1.

Transport in plants

Vascular tissue (xylem tissue, phloem tissue)

*** have to know the diagram (organs on roots, stems)

Photosynthesis: LEAF Structure (spongy mesophyll: hollow features for gas exchange of co2
and o2, water evaporation)

(palisade mesophyll: arranged close to the upper epidermis of the leaf, lots of chlorophyll
for maximum absorption of light energy)

Light energy-------> Chemical energy (glucose)

*** photosynthesis

(Light)

Co2 + H20----> glucose+oxygen+water

(chlorophyll)

*** see also the comparison of non-reaction based on light vs non-reaction based on light

2. Inheritance / Mendelian inheritance diagram 1 (segregation law 3:1)

(genetic diseases: hemophilia, albino)

3. Biotechnology and genetic engineering (oil pollution treatment, bioremediation, GMOs,

food security, DNA cloning, EcoEnzymes: biomass)
4. Respiration (alcoholic fermentation: in rice plants) ... look at the name of the enzyme and
why it is necessary to ferment alcohol in rice

Lactic acid fermentation (in human muscle: vigorous activity)

5. Reproduction

(plants: double fertilization)

(Humans: fetal development

Zygote---morula---blatocyst--embryo----fetus)

*** also look at the RH+ rhesus Anti-D factor in the mother's blood.

5. Variation (continuous variation: environmental factors, can be identified, intermediate

characteristics, histogram/bell shape graph, eg height, body weight, length)

(discontinuous variation: genetic factors. Controlled by alleles in GEN. No intermediate

characteristics. Bar graph. Separate, eg: fingerprint pattern, blood type, ability to roll the
tongue)

6. Digestion (focus on liver organs, pancreas: digestion of glycogen, lipids)

*** malaysian healthy plate menu

7. Questions MUST BE ANSWERED

Look at green technology, biotechnology, engineering technology

Green technology (vertical plants, greenhouses, green buildings, bioremediation)

Ecosystem sustainability; threat

Thermal pollution: the temperature of water increases due to the activity of disposal of
waste fertilizers, the effect of... eutrophication... aquatic life cannot carry out metabolism....
enzymes are destroyed.... due to high temperature....

Deforestation: high co2 emissions....less trees for co2 absorption...photosynthesis

decreases....oxygen decreases...environmental temperature increases....

*** usually if the question is about nature, it will be 5S practice