LAB 1: Point operators & Histogram equalization

1. What an image Histogram is and why it is useful?

It is a graphical representation of the intensity distribution of an image.
It quantifies the number of pixels for each intensity value considered.
2. What is Histogram Equalization?
It is a method that improves the contrast in an image, in order to stretch out the intensity
range.
3. How does it work?

Equalization implies mapping one distribution (the given histogram) to another distribution (a

wider and more uniform distribution of intensity values) so the intensity values are spreaded
over the whole range.

To accomplish the equalization effect, the remapping should be the cumulative distribution

function (cdf) (more details, refer to Learning OpenCV). For the histogram  ,
its cumulative distribution   is:

To use this as a remapping function, we have to normalize   such that the maximum
value is 255 ( or the maximum value for the intensity of the image ).

Use a simple remapping procedure to obtain the intensity values of the equalized image:

2. To equalize histograms of images by using the OpenCV

function:equalize_hist:equalizeHist <>
Code without Function
import os, sys
import cv2
import numpy as np

try:
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
except:
 raise Exception('Seaborn or Pandas packages not found. Installation: $ pip install seaborn
pandas')

def create_histogram(img):
assert len(img.shape) == 2 # check grayscale image
histogram = [0] * 256 # list of intensity frequencies, 256 zero values
for row in range(img.shape[0]): # traverse by row (y-axis)
for col in range(img.shape[1]): # traverse by column (x-axis)
histogram[img[row, col]] += 1
return histogram

def visualize_histogram(histogram, output='histogram.png'):

hist_data = pd.DataFrame({'intensity': list(range(256)), 'frequency': histogram})
sns_hist = sns.barplot(x='intensity', y='frequency', data=hist_data, color='blue')
sns_hist.set(xticks=[]) # hide x ticks

fig = sns_hist.get_figure()
fig.savefig(output)
return output

def equalize_histogram(img, histogram):

# build H', cumsum
new_H = [0] * 257
for i in range(0, len(new_H)):
new_H[i] = sum(histogram[:i])
new_H = new_H[1:]

# normalize H'
#max_H = max(new_H)
#max_hist = max(histogram)
 #new_H = [(f/max_H)*max_hist for f in new_H]

# scale H' to [0, 255]

max_value = max(new_H)
min_value = min(new_H)
new_H = [int(((f-min_value)/(max_value-min_value))*255) for f in new_H]

print("H':", new_H)

# apply H' to img

for row in range(img.shape[0]): # traverse by row (y-axis)
for col in range(img.shape[1]): # traverse by column (x-axis)
img[row, col] = new_H[img[row, col]]
return img

if __name__ == "__main__":
assert len(sys.argv) == 2, '[USAGE] $ python %s imgage.jpg' %
(os.path.basename(__file__), INPUT)
INPUT = sys.argv[1]
assert os.path.isfile(INPUT), '%s not found' % INPUT

# read color image with grayscale flag: "cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE"

img = cv2.imread(INPUT, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
# print grayscale image
cv2.imwrite('grey_%s' % INPUT, img)
print('Saved grayscale image @ grey_%s' % INPUT)

# create histogram from image

histogram = create_histogram(img)
print('histogram:', histogram)
hist_img_path = visualize_histogram(histogram)
print('Saved histogram @ %s' % hist_img_path)

equalized_img = equalize_histogram(img, histogram)

cv2.imwrite('equalized_%s' % INPUT, equalized_img)
print('Saved equalized image @ equalized_%s' % INPUT)

new_histogram = create_histogram(equalized_img)
print('new_histogram:', new_histogram)
hist_img_path = visualize_histogram(new_histogram, output='histogram_eq.png')
print('Saved new histogram @ %s' % hist_img_path)

print('Done Tut 6: Histogram Equalization. Welcome to minhng.info')