Water Quality Assessment of Napatdan River at Tambang,

Tinambac, Camarines Sur

Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science Partido State University -

Tinambac Campus Tinambac, Camarines Sur

LEVY S. BARROGA

JULIAH N. TERANTE

2022
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Water is essential to life. Humans require water not only for drinking but also for survival, food

and sanitation, as well as large amounts of water for industrial purposes for example, energy production or

manufacturing. In some developing countries, the supply is insufficient. Safe, clean drinking water is

taken for granted, whereas in other parts of the world. The word’ s access to safe water is severely limited.

However, even in prosperous countries, droughts can occur, and when combined with improper water use,

this can result in severe water scarcity with significant economic consequences.

River water quality is very important because rivers are used for a variety of purposes, including

drinking water supplies for homes and businesses, irrigation for agriculture, hydroelectric power plants,

transportation and infrastructure, tourism, recreation, and other uses of water for human or economic

benefit (Venkatramanan, 2014). However, a lot of freshwater resources in the Philippines are being

polluted. According to an April study published by the

AAAS’ Science Advances journal, it shows that the 28% of the rivers responsible for global plastic

pollution are in the Philippines (BusinessWorld, 2021). BusinessWorld (2021) states that the Philippines

had 466 rivers out of the 1,656 rivers that accounted for 80% of ocean plastic waste, followed by India

with 211 and Malaysia with 105.

Numerous hydrological studies have been published globally in the context of sustainable water

management, emphasizing the ecological importance of river water. Additionally, numerous studies that

consider the quality of the water have been conducted (Pantelić, 2012; Ferencz, 2010; & Pârvulescu,

2010). This field of research, which focuses on the quality of waterways, frequently makes use of

mathematical and statistical models. Water quality index (WQI), water pollution index (WPI), and river

habit.at survey (RHS) are three of the most significant water quality indicators that are used in the
majority of research that assess the quality of water resources (Milanović, 2006 & Milanović, 2011).

Studies focusing on water quality of water bodies in Tambang area and especially of major

transboundary rivers from Napatdan hydrographical area are scarce, so this study has a great importance

for the reason that it describes the suitability of surface water sources from this hydrographical area for

human consumption being useful for communication of overall water quality information to the concerned

citizens and policy makers.

To determine the locations of major polluting sources that contribute to water quality depletion in

the Napatdan hydrographical basin, an analysis will be made throughout the study in order to evaluate this

river using the water quality index (WQI) method, which is one of the most reliable indicators of the

watercourses pollution and the most convenient way to express the water quality at the same time (Paiu,

2014).

The Napatdan River is one of the rivers in Brgy, Tambang that is frequently used for

anthropogenic activities such as washing clothes, bathing, and etc. As the activities continue, the water

quality of the Napatdan river is degraded by guests' inappropriate waste management. Other pollutants are

derived from household and livestock waste that causes water pollution. In addition, it attracts a lot of

visitors in which the majority of them dispose of their waste anywhere. For which in the future, this

pollutant will pose a serious health risk to humans.

In coordination with the residents of Zone 7, Brgy. Tambang, we want to help in developing solid

and reliable data about the water quality of Napatdan River which we believe will be beneficial to the

barangay itself, to the environment, and to future researchers. Throughout this study, in order to evaluate

the water quality of Napatdan River, we are also aiming to determine the causes of the depletion of the

river’s water quality.

It is hoped that by the completion of this study, a better understanding about the water quality of

the river would be gained, leading to the discovery of potential solutions to the problem.
 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is protection of water resources . The Napatdan River is very

beneficial to the Tamban locals. Therefore, it must be safeguarded and cared for in order for the future

generation to benefit. Additionally, this research study is to spread awareness and information about water

quality of Napatdan river. The specific objectives of this study are the following:

1. To assess the water quality by using the Weighted Arithmetic Index Method

2. To calculate the water quality index of nine water parameters each site; 3. To

determine the factors that influence water quality of Napatdan River.

Scope and Delimitation

This study only focuses on certain physicochemical parameters measured in Napatdan River during

the month of September, October, November of 2022. Thus, data outside the area and time frame

of interest is not within the scope of this research.

Furthermore, the sample points consider in this study are the Napatdan River. Hence the findings of

this study may not be applied to other areas and time frame of interest.
Significance of the Study

The results of this study will provide significant information that regards the water quality. The

information obtained in this research would be a great help in spreading awareness and knowledge about

the water quality of Napatdan river.

Specially, it would be beneficial to the following:

Students and Researchers - the data of this study will provide them with basic information about water

quality assessment and will serve as a reference for future research or related studies.

Nearby Residents / Local People - the information or data obtained from this research would increase

the awareness and knowledge of residents and also understand its importance to maintain the resources.

Local Government Unit of Tinambac - the generated result would provide baseline information to

formulate strategies, programs, projects, policies and activities that would address the issues and concerns

in terms of the poor water quality.

Future Researchers - this study will provide scholarly information to offer a good reference for future

researchers who will invest in baseline studies of coastal water quality.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies about Water Quality and other

related studies that are gathered from journals, published and unpublished theses and internet, which

provide a great help in the extent of gaining better insights in conducting the study.

Related Readings
The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (Republic Act No. 9275) aims to protect the country’s
water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments,
agriculture and community/household activities). It provides for a comprehensive and integrated
strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach
involving all the stakeholders.

SEC. 3. Coverage of the Act. – This Act shall apply to water quality management in all water
bodies: Provided, That it shall primarily apply to the abatement and control of pollution from
land based sources: Provided, further, That the water quality standards and regulations and the
civil liability and penal provisions under this Act shall be enforced irrespective of sources of
pollution.

An act providing for an ecological solid waste management, creating the institutional mechanism
and incentive, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds
therefore and for other purposes.

SECTION 1. Short Title. — This Act shall be known as the “Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000.”
SECTION 2. Declaration of Policies. — It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt a

systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which shall:

(a) Ensure the protection of public health and environment;

(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources

and encourage resource conservation and recovery;

(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source

reduction and waste minimization measures, including composting,

recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and

disposal in appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in

accordance with ecologically sustainable development principles;

(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid

waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practice in ecological

waste management excluding incineration;

(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management

and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous

and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery;

(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;

(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local

government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other

local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector;

(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the application of
market-based instruments;

(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and

local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and

(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation

and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order to

promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

Water Quality

Holden (2018) defines Quality control, once established the water that has been gathered is of

equal importance to obtaining first and foremost, water. Too much treatment is unnecessary and too little

can present health risks. Methods of low-cost water sanitization such technical terms as sand filters, which

the Romans used as well as modern water utilities. The intelligent applications of water treatment

technologies can convert it to a “fit for use” standard. Graduated layers of sand and gravel that tailor the

water quality depending on the specific application.

Improper Waste Disposal that Affects Water Quality

In developing countries, solid waste generation and management is a problem. And even in some

developed ones, but the consequences are more severe with nations in development. This is because

integrated solid waste management is a due to some significant obstacles to

implement in such countries due to some significant can’t factors such as inadequate funding , political

elite corruption, and an overwhelming workload. Population gro3 wth, rapid urbanization, and insufficient

sensitization campaigns, a lack of technological know-how, etc.

Traditional management most Nigerian universities' practices must change for proper management of the

resulting MSW. The first step is to conduct solid waste characterization studies. The first step, and the

foundation of any proper waste management program is so low in importance. Nigerian universities, this
is due to lack of attention paid to long term sustainability. Management throughout the country and

without proper characterization, there will be no management practice will be efficient and effective.

According to the majority of report studies in developed countries, they have a more well-structured solid

waste management system than developing countries.The majority of developed country universities,

nations have developed sustainable programs.

The psychochemical parameters play an important role in assessing the quality of water as it indicates

how the body still gives, produces, and sustains life beneath it waves. Changes in its attributes usually lead

to the conclusions that the quality of water has also changed.(Djukie etal., 1994).

The Department of environment and Natural Resources Administrative order No. 2016-08 order the

adaptation of several Water Quality Guidelines (WQG) and General Effluent Standards (GES) in order to

protect, preserved, review the quality fresh, brakish and marine waters in the country. The WQG has

provided parameters to be monitored by the agency.

There are ten primary parameters set to and these are: Beochemical Oxygen Demand ( BOD), Chloride,

Color in true color unit, Fecal Coliform in most probable, Minimum Disolved Oxygen (DO), Nitrate as

NO3- N, pH or level of acidity, Phosphate, Temperature and Dissolved Solids.

There are also five secondary inorganic parameters to be measured along with the primary parameters.

These are ammonia N+3-N parameters. This along with the primary parameters. This are ammonia as

N+3-N, boron, flouride, Selenium, and sulfate. In this study, only six parameters coming from the

primary and secondary ones were considered.

The said administrative order also provide classification of water bodies. This are the following:

1. Class AA: Public water supply class I- intended primarily for waters having watersheds, which are

unhabited and/ or otherwise declared as protected area, and which required only approved

disinfection to meet the latest PNSDW.

2. Class A: Public water supply class II- intended as sources of water supply requiring conventional
 treatments ( coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection) to meet the latest PNSDW.

3. Class B:Recreational water class I i tended for primary contact recreation (bathing , swimming etc.).

4. Class C: Fishery water for propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources ; Recreational

water class II for boating, fishing or similar activities; and for agriculture, irrigation and livestock

watering.

5. Class D: Navigable waters

Ammoniom or nitrogen is known to contribute to the total ionic salinity of the water. This nutrient is known

to affect the productivity of water bodies, especially freshwaters.(Wetzel,2001). This is highly due to the

presence of sewage and industrial waste pollution or dominance of saline water (Patil et al.,2012).

Biochemical oxygen demand, commonly called as BOD, is defined as the oxygen required for a

microorganism to facilitate biological decaying of dissolved solid or organic matter in wastewater under

certain aerobic co nditions.(Solank & Pandit, 2006). It indicates the health of a surface water supply as it

naturally treats wastewater present inside the body.( Qureshimatva etal.,2015).

Nitrate is considered as the most highly oxidized form of nitrogen compound usually present in water

systems.A high amount of nitrate present in the system supports the algal and plankton growths.

(Qureshimatva etal.,2015).

The parameter pHmeasures the level of acidity of a solution at a certain temperature. Scientifically, it is

defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration, i,e. pH=-log[-H]. For water pH ranges from

7.0 to 7.85 (Goher, 2002). Measuring the acidity of water is important in maintaining the safe environment for

plant and animal species since they only survive to a narrow range of pH condination not too basic

(Qureshimatva,2015).

Similar to nitrate , when water is similar to phosphte , formation of algal blooms becomes evident to know to

facilitate biological metabolism, the nutrient is also present due to domestic waste and sediments entering the

body of water. (Solanki, 2015).

 Improper waste disposal that affects water quality

As according to Khylle Tumala (January 2015) from her study in the effects of improper

waste management in the Philippines, “Improper waste disposal is one of the major

environmental problems here in the Philippines. It caused greater problems that affect not only

from the environment but also the wellbeing and life of the people. A law in the Philippines

authorized by the Office on the President on January 26, 2001 was generated in response to the

rapidly increasing rate of garbage problems in the country caused by inappropriate waste

disposal. Sad to say, even though there is a law, improper solid waste disposal in the Philippines

was ranked 3rd as top source of fresh contamination in a study on February 2015.

Moreover, Marianne and Fred Sandford (2015) also claimed that improper disposal of

waste is doing just contaminate soil and the local water supply, but it can also pollute the air. An

area with a reputation for a horrible atmosphere can sometimes be to lower property values, so

not continuing to follow proper disposal techniques can even affect the cost of houses' properties.

Long term execution of inappropriate disposal of municipal wastes can affect soil and water

properties and profitability. It also produces lethal gases such as carbon monoxide and methane

gas.

Waste disposal is distinctive from waste management. Proper waste disposal is needed to

similar results are obtained waste management. Waste Management refers to the recycling,

processing, transport, impressive collection, and monitoring of waste products. The toxic waste
 mainly of three types: solid, liquid or in gas state. Waste materials commonly is known as non-

biodegradable waste (UKEssays, 2015). Their study centered on the waste hierarchy or 3R’s –

reduce, reuse, recycle – and explored wastewater treatment as an idea and effect of waste

disposal. Without properly executing waste disposal, difficulty in waste management also

emerge. It is also proven that human activities and lack of responsibility are the chief cause of

improper waste management that makes the problem difficult to resolve.

Causes of Poor Water Quality

Reduced water quality has become an international issue of concern as human population

grow, agricultural and industrial operations expand and climate change threatens to cause major

alterations to the hydrological processes. Water quality are complex and varied and are deserving

urgent global attention and action (UN – Water 2011). (UN – Water 2011). Both natural processes

and anthropogenic factors influence the effectiveness of surface waters and ground water. The

disposal of these pollutants into water bodies directly or indirectly will contaminate the water system

and hence actually impact water quality and availability for desired usages.

The massive causes of water pollution are from human settlement and industrial but instead

activities. Negative factors related to any of these activities include unhygienic disposal and

unsatisfactory treatment of human and livestock wastes, indecent assessment and treatment industrial

residues, unsuitable agricultural practices and unsafe solid drainage density. For example: i) Over

80% of sewage in developing countries is discharge untreated directly into water bodies (UNICEF

and WHO, 2008). (UNICEF and WHO, 2008). ii) Companies are required for depositing an

estimated 300 – 400 million tones of heavy metals, solvent, toxic sludge and other wastes into water

each year (UN – Water 2011). iii) Nitrates from agriculture are most common chemical source of
contamination in the world ground water aquifers (Morris et al, 2003 and Mahvi et al, 2005). (Morris

et al, 2003 and Mahvi et al, 2005).

In the united states of America, manures and pesticides from agricultural production are

really the source of water pollution (Revenga and Mock 2000, Faeth 2000). (Revenga and Mock

2000, Faeth 2000). In almost all countries with major land salinization; water salinization is indeed

a problem. Major effects have been identified in Argentina, China, India, Sudan, and many countries

in central Asia where more than 10 million hectares of irrigated land are salinized (Ghassemi et al,

1995). (Ghassemi et al, 1995). Contamination and soil pollution from such sources manifest itself in

the form of increased acidity, and higher concentration of nutrient levels, sediments, salts, trace

metals, chemical and other toxins, as well as harmful soil bacteria that may thrive in warmer waters.

Nutrients leavening agents has become most widespread water quality problems, badly freshwater

and coastal ecosystem (UNESCO, 2009).

Significance of Selected Water Parameters

Parameters play a crucial role in influencing physical, chemical , and biological processes in

bodies of water ( including the flowing waters like rivers) as well as the concentration of numerous

variables ( ANZECC, 2003). Water with a high temperature activities the rate of chemical reactions that

have an effect on evaporation and volatilization of substances. The solubility rate of gasses in water

increases as water temperature rises. Oxygen (O;) levels, for example, fall. Furthermore, aquatic

organisms' respiration rate of decomposition ( Chapman and Kimstach, 2002).

pH
 According to (Weiner, E. R, 2008) the most important physicochemical parameter controlling the

behavior of other water quality parameters as well as metal concentration in aquatic environments is

probably pH. The concentration of hydrogen ions influences all chemical processes in aquatic systems,

including acid-base reactions, solubility reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, and complexations (pH).

Water bodies in the vicinity of mining activities are vulnerable to metal contamination from dumpsite

leachate and other mining waste discharge. Because of their ability to bioaccumulate along the food chain,

metal pollution has become a major concern.

The availability of these metals, however, can be influenced by pH, making pH an important

factor in determining water's chemical and biological properties.

pH can also affect bacteria's lives and the availability of other contaminants in water. In general,

extremely high or extremely low pH levels can make water unpleasant for certain

purposes. Metals tend to precipitate at very high pH levels, while chemicals such as ammonia become

toxic to aquatic life; in alkaline conditions, water has an unpleasant odor and taste [10]. Metal solubility

increases at low pH, and chemicals such as cyanide and sulphide become more toxic. Acidic waters

corrode metal pipes as well.

Therefore, heavy metals in water with a low pH tend to be more toxic, as they become more

soluble and bioavailable. Exposures to extreme water pH via drinking and skin contact are known to be

associated with irritation to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Many municipal water suppliers

voluntarily test the pH of their water to monitor for pollutants. Thus, the determination of pH could serve

as a sensitive indicator for contamination.

DO

According to ( Wetzel R.G, 2001) One of the most important parameters is dissolved oxygen

(DO). Its relationship with a body of water provides both direct and indirect information, such as bacterial

activity, photosynthesis, nutrient availability, stratification, and so on (Premlata Vikal, 2009). Dissolved
oxygen decreased as summer progressed due to temperature increases and increased microbial activity

(Moss 1972, Morrissette 1978, Sangu 1987, Kataria, 1996). The increase in temperature and duration of

bright sunlight has an effect on the percentage of soluble gases (O2 & CO2). Summer's long days and

intense sunlight appear to hasten photosynthesis by phytoplankton, utilizing CO2 and emitting oxygen.

This could explain the higher O2 quality recorded during the summer (Krishnamurthy R, 1990). DO in the

sample is determined.

Total dissolved solids (TDS) are the sum of all ion particles smaller than 2 microns (0.0002 cm)

in size 11. This includes all disassociated electrolytes that contribute to salinity concentrations, as well as

other compounds like dissolved organic matter. TDS in "clean" water

is roughly equal to salinity 12. TDS can contain organic solutes (such as hydrocarbons and urea) in

addition to salt ions in wastewater or polluted areas.

Total Dissolved Solids

According to (EPA, 2012), While TDS measurements are derived from conductivity, some states,

regions, and agencies frequently set a TDS maximum rather than a conductivity limit for water quality 37.

Freshwater can have a maximum of 2000 mg/L of total dissolved solids, and most sources should have

much less than that 13. Excess total dissolved solids can be toxic to fish and fish eggs depending on the

ionic properties. Salmonids exposed to higher-than-average levels of CaSO4 at various life stages had

lower survival and reproduction rates 37. Salmonids, perch, and pike all had lower hatching and egg

survival rates when total dissolved solids were above 2200-3600 mg/L 37.

Dissolved solids are also important to aquatic life because they keep cell density balanced.

Nitrate

According to (Yue, 2016), Pollution from nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) is a major issue on Earth's
surface, particularly in arid/semi-arid regions. River systems are critical for terrestrial transformation and

nutrient transportation. The majority of surface water pollution is caused by high levels of chloride,

sulfate, nitrate, and other pollutants. Since the 1970s, nitrate has been one of the most common sources of

increased N loading. According to the Global Environment Monitoring System database, the

concentration of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in most rivers in populated areas is seven times higher than the

World Health Organization's healthy water

the quality standard of 10 mg/L Nitrogen fertilizer consumption in China has increased significantly since

the 1980s.

Problems such as toxic algae blooms, eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs, and species extinction in the

river ecosystem. Long-term exposure to high nitrate drinking water may also increase human health risks ,

potentially leading to chronic poisoning and methemoglobinemia. Even the presence of nitrite, another

form of nitrogen, has been linked to cancer. As a result, nitrogen pollution is a serious environmental issue

that should be taken seriously.

The sources of nitrogen in surface waters are diverse, including atmospheric deposition, dust in

rainwater, industrial wastewater, domestic sewage, urban garbage, nitrogen chemicals, fertilizers,

livestock waste, plant humus, and so on.( Yue, 2016)

Chloride

Accordingbto Verma, Priyanshu (2020), chloride is a prevalent type of water pollution. The majority of the time,
they are present submerged in water. The presence of excessive levels of chloride salts in ocean water is mostly to
blame for its unsuitability for drinking. However, the evolution of improved water desalination processes over the
previous few decades has greatly lowered this barrier. Contamination of chloride in surface water may occur as a
result of adjacent salt storage or salty rocks, mixing freshwater with ocean water, dissolving of salty industrial
wastes, and other factors. The recommended limit of chloride in water is <250mg/L.

Fecal Coliform
 According to (Balasubramanian, 2001), the amount of Fecal coliform determines the quality of

water, primarily for drinking purposes. It is defined as bacteria that ferment lactose with gas formation and

grow on specialized media in less than 24 hours at 44.5°C. This occurs in populations ranging from zero

to thousands of colonies per milliliter of water. High levels of fecal coliform bacteria in rivers, streams,

and lakes are primarily caused by contamination from human dung and decayed substances. Fecal

coliform bacteria are not harmful in and of themselves, but they are linked to other bacteria and viruses

that can cause typhoid fever, hepatitis A, cholera, dysentery, and other health problems.

Salinity

(Mameasure pa kamo kani?)

According to (SWRLB, 2002), more often than not, salinity is derived from conductivity

measurements rather than directly measured. This is referred to as practical salinity. These derivations

compare the sample's specific conductance to a salinity standard, such as seawater. Although

conductivity-based salinity measurements are unitless, they are frequently followed by the notation of

practical salinity units (psu).

There are numerous dissolved salts that contribute to water salinity. Chloride, sodium,

magnesium, sulfate, calcium, potassium, bicarbonate, and bromine 25 are the major ions in seawater (with

a practical salinity of 35). Many of these ions are also found in freshwater sources, albeit in much lower

concentrations. The ionic compositions of inland water sources are affected by their surroundings. The

majority of lakes and rivers contain alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, with calcium, magnesium,

sodium, carbonates, and chlorides accounting for a large portion of the ionic composition. Freshwater has
a higher bicarbonate ratio than seawater, which has higher sodium and chloride concentrations.

Phosphate

According to (EPA,2022), high phosphorus concentrations can be caused by poor agricultural

practices, runoff from urban areas and lawns, leaking septic systems, or sewage treatment plant

discharges. Too much phosphorus can promote the growth of algae and large aquatic plants, resulting in

lower levels of dissolved oxygen- a process known as eutrophication. High phosphorus levels can also

cause algae blooms, which can produce algal toxins that are harmful to human and animal health.

Phosphorus is commonly referred to as the "limiting nutrient" in aquatic ecosystems, which

means that the amount of this nutrient available controls the rate at which algae and aquatic plants grow.

Phosphorus, in appropriate amounts, can be used by vegetation and soil microbes for normal growth.

Phosphorus, in excess, can cause water quality issues such as eutrophication and harmful algal growth.

Wetlands, for example, act as natural sinks for phosphorus found in sediments or dissolved in water.

However, because phosphorus occurs in small amounts in the natural environment, even minor increases

can have a negative impact on water quality and biological condition.

Temperature

According to (Omer, 2019), temperature has an effect on palatability, viscosity, solubility, odors,

and chemical reactions. As a result, temperature influences the sedimentation, chlorination, and biological

oxygen demand (BOD) processes. It also has an impact on the biosorption of heavy metals in water. Most

people prefer water at temperatures between 10-15°C.

Related Studies

According to Blahblah (2022), dvbjsbsfd sbdnf dhdjka iyeaos ygfhxzbxc zkzdjro fbnkssfjf.
 Callo (2022) mentioned in her study that bjdaladjc gdfkfjdk ikpgvvmb,v tghclmcvcj .

According to Li and LIu, ( 2018) ,although water quality is usually sampled and analyzed at

laboratories, since the late 20th century there has been increasing public interest in the quality of drinking

water provided by municipal systems. Many water utilities have developed systems to collect real-time

data about source water quality. In the early 21st century, a variety of sensors and remote monitoring

systems have been deployed for measuring water pH, turbidity, disolved oxygen and other parameters.

Some remote sensing systems have also been developed for monitoring ambient water quality in riverine,

estuarine and coastal water bodies .

More complex measurements are often made in a laboratory requiring a water sample to be

collected, preserved, transported, and analyzed at another location. The process of water sampling

introduces two significant problems: Water sources vary with time and with location. The measurement of

interest may vary seasonally or from day to night or in response to some activity of man or natural

populations of aquatic plants and animals. The measurement of interest may vary with distances from the

water boundary with overlying atmosphere during measurement of chemicals assumed to be significant at

very low concentrations (e.g., Nielsen and Nielsen, 2006; Li and Migliaccio, 2010).

The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was developed by Thomas Saaty in the 1970’ s. It

is a technique for decision making in complex environments in which many variables or criteria are

consid- ered in the prioritization and selection of alternatives. In the context of WQI parameter

weightings, it allows one to determine the most appropriate weightings for given parameters that are

reflective of their influence on overall water quality. The parameter pairwise comparisons criteria are

employed for generating weight values. This helps to check the reliability of the decision maker's

assessments, and it also reduces preconceptions in the decision-making process. The West-Java WQI

model applied the AHP technique for formulating parameter weight values (Sutadian et al., 2017).

Ocampo-Duque et al., (2006) and Gazzaz etal., (2012) successfully applied the AHP technique for
 establishing weight values which highlighted the relative significance of the pa- rameters (Sutadian et al.,

2017).

Ground water, surface water (rivers, streams and ponds), atmospheric water (rain-water, snow and hail)

and springs are the main sources of water available to the people in general. The qualities of these water

bodies vary widely depending on the location and environmental factors. The major source of

groundwater is precipitation that infiltrates the ground and moves through the soil and pore spaces of

rocks. Other sources include water infiltrating from lakes and streams, recharge ponds and waste-water

treatment systems. As groundwater moves through soil, sediment and rocks, many impurities such as

disease-causing microorganisms are filtered out. Many water resources in developing countries are

unhealthy because they contain harmful physical, chemical and biological agents. To maintain good health

however, water should be safe to drink and meet the local standards and international standards to taste,

odor and appearance. To monitor the water resource and ensure sustainability, national and international

criteria and guidelines established for water quality standards are being used.(WHO-1993; 2005).

Synthesis

Gap Bridged by the Study

Conceptual Framework

This conceptual paradigm below interprets the researcher's plans and and procedures for

this study. It includes the input, processes, and the output of this study.

The Input shows the plan or objectives of this study. These are (1) To assess the water quality by

using the Weighted Arithmetic Index Method. (2) To calculate the water quality index of nine water

parameters each site and ; (3) To determine the factors that influence water quality of Napatdan

River.

The Process describes how the researcher gathered the data which is necessary for this study such

as: (1) Collection of data through water sampling; (2) Collection of data through interview; (3) Searching

possible solutions.

The Output shows the result that will be gained throughout the study, such as: (1) Result 1 (2)

Result 2; and (3) Result 3.

 Input Process Outpu
Figure 1. Overview of the Conceptual Framework of the Study

Source: su link or url kang source nindo kang figure na ini

Definition of Terms

(Ilista si gabos na terms sa study na ni. Like water quality, si mga parameters, etc. )

water quality

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

All of the specifics of the methods used to carry out the study are presented and made clear in this

chapter. This chapter includes descriptions of the research's design, the research instrument that will be

used, the study's location, the steps involved in data collection, and techniques for evaluating and

interpreting the results.

Research design

This study will utilize a mixed-method approach. The researcher will use a purposive sampling

scheme to interview households near the Napatdan River. This study will also collect water samples to

determine the state of the water. The collected data will be thoroughly analyzed and evaluated using

statistical tools.

Research setting
This study will take place to the Napatdan river which located at Zone 7, Brgy. Tambang,
Tinambac, Camarines Sur. The five (5) sampling sites are shown at the map below. The yellow dots are

the sampling sites. (Magamit din ba kamong 3 different transects? Rainy or/and dry day? Pwede siya

iinclude igdi )

Data gathering procedures

In the data gathering process for quantitative research methods, the researcher will conduct water

sampling at different sites. Using the instruments for water testing will help indetermining the results and

data for the different parameters. After collecting the data, it will be

organized and analyzed. To identify the status of water using the calculated water quality index (WQI),

the table below shows the equivalence.

Table 1. (Ano apod igdi sa table?)
Water Quality Index Water Quality Status

0-25 Excellent

51-75 Poor

76-100 Very Poor

>100 Unfit for consumption

For a qualitative research method, the researchers will conduct an interview. In analyzing data the

researcher will use thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is a good approach to research in finding out

something about people's views, opinions, knowledge, experiences regarding the water quality of

Napatdan river. Also, the researcher uses coding in methods of collecting data.

Statistical treatment
 To find out the status of water quality in Napatdan river, the researchers will use the

formula Water Arithmetic Index (Brown et. al., 1972).

Step: 1. Calculate the unit weight (Wn) factors for each parameters by using the formula Where:

Sn=Standard desirable value of the nth parameters

On summation of all selected parameters unit weight factors, Wn=1(unity) Step:

2. Calculate the Sub-Index (Qn) value by using the formula

Where:

Vn = mean concentration of the nth parameters

Sn = Standard desirable value of the nth parameters

Vo = Actual values of the parameters in Pure water (generally V, = 0, for most parameters except for pH)

Step: 3. Combining Step 1 & Step 2, WQI is calculate as follows

REFERENCES
Adelagun, R. O. A.; Etim, E. E.; & Godwin, O. E. (2021, August 4). Application of Water Quality
Index for the Assessment of Water from Different Sources in Nigeria.
Chapter Metrics Overview. Retrieved from
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/77416.

Boulware, E. B. (2012). Alternative water sources and wastewater management. McGraw Hill Professional.

EPA, 2012. Drinking water standards and health advisories. United State Environmental
Protection Agency, EPA 822-S-12-001
Retrieved from http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms58.cfm

Ferencz, L. & Balog, A. (2010). A Pesticide survey in soil, water and foodstuffs from
Central Romania. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental
Sciences, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 111–118. Retrieved from
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=A%20Pesticide
%20survey%20in%20soi l,%20water%20and%20foodstuffs%20from
%20Central%20Romania&author=L.%20Fere ncz%20&author=A.
%20Balog&publication_year=2010

Florida Keys National Marine Santuary. (n.d.). Water quality describes the condition of
the water, including chemical, physical, and biological characteristics,
usually with respect to its suitability for a particular purpose such as
drinking or swimming. Retrieved from
https://floridakeys.noaa.gov/ocean/waterquality.html#:~:text=Water
%20quality%20descri bes%20the%20condition,such%20as%20drinking
%20or%20swimming

Milanović, A.; Milijašević, D.; & Brankov, J. (2011). Assessment of polluting effects and surface
water quality using water pollution index: a case study of hydro-system
Danube-Tisa Danube, Serbia. Carpathian Journal of Earth and
Environmental Sciences, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 269–277.

Milanović, A.; Urošev, M.; & Milijašević, D. (2006). Use of the RHS method in Golijska
Moravica river basin. Bulletin of the Serbian Geographical Society, vol.
86, no. 2, pp. 53–61. Retrieved from
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Use%20of%20the
%20RHS%20method %20in%20Golijska%20Moravica%20river
%20basin&author=A.%20Milanovi%C4%87&a uthor=M.%20Uro
%C5%A1ev&author=&author=D.%20Milija%C5%A1evi
%C4%87&publi cation_year=2006.

Omer, N. H. (2019). Water quality parameters. Water quality-science, assessments and policy, 18, 1-34.

Paiu, M. & Breabăn, I. G. (2014). Water quality index—an instrument for water resources
 management. In Air and Water—Components of the Environment
Conference, G. Pandi and F. Moldovan, Eds., pp. 391–398, Presa
Universitară Clujeană Press, Cluj Napoca, Romania. Retrieved from
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Water%20quality
%20index%E2%80%9 4an%20instrument%20for%20water
%20resources%20management&author=M.%20Pai u%20&author=I.
%20G.%20Breab%C4%83n.

Pantelić, M.; Dragan, D.; Savić, S.; Stojanović,V.; & Nađ, I. (2012). Statistical analysis of
water quality parameters of Veliki Bački canal (Vojvodina, Serbia) in the
period 2000–2009. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental
Sciences, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 255–264. Retrieved from
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Statistical%20analysis
%20of%20water %20quality%20parameters%20of%20Veliki%20Ba
%C4%8Dki%20canal%20(Vojvodina, %20Serbia)%20in%20the
%20period%202000%E2%80%932009&author=M.%20Panteli
%C4%87&author=D.%20Dragan&author=S.%20Savi
%C4%87&author=V.%20Stojanovi %C4%87&author=&author=I.
%20Na%C4%91&publication_year=2012

Pârvulescu, L. & Hamchevici, C. (2010). “The relation between water quality and the distribution
of Gammarus balcanicus schäferna 1922 (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) in
the Anina mountains,”. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental
Sciences, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 161–168. Retrieved from
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20relation
%20between%20water %20quality%20and%20the%20distribution%20of
%20Gammarus%20balcanicus%20sch %C3%A4ferna
%201922%20(Amphipoda:%20Gammaridae)%20in%20the%20Anina
%2 0mountains&author=L.%20P%C3%A2rvulescu%20&author=C.
%20Hamchevici&publicat ion_year=2010.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY (2016).  Water quality indices as tools for decision making and management. 
Water resources management, 30(8), 2591-2610..
Retrievedfrom
https://www.agry.purdue.edu/hydrology/projects/nexusswm/en/Tools/Wa
terQualityCalcul ator.php#:~:text=Simple%20Water%20Quality
%20Index%20(ISQA,as%20shown%20to %20the%20left.

Sutadian, A.D., Muttil, N., Yilmaz, A.G., Perera, B.J.C., 2017. Using the Analytic Hierarchy
Process to identify parameter weights for developing a water quality
index. Ecol. Indic. 75, 220-233.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.043.

Uddin, M. G., Nash, S., & Olbert, A. I. (2021). A review of water quality index models and their
 use for assessing surface water quality. Ecological Indicators, 122.
ScienceDirect. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X20311572
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351127122_Water_quality_-_
A_review.

UK Essays. (2017, May 23). Improper Waste Disposal - Effects of. Retrieved February
6, 2018, from
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmental-sciences/improper-
wastedisposal-can-create-environmental-problem-environmental-
sciences-essay.php/

Venkatramanan, S., Chung, S. Y., Lee, S. Y., & Park, N. (2014). Assessment of river water quality via
environmentric multivariate statistical tools and water quality index: a
case study of Nakdong River Basin, Korea. Carpathian Journal of Earth
and Environmental Sciences, 9(2), 125-132. Retrieved from
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Assessment%20of
%20river%20water% 20quality%20via%20environmentric
%20multivariate%20statistical%20tools%20and%20 water%20quality
%20index:%20A%20case%20study%20of%20Nakdong%20River%20B
asin,%20Korea&author=S.%20Venkatramanan&author=S.%20Y.
%20Chung&author=S.
%20Y.%20Lee&author=&author=N.%20Park&publication_year=2014

Weiner, E. R. (2008). Applications of environmental aquatic chemistry: a practical guide. CRC press..

Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: lake and river ecosystems. gulf professional publishing.

Xue, Y., Song, J., Zhang, Y., Kong, F., Wen, M., & Zhang, G. (2016). Nitrate pollution and
preliminary source identification of surface water in a Semi-Arid River
Basin, using isotopic and hydrochemical approaches. Water, 8(8), 328.

https://r12.emb.gov.ph/ra-9275-the-philippine-clean-water-act/

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/01/26/republic-act-no-9003-s-2001/