mates

Jesús Artázcoz Pérez-Nievas

December 2022

1 Introduction
v  a3 −b3 c1 −b1 2
u +
a1 −b1
u
u ((a1 −b1 )2 +(a3 −b3 )2 ) a3 −b3

c3c−b 3
1 −b1


1−
u a 1 −b 1 c 3 −b 3
u (a2 −b2 )2 +  a3 −b3 c1 −b  2
u + 1
a1 −b1 c3 −b3
u 1+


a 3 −b 3 c 1 −b 1
u 1− 2 2
(a1 −b 1 ) +(a3 −b3 )
p a −b1 c3 −b3
d(r, A) = (a′′′ 2 ′′′ 2
1 ) + (a1 ) = u
u v
 a3 −b3 1c1 −b 2
+ a3 −b3 c −b1
2
+ 1
u 1

+ a1 −b1 c3 −b3
a1 −b1 c3 −b3
u u 2 2 1+
u u ((a1 −b1 ) +(a3 −b3 ) ) a3 −b3

c1 −b1
q 1−
a3 −b3

c1 −b1


1− a1 −b1 c3 −b3
u u   a −b c −b a1 −b12  c3 −b3 (c2 −b2 )2
u u
+
u t 3 3+ 1 1 (c1 −b1 )2 +(c3 −b3 )2
a 1 −b c
1
3 −b 3
u 1+
(a2 −b2 )2
a3 −b3 c1 −b1
1−
u
u 1+ a1 −b1 c3 −b3
u v  a3 −b3 c1 −b1 2
u u +
a1 −b1
u u ((a1 −b1 )2 +(a3 −b3 )2 )
a3 −b3

c3c−b−b3
(c2 −b2 )2
u u 1− 1 1
u a1 −b1 c3 −b3
1−u 
u  a3 −b3 c1 −b1 2 
u +
a1 −b1

c3c−b−b
t 3 (a2 −b2 )2 ((c1 −b1 )2 +(c3 −b3 )2 )
t 1+

a −b 3 3 1 1
1−
a1 −b1 c3 −b3

P (p1 , p2 )

r ≡ y = mx + n

1
s ≡ y = −m x + n′

p2 = − pm1 + n ⇒ n′ = p2 + p1
m

1
s ≡ y = −m x + pm1 + p2

y = mx + n
y = −m 1
x + pm1 + p2
1
mx + n = − m x + pm1 + p2 ⇒ m2 x + mn = −x + p1 + mp2 ⇒
2 −mn
⇒ (m2 + 1)x = p1 + mp2 − mn ⇒ x = p1 +mp m2 +1
  2 2
2 −mn n+m2 n+n 2
y = m p1 +mp
2
m +1 + n = mp1 +m p2m−m
2 +1 = mp1 +m
m2 +1
p2 +n

P (p1 , p2 )
 2

2 −mn mp1 +m p2 +n
Q p1 +mp 2
m +1 , 2
m +1
r 2  2
⃗ p1 +mp2 −mn mp1 +m2 p2 +n
d(P, r) = d(P, Q) = |P Q| = 2
m +1 − p 1 + 2
m +1 − p2 =
r  2  2
p1 +mp2 −mn−m2 p1 −p1 mp1 +m2 p2 +n−m2 p2 −p2
= m2 +1 + m2 +1 =
√
(−m2 p1 +mp2 −mn)2 +(mp1 −p2 +n)2
= m2 +1

A(a1 , a2 , a3 )
B(b1 , b2 , b3 )
C(c1 , c2 , c3 )

A′ (a1 − b1 , a2 − b2 , a3 − b3 )
B ′ (0, 0, 0)
C ′ (c1 − b1 , c2 − b2 , c3 − b3 )

B ′′ (0,
 0, 0) 
p
C ′′ 0, c2 − b2 , − (c1 − b1 )2 + (c3 − b3 )2

 
tan(a)+tan(b)
• tan(a + b) = 1−tan(a)tan(b ⇒ arctan(x) + arctan(y) = arctan x+y
1−xy

• cos (arctan(x)) = √ 1
1+x2

• sin (arctan(x)) = √ x
1+x2

a3 −b3 c1 −b1
 
a1 −b1 + c3 −b3
   
a3 −b3 c1 −b1
α = arctan a1 −b1 + arctan c3 −b3 = arctan a3 −b3

c1 −b1


1− a1 −b1 c3 −b3

−−−−→
a′′  ′′  ′′ ′′ 
senα = −−′′−3−→′′ 
⇒ a 3 = senα B A 
B A 
−−−−→
a′′  ′′  ′′ ′′ 
cosα = −−′′−1−→
′′ 
⇒ a1 = cosα B A 
B A 

 
√ a3 −b3 c −b1

+ 1
a1 −b1 c3 −b3
v (a1 −b1 )2 +(a3 −b3 )2 a3 −b3


c1 −b1


2 2 1−
(a1 −b 1 ) +(a3 −b3 )
u
′′ a1 −b1 c3 −b3

A 
u a3 −b3 c −b1
 2 , a 2 − b2 , s 
+ 1
 a3 −b3 c −b1
2 
a −b c −b + 1
t
 1+ 1 1
3 3 a1 −b1 c3 −b3 
1+
a3 −b3

c1 −b1


1− a3 −b3 c1 −b1
a1 −b1 c3 −b3 1−
a1 −b1 c3 −b3

B ′′′ (0,
 0, 0) 
p
C ′′′ 0, 0, − (c2 − b2 )2 + (c1 − b1 )2 + (c3 − b3 )2
 v  a3 −b3 c1 −b1 2 
u +
a1 −b1
u ((a −b )2 +(a −b )2 )
 u 1 1 3 3 a3 −b3

c3c−b 3
1 −b1

 q
1−
a1 −b1 c3 −b3 (c −b2 )2
β = arctan −u  + arctan − (c1 −b1 )22 +(c
 u   2  
2
a3 −b3
+
c1 −b1 3 −b3 )
 t a1 −b1 c3 −b3 2

1+ a3 −b3

c1 −b1

(a 2 −b2 )
1−
a1 −b1 c3 −b3