CONS

EQUENCEOFCLI
MATECHANGE

S
omeoft
hee
ffe
ctsofc
li
mat
echa
ngei
ncl
ude
:.

Gl
obalwar
ming:
.Ist
hei
ncr
eas
eint
hea
ver
aget
empe
rat
ureofe
art
h’sne
ars
urf
acea
ira
ndoc
eans
.

Des
ert
if
icat
ion:
.De
ser
tli
kec
ondi
ti
onsma
yspr
eadove
rhuma
nha
bit
ats
,cr
opl
andsa
ndwe
tla
nds
.

Dr
ought
:.Re
sul
tine
xte
nsi
veda
mag
etopl
ant
s,c
ropsa
nda
nima
lsa
swe
lla
sthede
athofmi
ll
ionsof
pe
opl
e.

Ar
isei
nthes
eal
evel
:.
Globa
lly,
thea
ver
ages
eal
eve
lcoul
dri
seby18t
o59c
m,ormor
e,byt
hee
nd
oft
hec
ount
ry.

Shi
ftoft
ropi
calz
one:
.Thet
ropi
calz
onee
xpe
cte
dtoe
xte
ndnor
tha
nds
out
hwa
rdsbynotl
esst
han
onede
gre
eint
henor
the
rna
nds
out
her
nhe
mis
phe
re.

Expans
ionoft
ropi
caldi
seas
e:.
Iti
swi
del
yre
cog
niz
edt
hatz
oneofmos
qui
toe
sbr
eedi
nga
ndhe
nce
ma
lar
iaa
sre
sul
tofc
li
mat
echa
nge
.

Los
sofbi
odi
ver
sit
y:-
Ext
inc
tiona
nde
xte
rmi
nat
ionofpl
ant
sanda
nima
lspe
cie
soft
hewor
ld.

Cl
ima
teofEt
hiopi
a

Di
str
ibut
ionofma
jore
leme
ntsofc
li
mat
einEt
hiopi
a

Te
mpe
rat
uredi
str
ibut
ion

 Te
mpe
rat
urei
nEt
hiopi
aisde
ter
mine
dpr
ima
ril
ybya
lti
tudea
ndl
ati
tude

 Et
hiopial
ieswit
hinthet
ropi
cs,
azoneofma
ximum i
nsul
ati
on,
whe
ree
ver
ypl
aceha
sove
r
he
ads untwic
eaye a
r.

 Ethi
opi
aarehi
ghla
nda r
ea s
,andthe
iral
ti
tudegi
vet
hem nont
ropi
calt
empe
rat
ure
s,ont
he
cont
rar
ylowl
andsatt
hec ount
rie
speri
pheri
es

 Et
hiopi
aex
per
ienc
esbot
hhota
ndc
olde
xtr
eme
soft
empe
rat
ure

 Et
hiopi
abe
ingamount
ainousc
ount
ry,
itst
ropi
cal
cli
mat
eishi
ghl
ymodi
fi
edbya
lti
tude

Da
ilyt
empe
rat
ure

 The
yar
emor
eex
tre
met
hanus
ual
itsa
nnua
lave
rag
es.

 I
nte
rmsofs
pati
aldis
tri
but
ion,Ethi
opia
’sdai
lymaxi
mumt emperat
uremor
etha
n37
cove
r
t
hel
owl
andsandabout10
c-15coverthehi
ghl
andsofEt
hiopi
a.

 I
nte
rmsoft
empor
aldi
str
ibut
ionma
rch,
Apr
ila
ndma
ythehot
tes
tthr
oug
houtt
hec
ount
ry.

Mont
hlyt
empe
rat
ure
 Thel
owe
stmont
hlyt
empe
rat
ureoc
curt
hehi
ghl
andsoft
hec
ount
ry.

 Thehi
ghl
andse
xpe
rie
nceme
anmi
nimum t
empe
rat
ure
sasl
owa
s0
cbe
twe
enNove
mbe
r
andJ
anua
ry

 Thehighe
stme
an mont
hly mi
nimum t
empe
rat
ure(
20
c-30
c)i
sobs
erve
din da
llol
depr
ess
ion

 Thelowes
tme a
nmonthlyminimum t
emper
ature(0corle
ss)oc
curinJanua
ryi nthe
hi
ghl
andsi
nthenor
thwe
st(Gondera
ndGoj
am)centr
al,
(she
wa)andsout
hea
st(Arsi
-bal
e).

 Thehi
ghe
stmeanmont
hly(
30
c)i
nthel
owl
andsoft
hewe
ste
rn,
Sout
hEa
ste
rna
ndNor
th
Eas
ter
narea
s.

THECLI
MATEOFETHI
OPI
AANDTHEHORN
Introduct ion
 Ethiopi aasal argecount ryint heHor nofAf rica, i
schar act erizedbyawi de
var i
et yofal ti
tudi nalr angesanddi ver seclimat i
ccondi tions.I naddi t
ion,
becauseofi tscl osenesst otheequat orandt heI ndianOcean, thecount ryis
subj ect edt ol arget empor alandspat i
alvariationsi nel ement sofweat herand
cli
mat e.
 Thecl imat eofEt hiopi ai sthereforemai nlycont rol l
edbyt heseasonalmi gr at
ion
oft heI ntertropi calConver genceZone( ITCZ)andassoci atedat mospher i
c
circul ationsaswel lasbyt hecompl ext opogr aphyoft hecount ry.
 Weat heri st hei nstant aneousorcur rentst ateoft heatmospher ecomposi ng
temper ature, atmospher i
cpr essur e, humi dit
y, windspeedanddi rect
ion,
cloudi nessandpr ecipi tati
on.Weat herpar amet er sar emeasur edusi ngvar ious
i
nst rument s.I ngener al, t
heweat hert hatimpact st hesur faceoft heEarthand
thoset hatliveont hesur facet akespl acei nt het ropospher e.
 Climat er eferst hest ateoft heat mospher eoverl ongt i
meper iods, decadesand
mor e.I tisthecomposi teofdai l
yweat hercondi tionsr ecor dedf orlongper iods
oft i
me.Cl imat eal sot akesi ntoaccountt heext remesorvar iationst hatmay
occurbeyondt heaver agecondi tions.
 Hence, inthi schapt er, cli
mat eofEt hiopiaandt heHor nwi llexpl icit
lybe
discussed.El ement sandcont rolsofweat herandcl imat e, spat iotempor al
pat t
er nsofweat herandcl i
mat e,agr o-ecologicalzones, climat eandi ts
i
mpl icat i
ononEt hiopianbi ophysi calandsoci o-economi caspect s,andcl i
mat e
changewi llbet hemaj orsubsect ionsoft hischapt er.
 Obj ect ives
Upont hecompl etionoft hischapt er, youwi llbeabl eto:
Di st i
ngui shbet weenweat herandcl imat e,
Explicat
et hespat
iot
empor
alpat
ter
nsanddi
str
ibut
ionoft
emper
atur
eand
r
ainf
alli
n Et hiopi
a,
Anal ysecl
imat
eandi
tsi
mpl
icat
ionsonbi
ophysi
calandsoci
oeconomi
c
aspect
s,
Compr ehendt
hecauses,
consequencesandr
esponsemechani
smsofcl
imat
e
change.
 El
ement
sandCont
rol
sofWeat
herandCl
imat
e
Whatel
ement
sdoyouconsi
dert
odef
ineweat
hercondi
ti
onofyourl
ocal
it
y
Al lweathercondi ti
onsmaybet racedtotheeffectoftheSunont heEar t
h.Most
changesi nweat herinvolvelargescalehor i
zontalmotionofairwhichiscall
ed
wi nd.Weat herisexpr essedbyacombi nationofseveralelements.Hereareli
sts
ofmaj orelement sandcont rol
sofweat herandclimate.Theclimateofaregion
isul t
imatelydetermi nedbyt her adi
ati
on, i
tsdi
stri
buti
onandt empor al
fluctuati
ons.Thel ong-t
erm stateoftheat mosphereisaf unct
ionofavar i
etyof
interacti
ngel ement s.
Tabl
e.Element sandcont rol
s Cont rols
ofweatherandcl imate
El
ement s

1.Temper
atur
e 1Lat
it
ude/
angl
eoft
heSun

2.Pr
eci
pit
ati
onandhumi
dit
y 2Landandwat
erdi
str
ibut
ion

3.Wi
ndsandai
rpr
essur
e 3Wi
ndsandai
rpr
essur
e

4Al
ti
tudeandmount
ainbar
ri
ers

5Oceancur
rent
s