EXERCISE FOR 8TH GRADE

1. The diagram shows part of the human respiratory system.

(a) (i) The structures labelled X and Y change the volume of the lungs during breathing.
Name the structures X and Y.
X is ___________________________________________________________________
Y is ___________________________________________________________________ [2]

(ii) Describe how structures X and Y move to increase the volume of the lungs.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ [2]

2. Aiko draws a diagram of an atom of lithium.

(a) The scientist who found that model is ____________________________________________ [1]

(b) The electrons in the charge cloud are held in position.
They do not escape from the atom.
Explain why the electrons in the charge cloud cannot escape from the atom.
Use ideas about the charges on the particles in the atom.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(c) Name of the component inside of the nucleus is ______________________________________and

______________________________ [2]

3. Carlos investigates what happens when light hits a mirror and when light hits a glass block.
(a) (i) Complete the diagram to show what happens to a light ray that hits the surface of a mirror.

[1]
(ii) Complete the diagram to show what happens to a light ray that hits and then goes through a glass
block.
 [2]

(b) When white light goes through a prism, the light is refracted and split into the colours of the rainbow.

What is the name of this process?

[1]
____________________________________________________________________________
4 Here is some information about a loaf of bread.
amount per
component
100 g of bread
energy 970 kJ
protein 8.0 g
carbohydrate 51 g
fat 1.7 g
dietary fibre 3.5 g
salt 1.4 g
(a) Why does the body need a supply of protein?
____________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(b) The total mass of protein, carbohydrate, fat, dietary fibre and salt in the table does not add up to 100 g.
What substance makes up the remaining mass of bread?
____________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(c) (i) Calculate the amount of energy provided by 20 g of bread.

_______________________________ kJ [1]
(ii) Which component in the bread provides most of this energy?
________________________________________________________________________ [1]

5. Lily investigates the ink on a letter.

She uses paper chromatography to separate the dyes in some inks.
Look at the results of Lily’s experiment.
 (a) Describe how paper chromatography separates the dyes in ink.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________ [1]
(b) Which ink was used to write the letter?
Choose from A, B, C or D.
____________________________________________________________________________
Explain how you can tell.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ [2]

6. This question is about magnets.

(a) On the diagram of the bar magnet, complete the two magnetic field lines shown.

[1]

(b) Jamila makes an electromagnet.

Look at the diagram for her electromagnet.

The electromagnet attracts steel paperclips.

Jamila wants to make her electromagnet stronger.
Write down two ways she can make her electromagnet stronger.
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________ [1]

7. The drawings, based on fossils, show an iguanodon and a woolly mammoth.

These animals both lived in the same parts of Europe but at different times.
Both animals are now extinct.
Scientists think that the Earth’s climate cycles between warm and cold periods of time.
(a) Does the fossil evidence support the idea that the Earth has cycles of warm and cold periods of time?
____________________________________________________________________________
 Give two reasons for your answer.
1. _________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ [2]
(b) Explain if the fossil evidence supports the idea that each cycle takes a long period of time.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ [1]

8. Ahmed investigates the energy changes when some chemicals are mixed.

He measures the temperature at the start and at the end of each reaction.
Look at his results.
temperature at start temperature at end
mixture type of reaction
in °C in °C

A 18 26 exothermic

B 18 18

C 18 10

(a) The reaction in mixture A is exothermic. Explain

how you can tell.
____________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(b) What type of reaction is reaction C?

____________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(c) Mixture B involves substances that are unreactive. What word

describes substances that are unreactive?
Circle the correct answer.
[1]
metals non-metals inert explosive

9. Yuri runs a 100 m race.

He takes 13 seconds to run 100 m.
(a) Calculate Yuri’s average speed.
Include the units in your answer.
Yuri’s average speed = _________________________________________________________ [2]

(b) Yuri does a run.

Look at the distance / time graph for Yuri’s run.
 Yuri stops for a rest.
Between which points does Yuri stop for a rest?
Tick (√) the box next to the correct answer.
A and B

B and C

C and D

D and E [1]
10. Read the information about the Solar System.

o Earth is one of the eight major planets in the Solar System.

o Before 1554 the only known planets were Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
o In 1608 the first simple telescope was invented by Lippershey.
o In 1781 Uranus was discovered by Herschel.
o In 1801 Piazzi discovered the first asteroid.
o Some time later a ring of asteroids was discovered in orbit between Mars and Jupiter.
This is called the asteroid belt.
o Asteroids vary in size and shape.
o In 1846 Neptune was discovered by Galle.

Use the information to help you to answer the questions.

(a) Suggest why astronomers did not discover the asteroid belt until the early 1800s.
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ [1]

(b) Circle the name of the scientist who discovered the first asteroid.

Galle Herschel Lippershey Piazzi

(c) (i) What are asteroids made of?
_________________________________________________________________________ [1]
(ii) Why are asteroids not classified as planets?
_________________________________________________________________________ [1]
(d) Modern telescopes have a much larger magnification than the first telescopes.
Suggest two ways modern telescopes help to improve our knowledge of asteroids and the asteroid belt.
1. ________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ [2]

11. Chemical formulae are used to model chemical compounds.

The chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6.
A molecule of glucose contains:
• 6 atoms of carbon, C
• 12 atoms of hydrogen, H
• 6 atoms of oxygen, O.
 A molecule of sulfuric acid contains:
• atoms of hydrogen, H
• 1 atom of sulfur, S
• atoms of oxygen, O.

(a) Write the chemical formula for sulfuric acid.

Formula ___________________________________ [1]

(b) The concentration of a solution of glucose depends on how many glucose particles are present in 1 cm3
of water.
An analogy for concentration is how many children are in a room.
(i) What is meant by an analogy?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ [1]
(ii) Describe how the analogy of children in a room can be used to model a high concentration solution
and a low concentration solution.
high concentration _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
low concentration _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ [2]

12. Safia investigates how changing the temperature affects the volume of a gas. She places
a sealed balloon in water at two different temperatures.

She uses water at 10 °C and at 50 °C.

She measures the diameter of the balloon at both temperatures.
Predict what happens to the diameter of the balloon as the temperature of the water increases.
Prediction:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Explain your answer. Use ideas about particles.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ [3]

PAPER 2

1. The diagram shows a drop of blood as seen with a microscope.

(a) One type of blood cell carries oxygen.

 (i) Name this type of blood cell.
_________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(ii) Circle the letter that shows this type of blood cell.

W X Y Z [1]

(b) When a person has an infection the number of white blood cells increases rapidly. Explain
why this happens.
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) (i) What is the name of the liquid part of blood?
[1]
_________________________________________________________________________

(ii) Write down one substance that is transported by the liquid part of blood.
________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(d) (i) Measure the diameter, in mm, of the cell labelled W.

_________________ diameter = __________mm [1]

(ii) Use your answer in (d)(i) to calculate the actual diameter of cell W.
A 1 mm length on the diagram represents an actual length of 0.5 microns.

[1]
Actual diameter = ______________________________microns

2. Atoms contain of protons, neutrons and electrons.

(a) Complete the table to show the electrical charges on each particle.
Particle Electric charge

Proton

Neutron

Electron
[2]

(b) What is the name of the part of the atom that contains the protons and neutrons?
____________________________________________________________________________ [1]

3. Look at the diagram. It shows the addition of different colours of light.

[2]
(a) Complete the diagram by writing the correct colour in each box

(b) Lily investigates two filters. Look at the diagram.

 What does Lily see on the screen?
Circle the correct answer.

blue light no light white light yellow light [1]

4. European rabbits were introduced into Australia as a source of food for humans in the late 1700s. The
number of rabbits increased rapidly.
They became pests and damaged the ecosystems in large parts of Australia.
(a) (i) What is an ecosystem? [1]
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(ii) Suggest two reasons why the number of rabbits increased so rapidly.
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________ [2]

(iii) Rabbits are herbivores.

Suggest how a large number of rabbits damage an ecosystem.
_________________________________________________________________________ [1]
(b) Foxes are predators and eat rabbits.
Foxes were released in Southern Australia in the 1800s.
Look at the map. It shows the distribution of foxes in Australia in 2006.

(i) Suggest how the data needed to make this map was collected.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(ii) In many parts of Australia, foxes are an invasive species.

What is meant by an invasive species?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(iii)Describe how the evidence in the map supports the idea that foxes are an invasive species.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ [1]
5. Look at the graph.
It shows the mass of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate that dissolves in 100 cm3 of water at different
temperatures.

(a) Describe how the mass of potassium nitrate that dissolves in 100 cm3 of water changes as the
temperature increases.
[1]
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

(b) What mass of sodium nitrate dissolves in 100 cm3 of water at 40 °C?
Mass g
[1]

(c) At what temperature is the mass of sodium nitrate and the mass of potassium nitrate that dissolves in 100
cm3 of water the same?
________________________________oC [1]

6. This question is about magnetic field lines.

(a) The north pole of one bar magnet attracts the south pole of another bar magnet. Look at the diagram. It
shows two bar magnets.
Draw two magnetic field lines between the magnets.
Include the arrows.

[2]

(b) The north pole of one bar magnet repels the north pole of another bar magnet. Look at
the diagram. It shows two bar magnets.
Draw two magnetic field lines between the two magnets. Include the arrows.

[1]

7. The Milky Way contains a large number of stars and other matter. The
diagram shows what the Milky Way looks like from outer space.
 (a) What name is given to a large number of stars such as the Milky Way?
[1]
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(b) The Milky Way contains stars and planets.
Name one other type of matter found in the Milky Way.
____________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(c) The Sun is a star in the Milky Way.

What name is given to the Sun and its orbiting planets?
____________________________________________________________________________ [1]

8. The chart shows part of the reactivity series of metals.

sodium
calcium
magnesium
Increasing
reactivity zinc
copper
gold
Many metals react with oxygen and water.
(a) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to make magnesium oxide. Write
the word equation for this reaction.
___________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(b) Gold is unreactive and does not react with oxygen. Explain
why.
___________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(c) Calcium reacts with cold water.

Write down the names of the two substances made in this reaction.
____________________________________ and ____________________________________ [2]

9. Mike and Oliver are on a see-saw.

The see-saw is balanced.

(a) Mike has a weight of 400 N.

Calculate Oliver’s weight. Use the principle of moments.

Oliver’s weight = ___________________N [2]

(b) Pierre and Rajiv stand upright.

Pierre Rajiv
 Look at the table. It shows some information about Pierre and Rajiv.
weight area of shoes

Name in N in m2

Pierre 440 0.04

Rajiv 500 0.05

Pierre exerts a greater pressure on the ground than Rajiv.

Use calculations to explain why Pierre exerts a greater pressure on the ground than Rajiv

[3]
10. The diagram shows the internal structure of the Earth.

(a) Which layer A, B or C is responsible for making the Earth’s magnetic field?
________________________________________________ [1]

(b) Write down the part of the Earth that acts as a magnet.
____________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(c) Circle the equipment that finds the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field.

[1]
Compass electromagnet forcemeter voltmeter

11. Blessy reacts each of the metals calcium, magnesium and iron with dilute hydrochloric acid. She
wants to find out which reaction releases the most heat.

(a) Blessy decides to use 20 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid and 0.1 g of each metal. Explain
why she uses the same volume of dilute hydrochloric acid each time.
____________________________________________________________________________ [1]
(b) What measurements does Blessy take to find out which reaction releases the most heat?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
[2]
12. Priya makes an electromagnet.
She chooses from this list of equipment.
ammeter buzzer electric cell electrical wires
iron rod lamp switch voltmeter
Draw a circuit diagram for the electromagnet she makes.

[3]

13 People are concerned that increased global warming is causing climate change.
Evidence for increased global warming includes:
• the increase in the rate of melting of glaciers and polar ice caps
• a rise in mean sea levels.
(a) Explain why it is important to keep records of data over a period of time.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________ [1]
(b) Satellites have sensors that can accurately measure the height of the sea. They can also take detailed
photographs of the surface of the Earth.
(i) Suggest one reason why it is important to make a large number of observations of the Earth.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ [1]

(ii) Give one reason why it is important to make accurate and detailed observations over time.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ [1]