Reviewer

Science

Oparin’s theory

- Oparin’s theory is popularly known as the “primordial soup theory,” referring to the acquatic

origins of organisms.

- Following the scenario proposed by Oparin, prebiotic organic molecules, which may either be
terrestrial or extraterrestrial in origin, were built up from the oceans. This promoted the proliferation
of organisms that can survive in aerobic environments.

Heterotrophic vs. Autotrophic Origins

- The standpoint in this case is that either life started out as a simple system that took advantage of
the environment, as proposed by Oparin, or self-sustained systems emerged early on, as proposed by
Wachtershauser. Upon considering the chart of the autotrophic evolution, then Oparin’s theory is
more plausible, as conferred by experts.

THE CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

Organisms may either be unicellular or multicellular. ØCells may come together to form tissues, which
can come together to form organs. Organs make up the human body, as well as the bodies of plants
and animals.

A cell was first discovered by a scientist named, Robert Hooke.

THE CELL THEORY

Matthios Schleiden proposed that all plants are made up of cells. Then Theodore Schwann proposed
that all animals were also made up of cells. ØTogether, Schleiden and Schwann studied a wide variety
of plant and animal tissues, and proposed the Cell Theory in 1839.

The theory essentially stated that all organisms are made up of cells Schulze found that cells were not
empty, as Hooke thought, but that they contained material known as protoplasm.

Rudolf Virchow wrote that, aside from all living things being made up of cells, all cells arise from pre-
existing cells.

Parts of cells and function

Cell Membrane – Outer coverings of the cell

Mitochondria – The powerhouse of a cell. It provides all the the energy that the cell needs

Ribosomes – they make proteins w/c are needed to repair any damage caused
Nucleus – brain of the cell/ command center of the cells

Cytoplasm - where all components rest

Lysosomes – gets rid of the waste materials and other unwanted substance of the cell

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

-is the process by which plants that contain chlorophyll covert energy from the sun into
photochemical energy.

This energy is stored in the form of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide food for man and other
heterotrophic organisms.

-it also produces oxygen as a by-product that is essential for all life on earth

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

-Photosynthesis, means 'making out of light'.

–The roots take up water and minerals from the ground and their leaves absorb a gas called carbon
dioxide (CO2) from the air. They convert these ingredients into food by using energy from sunlight.
The foods are called glucose and starch

Plant Reproduction

The reproduction of plants is important for the propagation of life on earth. There are

3 types of plant reproduction, namely:

1. Asexual Reproduction

2. Sexual Reproduction

3. Vegetative Reproduction

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

- Offsprings are produced by a parentwithout any fusion of sex cells or gametes. Additionally, only a
single parent is involved and the offspring produced are genetically identical to the parent (clone).
Sexual Reproduction

- Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of female and male reproductive cells (gametes).

- The fusion of gametes is also called fertilization and it results in the production of diploid zygote.

- When the zygote undergoes further development, it gives rise to a new individual that is diploid.

Vegetative Reproduction

- any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment of
the parent plant or grows from a specialized reproductive structure.

Factors Affecting Flowering

- The plant’s flowering is affected by light (photoperiodism) and by temperature (vernalisation).

Factors Affecting Flowering

- Photoperiodism is the response of the plant to the duration of dark and light per day. This
determines its growth and flowering.

- Vernasilation is when low temperatures occur, and this stimulates the early formation of flowers.

PARTS OF FLOWER

COROLLA [PETAL]

CALYX [SEPAL]
Animal Reproduction

Animal reproduction is the process by which animals propagate on earth and it also the process
through which genetic materials are transferred to offspring. Nimals, like plants, may reproduce
through asexual or sexual means.

Asexual reproduction

-offspring come from a single parent and has the exact copy of the genes hence reffered as “clone”.
This is very common in plants and is less common in animals

Types of Asexual Reproduction

1. Fragmentation- Pieces of the parent breaks off and develoips into a new animal.

2. Binary fission- process in which an organism divides in two and grow into a new organism.

3. Budding- a type of asexual reproduction in which there is a continuous regeneration of cells at one
specific site of the body of an organism.

4. Partheogenesis- is a form of asexual reproduction by self- impregnation resulting in the production

of a zygote from an unfertilized egg.

5. Transaverse- Fission that involves direct reproduction in which eachg portion regenerates missing
parts to become a complete new animal depending on the axis of separation.

Sexual Reproduction

-is the perpetuation of a new organism from two organisms with the use of gametes.

Types of Sexual Reproduction

1. Internal Fertilization- the fusion of gametes is inside the female body.

2. external Fertilization- the fusion of gametes outside the female body.

Internal Fertilization

VIVIPARITY- the offspring develops within the female body and is nourished by the mother’s blood in
the placenta.

External Fertilization

OVIPARITY- the female has fertilized eggs laid outside its body.
Parts and Structures of plants

Common Types of Plant Cells

Collenchyma Cells

-They are hard or rigid cells, which play a primary role in providing support to the plants when there is
restraining growth in a plant due to lack of hardening agent in primary walls.

Sclerenchyma Cells
-These cells are more rigid compared to collenchyma cells and this is because of the presence of a
hardening agent. These cells are usually found in all plant roots and mainly involved in providing
support to plants.

Parenchyma Cells

-Parenchyma Cells play a significant role in all plants. They are the living cells of plants, which are
involved in the production of leaves. They are also involved in the exchanged of gases, production of
food, storage of organic products and cell metabolism. These cells are typically more flexible than
others because they are thinner.

Xylem Cells

-Xylem Cells are the transport cells in vascular plants. They help in the transport of water and minerals
from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the plants.

Phloem Cells

-Phloem cells are other transport cells in vascular plants. They transport food prepared by the leaves
to different parts of the plants.

Indeterminate Growth

Plants that grow throughout their life

Determinate Growth

Such as most leaves, thorns, and flowers. That is, they stop growing once they reach a certain size.