficiency,
particularity at the low power range.
The proposed SPVFM technique is suitable for variable
input and/or output voltage based application, such as EV
charger, AC grid integration of solar PV, etc. However, the
optimum phase shift value reduces as the voltage conversion
ratio L tends to unity. This in turn reduces the output power.
Therefore, the authors envisage that a hybrid modulation
technique using SPS and SPVFM would ensure an efficient
operation over wider voltage and power ranges.
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