Public Administration as

Governance
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
 Governance
🠶 as defined in the dictionary, is the method or system of government
or management.
🠶 Itinvolves institutionalization of a system through which citizens,
institutions, organizations, and groups in a society articulate their
interests, exercise their rights, and mediate their differences in pursuit
of the collective good. (ADB Annual Report 2005)
🠶 UNDP describes itas “the exercise of political, economic and
administrative authority to manage a nation’s affairs. Itembraces all
of the methods- good and bad – that societies use to distribute
power and manage public resources and problems.” (UNDP 1997:
9)(ADB 2005 Annual Report)
🠶 Governance promotes the virtues of decentralization, participation,
responsiveness and accountability among others. (Carino, 2000)
 Governance
🠶 establishes the scope of relationship between citizens and
institutions of government.
🠶 Addresses array of issues in public affairs with appropriate
devices such as participation of the majority and its
obedience to established laws.
🠶 it means an open, transparent, and accountable process of
formulating and implementing government policies and laws.
🠶 is not only by government agencies alone, but the active entry
of the people in its affairs towards equality, social justice, rule
of law, and people empowerment. (Lazo)
Governance
Democratic
Governance
Sound
Development
Management
Good
Governance
🠶 “When there is good governance, there is sustainable development.”
(Doornbos 2003)

🠶 “Good governance and sustainable development are indivisible.

That is the lesson of all our efforts and experiences, from Africa to Asia
to Latin America. Withoutgood governance - withoutthe rule of law,
predictable administration, legitimate power, and responsive
regulation -- no amount of funding, no amount of charity will set us on
the path to prosperity…We are fully engaged in efforts to improve
governance around the world…good governance is indispensable
for building peaceful, prosperous and democratic societies.” (Annan
1997)

🠶 “Good governance is perhaps the single most important factor in

eradicating poverty and promoting development.” (Annan 1997)
Elements of Good Governance
 Significance of Good Governance

🠶 Political accountability, including the acceptability of political

system by the people, and regular elections to legitimize the
exercise of political power.
🠶 Freedom of association and participation by various religious,
social, economic, cultural and professional groups in the
process of governance.
🠶 An established legal framework based on the rule of law and
independence of judiciary to protect human rights, secure
social justice and guard against exploitation and abuse of
power.
 Significance of Good Governance

🠶 Bureaucratic accountability ensuring a system to monitor and control the

performance of government offices and officials in relation to quality of
service, inefficiency and abuse of discretionary power. The related to
quality of service, inefficiency and abuse of discretionary power. The
related determinants include openness and transparency in
administration.
🠶 Freedom of information needed for formulation of public policies,
decision-making, monitoring and evaluation of government performance.
🠶 A sound administration system leading to efficiency and effectiveness.
This, in turn, means the value for money and cost effectiveness.
🠶 Cooperation between the government and civil society organizations.
Characteristics of Good Governance
References:

🠶 Brillantes Jr., A. & Fernandez, M. (2008). Is There A Philippine Public

Administration? Or Better Still, For Whom Is Philippine Public Administration?
Presented during the colloquium on:“Is there a Philippine Public
Administration: A Timeless Issue” on 26-27 June 2008 at the UP National
College of Public Administration and Governance (UP NCPAG)
🠶 Srivastava, Meetika (2009). Good Governance – Concept, Meaning and
Features: A Detailed Study
🠶 Asian Development Bank (1999). Governance: Sound Development
Management
🠶 https://sdgintegration.undp.org/ accessed on 08 November 2019
 THANK YOU.
🠶 “There are many plans in a man’s heart,
Nevertheless, the Lord’s counsel – that will stand”

-Proverbs 19:21
PROPAGANDA
 2

“Propaganda is a deliberate, systematic attempt

to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and
direct behavior to achieve a response that
furthers the desired intent of the propagandist.”
Jowett and O’Donnell, authors of Propaganda
and Persuasion, 1986)
 3

“Propaganda is one means by which large

numbers of people are induced to act together.”
Lasswell and Smith, authors of Propaganda,
Communication and Public Opinion, 1946)
 4

PROPAGANDA
▫ targets large group of people;
▫ involves reinforcing existing beliefs, changing
perceptions, activating an emotional response or
provoking a behavior; and
▫ disguises in many forms.
 5

RECOGNIZING PROPAGANDA
Activating strong emotions;

Responding to audience needs and values;

Simplifying information and ideas; and

Attacking opponents.
 6

PROPAGANDA CAN BE FOUND IN:

Journalism and Public Relations;
Advertising;
Government;
Education;
Entertainment; and
Advocacy.
 7

BENEFICIAL OR HARMFUL?
Message;
Techniques;
Environment and Context;
Means of Communication and Format; and
Audience receptivity.
РЯОРАБАПDА АПD РЦБLIС ОРIПIОП
 PROPAGANDA

• As defined by Edward Bernays:

• Modern propaganda is a consistent, enduring effort to create or
shape events to influence the relations of the public to an
enterprise, idea or group
• As defined by Jason Stanley
• Propaganda is the use of images or language to manipulate
people. It is almost always a manipulation of the political
space, and it can be done for all kinds of purposes
 PROPAGANDA
“The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized
habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in a
democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen
mechanism of society constitute an invisible government
which is the true ruling power of our country.

We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed,

our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of.”

- Edward Bernays
 PUBLIC OPINION

• As defined by Walter Lippmann

• Those features of the world outside which have to do with the
behavior of other human beings, in so far as that behavior
crosses ours, is dependent upon us, or is interesting to us, we
call roughly public affairs. The pictures inside the heads of
these human beings, the pictures of themselves, of others, of
their needs, purposes, and relationship, are their public
opinions. Those pictures which are acted upon by groups of
people, or by individuals acting in the name of groups, are
Public Opinion with capital letters
 SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY AS A FACTOR IN
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
• Social indicators commonly used are: number of jobs created,
social acceptance, public knowledge and public health
• A waste treatment technique, which ignores social aspects, is
doomed to failure (Joos & et al, 1999)
• For landfill site selection to be efficient, factors such as serious
environmental threats and nuisance associated with a landfill
installation and operation and with the transport of municipal solid
waste as well as lack of social acceptance associated with them
should be adequately considered (Hadjibiros, Dermatas &
Laspidou, 2011)
• “When used for social purposes, it is among our most
valuable contributions to the efficient functioning of modern
society. The techniques can be subverted; demagogues can
utilize the techniques for antidemocratic purposes with as
much success as can those who employ them for socially
desirable ends.”

- Edward Bernays
 REFERENCES
• Bernays, E. (1928). Propaganda
• Bernays, E. (1947). The Engineering of Consent
• Hadjibiros, K., Dermatas, D., & Laspidou, C.
(2011). Municipal Solid Waste Management and
Landfill Site Selection in Greece: Irrationality
Versus Efficiency. Global NEST Journal, Vol. 13, No.
2, 150-161.
• Joos, W., Carabias, V., Winistoerfer, H., & Stuecheli,
A. (1999) Social aspects of public waste
management in Switzerland, Waste Management,
19, 417-425.
• Lippmann, W. (1922). Public Opinion
POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION
Political socialization is a
process by which an
individual gets knowledge
about the political system,
political values and belief.
Political socialization is the
study of the developmental
processes by which people
of all ages and adolescents
acquire political cognition,
attitudes, and behaviors.
The process of acquiring
political values and
attitudes is called political
socialization.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION

It is a process. Formal and Passes on from Differ from

Informal. one generation state to state.
to another.
 TYPES OF POLITICAL
SOCIALIZATION

NON-
MANIFESTO
MANIFESTO
 TYPES OF POLITICAL
SOCIALIZATION

PRIMITIVE MODERN
 NON-MANIFESTO
TRANSFERENCE- the values and thoughts of a
person or persons are transferred to other
person or persons.

APPRENTICESHIP- learning of the habits and

behavior favorable to political activities.

GENERALIZATION- political socialization works

for generalization to reach from social values to
political aims.
 AGENTS OF POLITICAL
SOCIALIZATION

FAMILY SCHOOLS PEER-GROUP MASS MEDIA

 AGENTS OF POLITICAL
SOCIALIZATION

RELIGION POLITICAL EMPLOYMENT SYMBOLS

PARTIES EXPERIENCE
 IMPORTANCE
It brings enlightenment among the people.
It brings efficiency in the working of the political system.
Provide legitimacy to political system.
Helpful in the formation of the political culture.
Helpful in maintaining political culture.
It prepare the people for political roles.
Provide link between political system and social system.
Provides knowledge about the political matters.
Provide stability to political system.
 FUNCTION
The transmission of political values from one generation to another.

Shape and transmits a nation’s political culture.

It maintains, transforms and sometimes creates the political culture of a

people.
It introduces values, norms and orientations in the minds of individuals.

Find a new political system for itself and create a new political culture for
itself and maintain the same.
The process of political socialization goes on throughout the life of the
individual.
Political socialization is the modification of political culture.
 REFERENCE:

https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_american-government-
and-politics-in-the-information-age/s10-02-political-
socialization.html
Government as Agent of
Political Socialization
(Executive Branch)
The Executive Branch
Headed by the President who functions as both the head of state
and the head of government.

The president is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed

Forces of the Philippines.

The president is elected by popular vote to a term of six years. The

president, then, appoints (and may dismiss) his/her cabinet
members whom he/she presides over.

The executive seat of government is administered officially from

Malacañang Palace—also the official residence of the president—
in Manila. The President may no longer run for re-election, unless
he/she becomes president through constitutional succession and
has served for no more than four years as president.
The Executive Branch is
charged with the
execution and
administration of a
country’s. laws. In
general, the executive
branch sets the
direction of national
policy
CONCEPTS

Political socialization
the process by which a person develops political values and beliefs, including through
interactions with family, friends, school, religious and civic groups, and the media

who (subjects) → learns what (political values, beliefs, attitudes,

behaviors) → from whom (agents) → under what circumstances →
with what effects.
Agents of socialization
sometimes referred to as institutions, work together to influence and shape people's
political and economic norms and values.
How does the
government
affect us?
 Involvement and Participation
…of people who are not …of people outside public
themselves serving in service but, are responsible
government for putting people in public
service
How do people Participate in Governance

01 ELECTIONS

02 JOINING NON-GOVERNMENT
ORGANIZATIONS
03 BARANGAY ASSEMBLIES
ELECTION
Voting is the most prominent form of political participation, and in fact, for
many people, it is the primary means of participating in politics.

A unique and special political act, voting allows for more people’s views to
be represented than any other activity.

Running for Office another avenue for political participation is running for
office. Being a public official requires a great deal of dedication, time,
energy, and money. About 3 percent of the adult population holds an
elected or appointed public office.
JOINING NON- GOVERNMENT
ORGANIZATION
Under Sec. 34 - LGUs are mandated to “promote the establishment and
operation of people’s and NGOs to become active partners in the pursuit of
local autonomy.”

In Sec. 35 – LGUs are empowered to establish Linkages with People’s

Organizations and NGOs through: (a) joint ventures and (b) other
cooperative arrangements.
EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC OFFICES WHERE PRIVATE
INDIVIDUALS MAY BECOME MEMBERS:
Local Chair: Local Chief Executive
Development Members: (1) Members of the Sanggunian; (2) Representatives of POs/NGOs operating in the barangay,
Council (Section who shall constitute not less than 1/4 of the members of the fully organized council; (3) A representative
107, LG Code) of the congressman.

Local Health Chair: The governor or the mayor concerned. Vice Chair: The provincial, city or municipal health
Boards. officer . Members: 1. The chair of the Committee on Health of the Sanggunian concerned; 2. A
(Section 102, representative from the private sector or NGO involved in health services; and 3. A representative of
LGC Code) the DOH in the LGU concerned.

MANDATORY “Mandatory Representation in Policy Making Bodies. The ICCs/IPs shall be provided mandatory
REPRESENTATIO representation in all policy making bodies and in local legislative councils. ICC/IP representation
N In Section 6 of shall be proportionate to their population, and shall have the same privileges as the regular members
the IRR of IPRA, of the legislative bodies and/or policy making bodies
BARANGAY ASSEMBLY
(Sec. 397,LG code)

Composition: ALL PERSONS WHO ARE: (1) Actual residents of the

barangay for not less than 6 months; (2) 15 years of age or over; (3)
Citizens of our country; and (4) Duly registered in the list of barangay
assembly members.
 BARANGAY ASSEMBLY POWERS

1. Recommend 2. Initiate 3. Hear and act

measures for proposals to on Semestral
the welfare of enact or amend Report of
the Barangay any ordinance of Sangguniang
or of their City the LGU Barangay.
or Municipality concerned
“No matter how positive the views of the political
system which has been inculcated by family and
school, when a citizen is ignored by his party,
cheated by his police, starved in the breadline,
and Anally conscripted in the army, his views of
the political realm are likely to be altered”.

- Almond and Verba

end of presentation