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Chapter 7 Section 1
Chapter 7 Section 1
Chapter 7 Section 1
Introductory Financial Mathematics
Chapter 7 Section 1
Open Rubric
Bonds
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Bonds:
• Issued by government or big institutions – way to borrow money from
you.
• Bonds are issued in hundred rand units and the price is express as the
number of rand per R100 unit R%
• Coupon (c): For the use of your money they give you interest or called
coupons, every 6 months.
• Maturity date: the money you have invested will be paid back when
the bond terminate or maturity date.
• Term of bonds – very long ‐> sometimes you do not want to keep bond
till maturity ‐ want to sell it to get your money back => trade in bonds .
• Settlement date – after trade took place date that money is paid .
• Yield to maturity (y): rate/yield you getting on your investment.
ID: Bonds
Calculator: Financial and normal mode
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Example time line:
every six months coupons d = c/2
…..
Issue date Settlement date Maturity date
Yield to maturity = y% but as every six months use y/2
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Price of the bond at settlement date:
• If you want to sell => price?
• Bond’s value determine by
• Stream of half yearly coupons you receive
• R100 will be receiving at maturity
• Price of a bond => stream of coupons left + initial
investment.
• Due to time value of money, need to determine the value
at a specific date => next coupon date after settlement
date => PV of all coupons left + PV of initial investment.
• Split in 2 => full periods (1) and odd periods(2).
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Full half year periods
1
2
c/2 Odd period c/2 c/2
………..
• Issue date Settlement date Maturity date
Price?
Coupon date Next coupon date
before settlement after settlement
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1. Determine the value on first coupon date
after settlement:
• Price @ first coupon date after settlement = PV of all
coupons left + PV of initial investment.
• Half yearly coupons (d = c/2) form a stream or
annuity => PV of annuity = Rani.
• R100 received at maturity must move back in time to
settlement date.
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1
Coupon date Next coupon date
before settlement after settlement
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Price at next coupon date =
• d = the half yearly coupon rate – c/2
• n = the number of coupons still outstanding
after the settlement date – excluding the
coupon that follows the settlement date
• z = the half yearly interest rate(yield to
maturity) – y/2
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2. What about c/2 at next coupon date?
Coupon date Next coupon date
before settlement after settlement
• R = number of days between settlement and next coupon
• H = number of days between two coupon dates settlement day fall in.
• If R 10 days add coupon – cum interest case
• If R < 10 days do not add coupon – ex interest case
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3. Price on the settlement date – date of sale.
• Move the previous amount back to the settlement
date by using a fractional compound formula:
• P
with and and P = price on next coupon date.
• The price at settlement includes the coupon
or interest and the present value of the bond
=> All‐in price.
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2 1
c/2 Odd period c/2 c/2
………..
• Issue date Settlement date Maturity date
Price?
Coupon date Next coupon date
before settlement after settlement
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Accrued interest
• If we want to calculate just the interest part or
called the accrued interest we make use of the
formula:
• Cum interest case:
• Ex interest case:
Clean price
• If we subtract the accrued interest from the
All‐in price we obtain what we call the clean
price of a bond.
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Calculating n
• n is the number of half years from the coupon
date after the settlement date, until the maturity
date.
1. Determine the first coupon date after the
settlement date.
2. Determine the number of half years until the
maturity date => 2 cases:
– Month of the next coupon date = month of the
maturity date
• subtract the year of the next coupon date from the year of
the maturity date ‐ that gives you the number of years until
maturity.
• multiply the years by 2 to calculate number of half years
until maturity.
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– Month of the next coupon date month of the
maturity date
• ignore the next coupon date after settlement and move
to the second coupon date after the settlement date ‐
thus you try to get the months the same.
• subtract the year of the next coupon date from the year
of the maturity date ‐ that gives you the number of
years until maturity.
• multiply the years by 2 to calculate number of half
years until maturity.
• then add 1 for the period you have ignored by moving
forward in time.
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Steps to follow:
1. First we draw a time line and include the maturity
date and the settlement date.
2. Determine the coupon dates:
– One is always the same month and date as the maturity
date and
– Second one is six months after/before the maturity date.
3. Draw the coupon date before the settlement date.
4. Draw two coupon dates after the settlement date.
5. Calculate the value of H and R.
6. Calculate the value of n.
7. Calculate the price P at the coupon date after the
settlement date.
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8. Determine if it is a cum or ex interest case =>
• If R 10 days add coupon – cum interest case
• If R < 10 days do not add coupon – ex interest case
9. Determine the all in price
10. Determine the accrued interest
11. Determine the clean price
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Question 1
Consider Bond XYZ.
Coupon (c) 14,7% per year
Yield to maturity (y) 13,5%
Settlement date 18 April 2013
Date to maturity 1 January 2028
Determine the all in price, accrued interest and
clean price of Bond ABC.
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1. First we draw a time line and include the
maturity date and the settlement date:
18 April 2013 1 Jan 2028
Issue date Settlement date Maturity date
Coupon date Next coupon date
before settlement after settlement
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2. Determine the coupon dates:
– One is always the same month and date as the
maturity date:
• Maturity is 1 Jan 2028. Thus one coupon is each year
on 1 Jan
– Second one is six months after/before the
maturity date.
• Add six months to January => 1 July each year
• Coupons: 1 Jan and 1 July each year
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3 and 4. Draw the coupon date before the settlement
date and draw two coupon dates after the settlement
date:
14,7/2 14,7/2 14,7/2 14.7/2 …………
Coupon date Next coupon date
before settlement after settlement
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5. Calculate the value of H and R
Coupon date Next coupon date
before settlement after settlement
R: Day 182 (1 July) minus 108 (18 April) is 74, thus R = 74
H: Day 182 (1 July) minus 1 (1 Jan) is 181, thus H = 181
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6. Calculate the value of n.
Determine half years from 1/7/2013 to 1/1/2028:
– Now months aren’t the same 1/7/2013 to 1/1/2028
(January and July)
– Move the next coupon date to the following coupon date.
Thus 1/7/2013 becomes 1/1/2014.
– Years = (1/1/2028 − 1/1/2014) = 14 years.
– Multiply by two to get the half yearly coupons:
n = 14 × 2 = 28 half years.
– Add the period 1/7/2013 to 1/1/2014 that was ignored:
n = 28 + 1 = 29 half years.
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7. Calculate the value P at 1/7/2013:
Now
d = c/2 = 14,7/2
n = 29
z = y/2 = 13,5/2
Thus
14,7 0,135
| , / 1
2 2
107,55174%
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Step 7.
Coupon date Next coupon date
before settlement after settlement
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8. Determine if it is a cum or ex interest case =>
• If R 10 days add coupon – cum interest case
• If R < 10 days do not add coupon – ex interest case
R = 74 > 10 => cum interest case – add coupon
P(1/7/2013) = 107,55174 + 7,35 = 114,90174%
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9. Determine the all in price
discount the present value of the bond back to
the settlement date to obtain the all in price.
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Step 7 + 8.
Coupon date Next coupon date
before settlement after settlement
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10. Determine the accrued interest:
R = 74 > 10 => cum interest case
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11. Determine the clean price:
Clean price = All in price – accrued interest
Clean price = 111,87388 − 4,30932
Clean price = 107,56456%
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• The end
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