REPORT ON FOUR WEEKS OF INTERNSHIP

Carried out at
Udupi District Bio Energy Research, Information & Demonstration Centre

Submitted to
NMAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NITTE
(An Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belagavi)

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

Degree of Bachelor of Engineering

in
Information Science

by
ABHISHEK RAO G
USN 4NM21IS005

Under the guidance of

Dr. Santhosh Poojary

Assistant Professor GIII
Department of Biotechnology Engineering

1
3
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Internship report on “A Survey On Used

Cooking Oil and Production Of Biodiesel” submitted by Mr.Abhishek G

Rao bearing USN 4NM21IS005 of 2nd semester B.E., a bonafide

student of NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte , has undergone four

weeks of internship at Udupi District Bio Energy Research, Information

& Demonstration Centre, N.M.A.M. INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY

during August 2022 fulfilling the partial requirements for the award of

degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Information Science at NMAM

Institute of Technology, Nitte.

_________________________ _______________________
Name and Signature of Mentor Signature of HOD
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am Abhishek Rao G of Section B
Opting Information Science course and
T have done my part in internship of 1st and 2nd semester successfully, here my
internship project is about the production of bio diesal from waste cooking,
introducing our team batch members, they are adarsh krishnan, aditya kashyap,
aditya poonja, alisiri and myself, so we are the five who came with the idea of
biodiesal where our mentor also quided us with their knowledge and bio lap support

Our internship would not have been successful without the encouragement,
guidance and support by various by personalities. First and foremost, we would like
to express our sincere gratitude towards our project guide Dr. Santhosh Poojary ,
N. M. A. M. Institute of Technology, Nitte, for her conscientious guidance,
encouragement and inspiration throughout the internship work.
We extend our gratitude to Dr. I Ramesh Mithantaya, Vice Priciple and Dean
(Academics), N. M. A. M. Institute of Technology, Nitte, for his encouragement. We
wish to acknowledge the support of Dr. Narasimha K Bailkeri, Proffesor, First
Year Coordinator, N. M. A. M. Institute of Technology, Nitte.
We wish to acknowledge the support of Dr. Niranjan N. Chiplunkar , Principal , N.
M. A. M. Institute of Technology , Nitte , for providing motivational academic
environment . Finally, we would like to thank all our friends and well-wishers who
have helped us when where needed and supported us .

ABHISHEK RAO G

ABSTRACT
In this internship project oil analysis for bio diesel was done first the used cooking oil
sample was collected and then tested for quality parameters for bio diesel such as
Density, Kinematic viscosity, and Free Fatty Acid (FFA).
Then a survey was conducted using google form and different question were asked
with people about Bio Diesel, about the source of oil they use and even how much
times do they reuse the oil and how much oil is left over after use and how they
dispose of that remaining unused oil based region wise and establishment such as if
it is hotel and restaurants or residential house from the data collected by the survey
 Table of Contents

Title Page No.

Institute Certificate (i)

Acknowledgement (iii)

Table of Contents (iv)

Abstract 5

Introduction to the Industry/Research Institute 5-6

Details of the Internship Activity 6

Details of the training undergone 6-16

Conclusion 17

References 17

Introduction to the Industry/Research Institute

Details of the Internship Activity

First we conducted a survey asking people some questions about biofuel and then
oil sample analysis was done. First used cooking oil sample was collected and then
it was filtered of impurities and then tested for quality parameters for bio diesel such
as Density, Kinematic Viscosity,
Free Fatty (Acid FFA).

A Survey was conducted asking people few questions about Bio diesel and if they
knew anything about it and their responses are recorded and about how they
manage used remaining cooking oil and how they dispose it.

Biodiesel is a liquid biofuel obtained by chemical processes from vegetable oils or

animal fats and an alcohol that can be used in diesel engines, alone or blended with
diesel oil. ASTM International (originally known as the American Society for Testing
and Materials) defines biodiesel as a mixture of long-chain monoalkylic esters from
fatty acids obtained from renewable resources, to be used in diesel engines. Blends
with diesel fuel are indicated as ‘‘Bx’’, where ‘‘x’’ is the percentage of biodiesel in the
blend. For instance, ‘‘B5’’ indicates a blend with 5% biodiesel and 95% diesel fuel;
in consequence, B100 indicates pure biodiesel.

Some of the advantages of using biodiesel as a replacement for diesel fuel are:
Renewable fuel, obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats. Low toxicity, in
comparison with diesel fuel. Degrades more rapidly than diesel fuel, minimizing the
environmental consequences of biofuel spills. Lower emissions of contaminants:
carbon monoxide, particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes.
Lower health risk, due to reduced emissions of carcinogenic substances. No sulfur
dioxide (SO2) emissions. Higher flash point (100_C minimum). May be blended with
diesel fuel at any proportion; both fuels may be mixed during the fuel supply to
vehicles. Excellent properties as a lubricant. It is the only alternative fuel that can be
used in a conventional diesel engine, without modifications.

Raw Materials for Biodiesel Production :

The raw materials for biodiesel production are vegetable oils, animal fats and short
chain alcohols. The oils most used for worldwide biodiesel production are rapeseed
(mainly in the European Union countries), soybean (Argentina and the United States
of America), palm (Asian and Central American countries) and sunflower ,although
other oils are also used, including peanut, linseed, safflower, used vegetable oils,
and also animal fats. Methanol is the most frequently used alcohol although ethanol
can also be used. Since cost is the main concern in biodiesel production and trading
(mainly due to oil prices), the use of non-edible vegetable oils has been studied for
several years with good results. 8 2 Introduction to Biodiesel Production Besides its
lower cost, another undeniable advantage of non-edible oils for biodiesel production
lies in the fact that no foodstuffs are spent to produce fuel. These and other reasons
have led to medium- and large-scale biodiesel production trials in several countries,
using non-edible oils such as castor oil, tung, cotton, jojoba and jatropha. Animal
fats are also an interesting option, especially in countries with plenty of livestock
resources, although it is necessary to carry out preliminary treatment since they are
solid; furthermore, highly acidic grease from cattle, pork, poultry, and fish can be
used. Microalgae appear to be a very important alternative for future biodiesel
production due to their very high oil yield; however, it must be taken into account
that only some species are useful for biofuel production. Although the properties of
oils and fats used as raw materials may differ, the properties of biodiesel must be
the same, complying with the requirements set by international standards.
PROCEDURE
The waste cooking oil which is been produced by team batch is been tested in the
bio fuel lab . The formal procedure were taken to test the oil .
The following procedure is adopted to synthesize biodiesel test samples from
waste oil. The used sunflower oil for
frying and cooking purpose is the raw material for the production of biodiesel.
Remove sediments and suspended solid particles from the used vegetable oil
using suitable strainer. Prepare NaOH solution by mixing 1 g of NaOH in 100 ml
of pure water.
Add 10 ml of propyl alcohol in 1 ml of used vegetable oil.
It should be noted that propyl alcohol sample must have at least 99%
concentration. Mix NaOH solution prepared with the mixture of
propyl alcohol and vegetable oil slowly till pH value
becomes 9-10. It is found that for each liter of vegetable oil, 2 gm of NaOH in 200
ml of water solution is
required for attaining the specified pH value. Extra amount of NaOH is added so
as to ensure completion
of transesterfication reaction.
The synthesize of biodiesel from used vegetable oil such as sunflower oil is also
possible in large quantities using
methanol alcohol instead of propyl alcohol. The procedure of preparation is as
under: Add 1 gm of NaOH in 50 ml of methanol alcohol. The
resulting products will be sodium methoxide and
hydrogen as per the following reaction:
-
CH3OH + NaOH CH3ONa + H2 Take 100 ml of
cleaned used vegetable oil (the quantities is twice in
volume of the alcohol
temperature reaches 70 C. Discontinue heating as soon as the mixture reaches
o
70 C Cool the mixture at room temperature for about 24 hours.
Separate biodiesel from glycerine .
This graph shows the different places from where the data was collected like hotels
restaurants food industry or a household. Through this graph we can see that
majority of the survey the survey was answered by household

In the second graph we can see the different sources of cooking oil used in different
places and industry oil such as coconut oil sunflower oil peanut oil sesame oil and
other such sources. From this pie chart we can see that coconut oil is used the most
followed by sunflower oil

This graph shows the type of food cooled using the collected oil sample. Majority of
the oil is used to cook Non-Veg food.
In this chart we can know that most of the people are not wasting the remaining
cooking oil and they reuse it for another food item but 34.8% of the people just
dispose it to the drain which is dangerous because it can block the drainage
pipe .The fat clog the soil pores which reduces its effectiveness in filtering water and
therefore blocks the drain pipes.

In this graph we can know howmuch times they reuse the oil and most of the people
reuse it twice or thrice. And using more thsn three times is bad for health and may
cause some health issues

From this graph we can know that most of the people know about the ill effects of
deep frying food items.
We can see that 71.9% of the people who have answered the survey know about
Biofuel and its uses. Only 28.1% of the people don’t know about Biofuel.

We asked people if they were to sell the used waste cooking oil for how much price
would they sell it and we found out that more than half of the people were willing to
sell it for free or lower price
.

Details of the training undergone

After collecting data from the survey I did analysis of the oil sample collected which
was coconut oil and then different analysis such as test for viscosity density and
FFA was done and the results are given below.

1- Simple method of synthesize of Biodiesel is evaluated during the present

study from cleaned used sunflower
oil.
2- Biodiesel synthesized possess properties conforming to that of B100 (as
per ASTM standard).
3- It is found that the level and duration of heating are critical in the
maximum yield of Biodiesel. It is suggested
 achieve a maximum yield of
that the temperature level of 65 – 70 87.5% Biodiesel.

4- The importance of using catalyst during chemical reaction in the removal of

R group and the subsequent yield
of alkyl ester (Biodiesel) [4] is verified

INDIAN STANDARD
FOR BIODIESEL (B 100) BLEND STOCK
FOR
DIESEL FUEL – SPECIFICATION
IS 15607 : 2008

Characteristic Requirement
Density at 15°C (kg/m³) 860-900
Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C (cSt) 2.5 6.0

Flash Point, (°C) Minimum 120

Copper Corrosion, 3 h at 50°C Maximum 1
Acid Value, mgKOH/g Maximum 0.5

Quality parameter for Bio diesel: DENSITY

Instrument: Hydrometer
Description:
Hydrometer is the instrument used to measure the specific gravity (Relative
density) of 3i diesel. It is the ratio of density of Bio diesel to the density of water.
The hydrometer is made of glass consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb
weighted with mercury or lead shot to make it float upright. The hydrometer
contains a paper scale inside the stem, so that the specific gravity can be read
directly.
Procedure
• Measure 500 ml of Biodiesel in a clean dried 500 ml capacity measuring cylinder
• Bring down the temperature to the nearest reference Temperature
(15°C) Allow Bio diesel to settle
Gently lower the hydrometer in to the Bio diesel in the cylinder until it floats freely.
Note the point at which the surface of the Bio diesel touches the stem of the
hydrometer. Read the hydrometer level
The hydrometer reading is the density of the Bio diesel

Density= weight of the sample

Weight of the water :
Weight of bottle with lid is 18.64g.
Weight of bottle with water 28.84g .
The standard solution taken to measure density was water and its weight
was 10.2g.
In my sample I got 925kg/m3 density of the oil sample.
Quality parameter for Bio diesel: KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
instrument: Cannon - Fenske Viscometer
Description:
Viscosity is fluid's resistance to flow (sheer stress) at a given tomperature to tico
ty is traditionally measured by noting the time it takes plo aless, to travel through
the orifice of a capillary under the force of gravity. The orifice of the kinematic
viscometer tube produces a fixed resistance to flow. The time taken for the Bio
diesel to flow through the capillary tube can be converted directly to a kinematic
viscosity using a simple calibration constant provided for each tube.
Procedure:
• Fill the bio diesel in the Cannon - Fenske viscometer Tube No 100 (Direct
type) to bulb marked at (top) close the tube
Hold the viscometer tube in the Viscometer water- Bath apparatus
Heat to 40°C and maintain the temperature for a period 20 - 30 minute
The above process is done so that the oil will obtain the prescribed
temperature during testing
After 30 minute open the tube and simultaneously start the stopwatch ⚫ Stop the
stop watch once the oil flow reaches the bottom of the
mark in the bulb Note the seconds on the stopwatch
Kinematic viscosity (cSt) = ( time in second) X (Standard factor of the bulb of the
viscometer tube used for testing)

From this method the viscosity of the sample is 21.5 pascal-second.

Quality parameter for Bio diesel: FREE FATTY ACID (FFA)

Instrument: Titrimetric method
Description:
Free fatty acids are major content of oil that determines the process scheme for
biodiesel production, quantity of NaOH to be added. FFA can be converted to
biodiesel but it requires two step process. FFA that remains in biodiesel phase
can be washed away during washing process. Free fatty acid content of biodiesel
should as low as possible.
The criteria for selection the process is based on the presence of the Free Fatty
Acid(FFA) content in the oil.
If the Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content of the raw oil is less than 4%, Single
Stage (Alkali base) process has to be undertaken.
If the Free Fatty Acid (FFA) of the raw oil is more than 4%, Double Sage
Procedure:
STEP 1 :
PREPARATION OF 0.1 N (N/10) NaOH SOLUTION Open the NaOH
container and weigh out 4 grams of NaOH using the
weighing scale. After the usage, please make sure that the NaOH container is
closed and
kept back in dry place.
• Measure 1 liter of distilled water into a one liter standard flask.
Add the weighed 4 grams of fresh NaOH into the measured distilled water. Use a
glass rod to break the NaOH flakes and dissolve it by constant and
uniform stirring.
Raise the standard flask to your eye level and check if the NaOH flakes have
dissolved completely.
Now the N/10 NaOH solution is ready.

STEP 2 :

TITRATION OF FREE FATTY ACID CONTENT IN RAW OIL

Take 25ml of N/10 NaOH Solution prepared in STEP 1 into a clean and dry
Burette.
Take 50ml of isopropyl alcohol (or Rectified spirit) in a clean and dry
250ml conical flask.
Add few drops of N/10 NaOH Solution to above flask and swoll(Neutralize).
Measure 10 grams of oil and add it to the above conical flask and shake well.
Heat the above mixture to about 60°C.
• Shake the mixture and allow it to cool a little.
• Add a few drops of Phenolphthalein Indicator into the conical flask.
• Titrate against N/10 (0.1N) NaOH from the burette.
Titrate and shake the conical flask mixing the mixture vigorously but uniformly until
a faint pink color is obtained. Titrate it until the pink color persists for at least one
minute. This is the titration end point. Take theburette reading.

FFA CALCULATION:

FFA Content = 28.2 x (Normality of NaOH)x (Titration Value)

(Weight of the oil)

Titration Value: Burette reading of the ml of NaOH consumed during titration

0.04N : Normality of NaOH Solution

If the Titration value is 3ml then FFA content will be

FFA content= 28.2x0.04x3=% FF
31.2
Which is= 2.6%FF
Conclusion
We are indeed happy to finish our internship project of 1st & 2nd year , which is
accomplished successfully . As our internship project is all about the bio diesel from waste
cooking oil , as the fact , within 25 – 30 years petrol and diesel will be exhausted , it is
better to recycle our waste cooking oil .eventhough the solar and electric cars & bikes are
upcoming , majority of the population will have the petrol & diesel vechicles ,so it is better
to be reconsume the waste cooking oil to bio diesel I hope this internship project will be
useful and prosperous for upcoming batch .

Reference

1) https://www.britannica.com/technology/hydrometer

2) https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/48187

3) https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/biofuel- basics#:~:text=Biodiesel%20is
%20a%20liquid%20fue l,fat%2C%20or%20recycled%20cooking%20grease

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