PNC Spring 2020 Midterm Study Guide

50 questions
- Multiple choice ~ 20
- True and False ~10
- Short Answer ~ 5
- Open ended answers ~3

 Sports Medicine
o What is sports medicine? A branch of medicine that includes the science of athletic
nutrition and conditioning, preventing and diagnosing athletic injuries and increasing
performance.

o What is the difference between a PT and an AT? The main difference is that AT’s
work primarily with athletes, while PT’s work with all types of people from children
through the elderly, and who may not be suffering from athletic injuries

o Qualifications for strength and conditioning coaches: Bachelor’s degree from 4 year
school, pass the CSCS exam.

o What is the sports medicine team? A team of professionals that work together to
provide the most beneficial environment for the athlete/patient.

 Emergency Action Plans and PPE

o What are they? A written document required by most health professional standards
that help organize employer and employee roles during an emergency situation.

o Why do you need them? They establish a plan and protocols and roles for efficient
implantation. Maintain standards in equipment storage and usage and
documentation to avoid legal action.

o What do they consist of? Documentation of any action taken during an emergency,
evaluation of emergency response, institutional personnel training and equipment
maintenance.

o What do the first responders do? Immediate care of injured or ill student athletes,
activate EMS personnel and provide them with location, number of patients, nature
of injury and any other information requested by the dispatcher.
 o Who are they? AT’s, coaches, campus police, firefighters, EMS, CPR and first aide
certified personnel

o Emergency Equipment? AED, vacuum splints, spine boards, slings, Personal

Protective equipment, bleeding control supplies.

o Why is documentation important and what should it include? It provides a written

document of actions taken during emergencies, includes the personnel involved,
good documentation can save you from law suits.

o Examples of good questions to ask on a health history form? Any allergies, any
medications currently taking, any major medical issues ie: asthma, heart condition
and any previous injuries.

 Evaluations
o Cyriax? A test to assess ligaments for pain, laxity or limited ROM

o What is a primary assessment? Used to determine and treat any immediate life-
threatening airway, breathing and circulation problems

o Secondary? An Assessment that is conducted after you determine and treat life
threatening problems. Used to determine what is injured, MOI, how severe the
injury is and how to ensure no further injury occurs.

o Examples of life-threatening injuries? Blocked airway, Not breathing, excessive or

arterial bleeding, Cardiac Arrest resulting from injury,

o HOPS

o What does each letter stand for and what does it entail? History, the investigation of
what happened. Signs and Symptoms. Observation, the visual exam. Palpation,
the physical exam. Special Tests

o Acute vs. Chronic Injuries? Acute: an injury that just occurred Chronic:
something that happens all the time.

o What are the types of end Feels? Hard (bone on bone), Soft (soft tissue
approximation), Firm (pushing to terminal extension Empty (nothing stopping it,
abnormal ROM)

 Injuries
o How do tissues become injured? Usually from sudden trauma, slipping, falling,
twisting, or blunt force

o What is inflammation? The bodies first response to soft tissue injury caused by
blunt force trauma or overstretching

o Why does it happen? chemicals from the body's white blood cells are released into
the blood or affected tissues to protect your body from foreign substances. ... Some
of the chemicals cause a leak of fluid into the tissues, resulting in swelling. This
protective process may stimulate nerves and cause pain

 5 cardinal traits

 What are they and why do they occur? Redness, heat, swelling,
LOF and pain. Redness and heat are caused by blood rushing to
and filling the surrounding tissue, swelling is caused by the
proliferation of fluid around the injury, Loss of function is the
bodies way to protect the injured area to become more injured.
And pain is from the nerves that are involved.

 If swelling persists, what does it turn into? Pitting edema

o Be able to explain the 3 phases of healing

Inflammation phase: the bodies response to injury.

Repair phase: The body begins to repair itself.
Remodeling Phase: The body structures return to somewhat normal.

 What are neutrophils and why are they important to understand? White
blood cells that are involved in healing damage tissues

 How long do they last? A few hours

 In short answer form, what happens during each?

o RICE – What is it? The acronym used for the treatment of injuries Rest, Ice,
Compression and Elevation

o Wolff’s Law Bones in a healthy person will adapt and form to the loads that it is
placed under.
 o Sprain vs. Strain

 Grades 1st degree, (least traumatic), 2nd degree (partial tears in ligaments),
3rd degree (severe or total tear of ligaments)
o Sprains involve ligaments and tendons. Strains involve muscles.

 Tissues involved and their different properties (elastic vs. non elastic)
Ligaments and tendons are non-elastic. Muscle fibers are elastic.

 Environmental
o Methods of heat transfer: Convection (transfer via flow of air/water) Conduction
(transfer from hot to cold) Radiation (transfer from body to environment)
Evaporation (Transfer via water vapor – sweat – from body to air)

o What regulates body temp? The autonomic nervous system. The hypothalamus is
the thermostat of the body.

o What factors affect net heat loss or gain? Air temp, Air movement and humidity

o Hyperthermia vs. hypothermia

 Heat related conditions – what they are, S&S of each, and treatment
(specifically exertional heat exhaustion and heat stroke)

 Cold related conditions – what they are S&S of each, and treatment

o Best way to reduce core body temp? Ice water bath

o What is acclimatization? The body process gradually adjusting from one

environment to another. Several days – 2 weeks.

o Lightening safety

 Flash to bang ratio: County between lightening and thunder then divide
by 5. Approximating how many miles away the lightening is.

 Safety protocol Have to wait 30 minutes after the last observed lightening
strike.

 Foot & Ankle Injuries

 o Major ligaments and bones
Anterior Talofibular Ligament, Posterior Talofibular Ligament, Calcaneofibular ligament,
deltoid ligament. Lateral malleolus, Medial malleolus, Tibia, Fibula, metatarsals.

 Most common ligament to sprain: Anterior Talofibular Ligament

 Most common bones to fracture: Lateral Malleolous

o Lateral vs. medial ankle sprain vs. syndesmosis sprain

 MOI Lateral: Excessive Inversion. Medial: Excessive Eversion High

Ankle: Excessive eversion and dorsiflexion

 Ligaments involved

 Special tests anterior Drawer Test, Talar Tilt Test.

 Proper treatment Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.

o Key findings to differentiate between a fracture and a sprain.

If you're experiencing pain around the soft tissue but not over your bone, it's likely
that you have a sprain and not a break. Typically, you can move the affected limb
with a sprain as well

o Key findings to differentiate between tibial stress fracture and MTSS

 Causes?

Knee Injuries

- What is the difference between a knee dislocation and a patellar dislocation?

- Identify knee ligaments

- Best special tests to use for ACL and MCL sprains

- Based on given MOI, come up with a differential diagnosis

- Contributing factors to chronic knee injuries (PFPS, Osgood Schlatter’s, Patellar

tendonitis)