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 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY

• History was derived from the Greek word “historia” which means knowledge acquired
through inquiry or investigation."
• In its broadest meaning, HISTORY IS THE STUDY OF PAST EVENTS. It generally
presents the known past. What is unknown is yet to be retrieved. The recording and
analysis of experiences of a society comprise the totality of a people's history.
• History is not merely heroes and great men.
• History can serve as a guide to present and succeeding generations in facing the
challenges of the times.
• Sources of History-As any other academic disciplines, history progressed and opened
up to the possibility of valid historical sources, which were not limited to written
documents, like government records, chroniclers' accounts, or personal letters.
• Sources of information provide the evidence from which the historian obtains facts about
the past. In writing history, the historian not only relies on past thoughts, rather, reenacts
it in the context of analyzing the documents and other records left.
• Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a
direct connection. These are sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or
subject being studied- object, image, or written material that has survived from the past,
and that tells us something about the past.
• A primary source was prepared by someone who was a participant or direct witness to an
event.
• Secondary Source- image or description of an event or place that has been made some
time after the events, usually by someone who was not there. A secondary source was
prepared by someone who obtained his or her information about an event from someone
else.
• Internal criticism looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at
the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which
informed it, and its intended purpose, among others.
• External Criticism is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining
its physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristics of the time when
it was produced; and the materials used for the evidence.

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PHILIPPINE IN ANCIENT TIMES (PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD)

• Taong tabon (skull cap) found in the Tabon caves of Palawan. (dated back half-a –million
years ago. Significance of Stone tools- a piece of charcoal
• 25-30,000 yrs ago, ancestors of the Negritos (Aeta, Ati, Dumagat) came by crossing the
“land bridges”
• 7,000 years ago-ice has melted, and the sea rises-arrival of the Austronesians
(kayumanggi)- to Southeast Asia by boats.
• Indochina and South China Men came-boats (pyramidal houses)
• Use of bronze and building of rice terraces.
• Agriculture-main source of living
• Kaingin system- clearing land by burning shrubs and bushes.
• Fishing and Mining (gold)
• Clothing-
o kangan (shirt with short sleeve)
o Bahag
o Putong (headgear for men)
o Saya and tapis (women)
• No formal schooling and were taught at own houses. Survival is the only education taught
before.
• Baybayin or alibata- every letter is pronounced as syllable.
• 17 symbols- 3 vowels (patinig) 14 are consonants (katinig)
• Ranks
o The DATU class or the ruling class
o The MAHARLIKA or the aristocracy
o The TIMAGUA (pronounced timawa) or the common class
o The ALIPIN (also known as uripon among the Visayans) or the dependent class.
o Two types of Slave:
▪ Namamahay – those who had their own quarters
▪ Sagigilid – those who lived in their master’s house
o the real slaves, they were homeless, those who are living with the master had no
property, and could not marry without master’s consent, they could be use as
payment for debt.
o Babaylan- Women set as the medium on animistic religion and offered designated
as official priestesses

• Barangay is used to be their form of government.

• -the name barangay is originated from Balangay, a Malay word for sailboat.
• SANDUGU- drew blood from their arms and mixed it with wine, which they shared and
drank at the same time, as viewed by witnesses.

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 RENAISSANCE AGE OR REBIRTH PERIOD

▪ 15th and 16th century is also called the period of discovery

▪ In Europe, the basis for the power of a country was on the number of its colonies.
▪ Colony is a country that is under the governance of a foreign country.
▪ There is a competition of colonies between 2 catholic countries - Spain and Portugal.
▪ How did the conflict between Spain and Portugal Started?
▪ Portugal colonize certain countries in the East while Spain discovered New World or
America. This expansion of territory became the cause of the conflict between Portugal
and Spain.

THE COMING OF SPAIN

▪ The main objectives- The 3G’s -GOD, GOLD & GLORY

MAGELLAN-EL CANO EXPEDITION

▪ Ferdinand Magellan
o Is a Portuguese
o He discovered Philippines.
o How did he discover Philippines?
▪ Magellan's voyage is not an accident, he really planned and wanted to find
the Philippines (Mullucas aka Spice Islands) because he heard that it was
a very rich land. So, he asked Portuguese King, to finance a project to sail
to the Philippines but the King rejected him.
▪ He travelled to the next country Spain and talked the king and queen into
supporting his expedition, and they agreed. September 20, 1517- the
expedition begun. His fleet consisted of 5 ships and 265 men.
▪ THE SHIPS
• Trinidad- mother ship (Magellan used)
• Concepcion
• Victoria
• San Antonio
• Santiago

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THE ARRIVAL TO THE PHILIPPINES

▪ March 16, 1521 (arrived) – March 17, 1521 (enter the land)
o Island of Samar named Homonhon
o Interpreter between foreigner and locals is Enrique de Malacca
▪ March 25, 1521
o Reached Limasawa
o Blood compact (Sanduguan) between Magellan and Rajah Kulambu
▪ March 31, 1521
o first mass was held in Masao, Butuan
o Father Pedro Valderama celebrated the mass
o Big cross was set firmly in this place after the Holy Mass.
o Magellan declared the Philippines a colony of Spain.
o He called the Philippines - Archipelago de San Lazaro
▪ April 14, 1521
o Magellan with the help of Rajah Kulambu reached Cebu
o Leader of Cebu was Rajah Humabon and his wife became converts in the Catholic
religion. In the honor- Magellan stand a cross with the spot as a landmark and
symbol of Catholicism (Magellan’s Cross at Cebu)
o More than 800 Cebuanos, agreed to be baptized (1st Catholic Filipinos)
o Magellan gave Queen Juana the image of the Holy Child Jesus - the Sto. Nino

THE BATTLE OF MACTAN

▪ Raja Sula has a rival named Raja Si LapuLapu/ LapuLapu

▪ Raja Sula asked Magellan to defeat his rival LapuLapu who, according to Sula, refused
to recognize the King of Spain.
▪ April 27, 1521-
o Magellan Invaded Mactan with around 60 men.

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 o The battle was short but very bloody but, in the end, LapuLapu won. That makes
him the 1st Filipino hero
▪ The survivor returned to Cebu but they lost face. The Cebuanos did not respect them
anymore.
▪ The Spaniard also became abusive. They maltreated Enrique, a Malay slave of Magellan.
So Enrique plotted King Humabon to kill the Spaniard.
▪ May 1, 1521
o The Spaniard were attacked by Cebuanos. The Survivors quickly left for South;
o Trinidad sailed to Mexico but they were caught by the Portuguese.
o Victoria, commanded by Sebastian del Cano succeeded in reaching Spain.
▪ Victoria sailed for Spain via Indian Ocean and Africa Cape. It reached Spain on
September 6, 1521 w/ only 18 survivor.

Significance of Magellan's Expedition

▪ Magellan was given the honor of being the first man to circumnavigate the world with
two journeys.
▪ Magellan proved that the world is round.
▪ Sebastian del Cano was given the distinction of having circumnavigated the world in a
single journey.
▪ Cebu was the first Christian province in the country.
▪ The Battle of Mactan was the first battle of the natives against foreign colonizers.
▪ Enrique of Malacca, was a Malay member of the Magellan–Elcano expedition that
completed the first circumnavigation of the world in 1519–1522.

THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION

▪ Ruy Lopez de Villalobos set sail for the Philippines from Navidad, Mexico on
November 1, 1542.
▪ He followed the route taken by Magellan and;
▪ reached Mindanao on February 2, 1543. He established a colony in Sarangani but
could not stay long because of insufficient food supply.
▪ Villalobos sent one of his men (Bernardo De la Torre) to Tandaya (Samar) to get
food.
▪ Met Makandala, a datu and help them to get food and needs.
▪ To his pleasure, Villalobos named the island Samar and Leyte.
▪ NAMED THE PHILIPPINES- LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS following the name of Prince
Philip and soon as King Philip
▪ His fleet left the island and landed on Tidore (Indonesia) in the Moluccas, where
they were captured by the Portuguese.
▪ They later set free and tried to sail for Mexico but died in Amboina in 1546.

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 Since none of the expedition after Magellan to Villalobos had succeeded in taking
over the Philippines, King Charles I stopped sending colonizers to the Islands.

THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION

▪ However, when Philip || succeeded his father to the thron

▪ He instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of Mexico or Vice Royal patron of Mexico
(governor-general), to prepare a new expedition - to be headed by Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi, who would be accompanied by Andres de Urdaneta, a priest.
▪ February 13, 1565
o Legaspi's expedition landed in Cebu island. After a short struggle with the natives,
he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made a
blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a sign of friendship.
o Legaspi was able to obtain spices and gold in Bohol due to his friendship with
Sikatuna.
▪ April 27, 1565
o Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Raja Tupas and establish a
settlement in Cebu.
▪ On orders of the King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico.
▪ They built the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which became the Spanish trading outpost
and stronghold for the region.
▪ Hearing of the riches of Manila, an expedition of 300 men headed by Martin de Goiti left
Cebu for Manila.
▪ They found the islands of Panay and Mindoro.
▪ Goiti arrived in Manila on May 8, 1570.
▪ At first they were welcomed by the natives and formed an alliance with Rajah Sulayman,
but as the locals sensed the true objectives of the Spaniards, a battle between the troops
of Sulayman and the Spaniards erupted.
▪ Because the Spaniards are more heavily armed, the Spaniards were able to conquer
Manila.
▪ Soon after Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to join Goiti in Manila.
▪ Legaspi built alliances and made peace with Rajah Sulayman, Lakandula and Matanda.
▪ In 1571, Legaspi ordered the construction of the walled city of Intramuros and
proclaimed it as the seat of government of the colony and the capital of the islands.
▪ In 1572, Legaspi died and was buried at the San Agustin Church in Intramuros.
▪ In 1574, Manila was bestowed the title "Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de España"
(Distinguished and ever loyal city of Spain) by King Philip II of Spain.

THE PHILIPPINE UNDER SPANISH RULE

▪ SPANISH CLAIM THE ARCHIPELAGO (PHILIPPINES) BASED ON TWO REASONS

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 o First - since the “discovery” of the Philippines was made under the auspices of
Spain, the Philippines therefore was rightfully owned by Spain.
o Second - since Spain, being in actual possession of the Philippines, it had a
right to colonize it.
o In other words, Spain claimed the Philippines by right of “discovery” and by the
rights of actual occupation.

▪ POLITICAL CHANGES
o Council of the Indies- administer the colonies of Spain. (America and China)
o Ministry of the Colonies- Administer the Philippines and other specific Colonies.

THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

▪ was headed by the governor and captain - general or governor-general.

(GOBERNADOR-HENERAL)
• was appointed by the King of Spain.
• Vice Royal Patron in the Philippines.
• can appoint minor official in the government including the parish
priests.
• He is the commander in chief of the armed forces.
• He possessed vast executive, legislative, and judicial powers.
▪ There are only two branches of government under Spanish Rule
▪ 1. the Executive
▪ 2. the Judicial there was no legistative or congress.
▪ SUPERIOR DECREES - orders from governor - genral.
▪ ROYAL DECREES - orders coming from the king of Spain.

THE AUDENCIA

▪ The Audiencia was established in the Philippines to administer justice to the aggrieved
people in the colony.
▪ Governor Santiago de Vera - first president of Audiencia.
▪ Audiencia was the Highest court insofar as civil and criminal cases were concerned
even political, and administrative matters.

THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

▪ Provincial Government
▪ Alcalde mayor - provincial governor
▪ Gobernadorcillio also called capitan municipal or simply capitan - now the Mayor
▪ Cabezas de Barangay- barangay Captain
▪ THE CITY AND ITS GOVERNMENT
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 o Ayuntamiento - the city government equivalent todays city hall consisted of:
▪ two alcaldes,
▪ twelve regidors(councilors),
▪ a chief of police,
▪ a secretary, and
▪ few other lesser officials.

o Residencia - was the public investigation and trial of outgoing colonial officials
in order to ascertain whether they had committed abuses in the performance
of their duties.

o Visita - a secret investigation of an official's conduct as a public servant.

PROPAGATING THE CATHOLIC FAITH

▪ Animist religion - Animism is the oldest known type of belief system in the world.
▪ THE UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE
o CHURCH OFFICIAL who became a governors-general of the church.
o DISTRICTS - represented geographic regions that had different dialects or
languages.
o PARISHES - represented villages.
o MISSIONS - represented areas or regions that were not yet conquered to
Catholicism.
▪ THE INQUISITION
o The inquisition was an ecclesiastical office, whose duty was to search for
heretic and those guilty of hat were preaching or practicing religious doctrines
that were contrary to that of the catholic Church.

THE INTRODUCTION OF PRINTING

▪ Xylography or printing by woodblock- it is the first printing press they introduced

with rectangular piece of wood say one or two inches thick was carved out with words.
▪ Cristian doctrine (Doctrina Christiana) - the first books printed by this method in
tagalog and chinese, they were printed in 1593.
▪ Dominican improved printing by introducing the use of movable types (this printing, a
letter is joined to a small piece of wood or iron any similar material)
▪ Father Francisco de San Jose , Introduced the movable type of printing
(typography)
o Tayabas (now Quezon Province) 1703, publisheg Vocabulario dela lengua
tagala (Vocabulary of Tagalog Language)

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