Electronics comprises the physics, engineering, technology CONDITIONS OF RESISTOR

and applications that deal with the emission, flow and control
of electrons in vacuum and matter.[1] The identification of
the electron in 1897, along with the invention of the vacuum
tube.
ELECTRON THEORY - All matter is composed of molecules
which are made up of a combination of atoms. The
assumption is that all the effects of electricity are caused by
the movement of free electrons.[4] DISCOVERED: J. J.
THOMSON (1897)
 Good – resistance reading is within the minimum
and maximum tolerance
 Open – ohm meter reads infinity even at the
highest range
 Shorted – ohm meter read zero even at the lowest
range
 Changed value or leaky – Ohm meter reading
differs much beyond the tolerance value

According to malvino and bates in 2016, in

electronics, all that matters is the outermost orbit.

Element – a substance that can not be decomposed any

further without losing its chemical
Atom – smallest particle of an element with the same
characteristic.
Molecule – smallest particle of the compound with the same
characteristic.
Compound – composed of two or more elements.

RESISTORS
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. It is also
a common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment.
LETTER SYMBOL: R

Unit: ohm

RESISTANCE - Property of substance which opposes flow

electric current.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT
IN RESISTANCE IS OHM

TYPES ACCORDING TO MATERIAL USED

Carbon - generally low wattage resistors
wire-wound - generally high-wattage resistors

TYPES ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION

Fixed Resistor– resistance cannot be changed
Variable Resistor – resistance can be varied

TYPES OF VARIABLE RESISTOR

1. Tapped – usually wire wound, either single tap or multi
tapped
2. Potentiometer – usually made of carbon, primarily used
for voltage control, three terminals
 uses 3 terminals

3. Rheostat – primarily used for current control

 uses 2 terminals
 three terminals

RATINGS/ SPECIFICATIONS
 ohmic value - resistance in ohms, kilo ohms, mega
ohms
 tolerance in %
 power in watts