ELECTRO CHEMISTRY

Infevachen be fwen
S+vdy chamic ena71
electical enea
Sdy Intradhm behotn ele etedy t 2
electt Cuent

JPLECTROCHEM, CELLS
2 ype)

ELECTLolY TiC ALVANic CONDUCTANCE

CELLS CELLS
CELL
Convt rJlm d Vxd ta
chnc al enerJa Chemicod Cnrj uu e data
ino clenic d in elecha cas Telakd t
ener)3 oHere
electstyte
Non- spontcuDu Spcnt ou-epus
ladox Ln 2edox Lyuo. Cnly
CDrh Cbco) heore hiral)
(PIT ous) CPT Cot
 ELECTRoLYTIC CELLS
Mo Hem Nall

NaT-

Hoaf
Mo lte Na C
(T2MP
potemhial rrioTe
Oxip
te lectode 42(a) + e
CA NopE) D cho d

- ve elechwos Na fS)
N +e
CCATHoPE) DIschar
Curoseut
Net Cel|
2xn Na Nag)+ u
Oot mot wntai Llectody
(e
 SAechy T+ diomboorhan elecbodyte
In moten Atalc r Sadn. 1nto
cowsthud Spe t ú

Sle afoodes Are tmduet wds which Cay

Cument (or e lechru) To elechetytic sstnom

ecto duo (2Typed

CA THODt
ANODE
Cure oxiu ocwiJ) Cwter «rduchn Ocuni

flectrode 2 ype)

iNERT ELE CT2oD & REACTu tiECTRoDEJ

wich do not portIcp wich porticrbal

Incell Trn. tcell T*n
Cy dutault) /C, Ni As, 2 .
Ex Pt, aph.ta .elc

Cuwent
DireDIre chm d
0UTSIDDE SoLN FNSIDE SoL".
fhroyh m kmad
( Th
uph ex*mad
Suppl)
CalIt eolu to (Amooda fo
Auoode Ca ltode
t P r eerential Da chare ery
-
Abli Speues T ditehargod dspends
factor chav i
SotvahM s d u t pobertlen CCnC. premure,
tembevature etc

A Ore tnken iTo ac comt

in exper imentaly deter mld theamoananic
pher Tit whch ore InRnoive no w

Stadard lechod Doteachah (S¬:P) expreor

( Vo lts

SEP CStd. Cond ho)

S.RP S.o.P
J(Std. Peduehn Pototid) Stl. Oxidatan Pofesthal

Higar 1it val wlk i3) /ksher t value

hMore I dam
et 7 duud wn enery t et oxidh ze.
Tapu'Yed

No TATION
Ex S0.P o C
Cu
Cu/cut
Cu
 Cu/ut2 cutl C
C u ) ( u (in) t e CIM)+a (u(

heevally f Spe cie: SoP - SRP

S.o P o 2n
E2/2n
SRP
22/2
2-/un-et/2n
OP 2n/2
P 2n
Ex S0.P d wakr E
H,o 02 Ctho
S2.P
HEoH
wakY

H20/02 Eho/o
e a olv)

AAgood Teduc id nT h v
Valu o S0P
Oxidat Rval
SKP
m . Poimts
Cae T Mtal cationo (3 cagoriu
0 Mort elecho +re etalb S-Block (p7, u)
&AL

Mo oeraely elecho te taulo: 2n, M (d, e

Co, Ni . etc
aest elecho tue metals (Cu, Pt,Au, 3,)
wwoer loP Iam M)

MLtal Catin 6 et 9 mo olarael

elecho t e wetuls Cn
&T du chngrd
CTedvced) eir o. dn.
enS red. v n Thn T7dvs H20.
MetMet als coah can mot eletho tve uehodp

Coom' et d1ickpe oA fsm e dot

n ted wakr w l e t rrdv ud.

aH20) +2e ( 7 ) +20 ()

Sotn. be comen bk
Car T AN1ONS

hoo ,BI)1ay
oxidged entvy d. wm lnan to
r w

oxidi
. Scn. ho poty atmic anIny
-3 l l no T
Poy No2)
oxidiged udre

nskad toatr wlet Oa1d2od

 Predict pe cien diuchaed ak ea ch elecod
elee batyn d
CATHOP E ANODE Cell xn.
Ag No3 () A9 11)A9 +2o
1Ag +ot
KB () H() B )| 2Ho+ 2
B
t 2o ST2
H2
Naa by (o HL ()
01( 2n102n2 O2
2n(Nog), 2n ( O2 (5)22Tf Lh2o
22nt0ty
Auuz C) Au() 2(7)|2Au1+ 64
-9 2Au1 3 d2
Cuu (t) Cur) Ca6)| Ct42u°

Cudoy ()Ca (s) O2 s 2 tut+ 2h2

O 2 t1ut+ 2ua

Cu oy (1) alu+1e (tu u

h oppev
Chno oa) CCaltoo)
elechrodes

C
 Ctnode apeto
o ta hnetal 1ike A, A", 2,N) (1me
(SoP t'mo(o2
SAP

Elchd y,4o NI-eleesvdes

1MAAvil
Dansily Jodn. coutast
t o iou

Suchrlym - ANo3 A- eutod

Anoda) AT+e

Ccoda A te
 FARADAY'S 1t LAWw.

MAJS specteducharzrd
a r e nt T
Time

xt
2 It

cho chnitad epuv alut d

pecre

r p e u p

/Son tr (T/Codub
ivn Jpe u

2n
2
d

Snd

(AmousA spe wn dmchanpd

(Chovg paeed)
IFaraday F) CuneF
elec ron

(6x16 C) CNA)
6500 C.
q6500 C

Char pad no. c4 roolay

I x t

Moun d- elechmms 0. epuvalu.t

(Me)
nooe = ne ep
Txt
6S00
 Fimd Mno. fowoday (np) rd. tm floy
PceMo:
+
F
A) ns Mnoy +Ser M2
F
mo. 10
FI94, = 2

+3
R2 O3 +6e Fe 12 F
320 .
2 md

So 6e S 3
48 tm 3n

CH3 CHa OH CH3 CH CooH Yo F

C

-+-2
=o
Ms 2y+S-
3ytS-Y-lso
nsY
yo

- O
2C t4e
Rau 30
bmoln dmht

OH (m) =o
bH CAc) a t A)= RECR)- 2CA)

✗
A C4ct) = 9 0 - ( - o)

c(gropktu) ¢[diamand) G2q00 Tht

Vn (dn)- V (r*t)
pbm
X1 3
PKa

aCA) =
vdp- @s )df
Pav

D VCP-
2 O=
3 L2.

SP=
/2 c
Xlo P-

P= ISo 65 Qo
= 1So 65 x1o° Y
 poH 1

11- =
Sg2
)V m

x
4
AH Jsn)-o (n/r)
-SM-2 +S
-12 kT/hd

- 12 k
too

to668

10 Hg Po3 2 HPO + o
-SS8N 0.

3) H7P02 2H Po2

O -2 x

t:o

613
12 2 S In (
Kau 3
Hco6
HCOOn
X+002

(xto.01)

✗
1.ex1
O-01S-x

Aoumu X < 0 015

lonic - I4
come chon- D)

lao= La Cuyo) = 2 *1o

T
pRT ho)
TP pH
CT 20
4o(4)
V
AV<O
DU20

gUs
(DS 0 )
C.

Un
Hm
 T
Spenprot2m
Spntamtony

✗
3 A2 (t)+ 6o SA /)+ Ao(o) +3)

V AP- SS 63

VOP 8 18xo,

CA
echoty m w a gt)

A cec

Txt
mE
6500
me1

x A Cw e n t

2n foy )
o 96.SA
Soo
1
ec.
amd
Fino
troh
Spe cie duchwzod t each eleooe ?
(2n 65., S= 22) Cnods 6:3 2 2n
O2
Anede

aho ole
76 S
 1 Plaked on
follours
Ca) t 3o()
64 +6e3 CY
CTo3 (o) +
c)
Fin
mom CY plard b 17300 C.

Cr
Cr-S2J trunt rune (e) to dva 2
uott o A crent

Ao)
NoTf
Curent LHteciency o ectarod He cieney

foraday (np) (foox bsoJ

mo e

C-3 S
t 20 A
A
A9.

0L
Sedn
Curent

Sotuhn
o NaU
eHe cen
ir eltcholyrd
rh roth

LTur i t balanud cell rxn.

find
te (e) To
podua T10 2
Find Find
p o nal sotn.
CNget duhmoTtonaho o 2)
A
2 CL + 2 M20

.C.
13.7
 2 u
10

J63

A eni d 96S A wa
amd (thaoyh
c9. tu C2 sodn fr 3 i
Cure nt eHecenty So% fud Ma

ospec uw dneh peA a1

Eu 63-5, Ua 3s).
Anode 3 2
A Collkoole3175 u

t (M1*)
A CUre nt oDed
asotn. f 6S miw.
Cauory 33:33
utal o
dspoit 1f
we fal 1 /uet velu d 7
 A A aned
300 m 0 1b M
i to4 Co{) 16S kc
wtlh Curel eHe ueney 40 °%.
FM
finfnd mlaril oN in ssdn =
O M
0. 12 M

0.036
N,tZ + NN
Ool8 d O-36 Ool& nd

MAL oluo chorprd O o1 ol

FInd

(N 4 O.0 0IMM

2 M2
O-a16 0.036

tt 026
O3
012M
 Cuoy was elechrdy uel
o 1n PE - elechodes 2 A CArent
pom d ftr 4.6S mno 1f Cnc. d Cu
w reduud to SD inhal valu
fnd iMth comt. Cu&y ddn ?
Ans O.018M

ef Innt. 42
cmC = Co M

Finat C E

Mu
CT2

duo chorged Cor, X o.

=(o11 )
2 x 1 SS x bbo
ME 0.O12
65
Cu
O.012

o-| Co0.006
Co o.o8M
 t Frud
12-3
chog C)
elec tro
ntw beulene
ca Hec
rd. 7 edoa
P-6romoanilre
so%?
NO NHa

Br

Auo 77200 C
6x -3-1 sd
x V3
CgHNB
n
6y46-3-l =D

Mecho cwical epuualuT (2 ) 4 spe cu

CE= Epunalent mam)
M 96500
It q6500
Auw BC

6s
me F = It
16S00
 An acti Cut2 hav

0.63S CuI elechod«d tll ol

Coppe
Coppe
A

ISA wo
POnoto f 1.6S minutes
va. fiud total
f 4 Sodn, 100
Votu 4 oall e n evdved at hol
elechodn at atn 2 293 K?
t 263-2 m-
Cut+
0.ol md

02
O00Sd)
-3
IS*65 x 60 0. F
96S
2. mo t
(Snn

Total nd

To1. VA c4 goo 11-95b x 22.1

o.26 32-
 Faraday' a a law

Two wmnecrol

-U Au
Cu

Aud3 () uoy )
Cetl O cetl

u Wau o2 Wcu = Eu: E Au

((auw
Eo Cu
Povv me C2 =WAu=o
eMe
Au Eo

Cel1 2 wre1
o etecien
 n above I n experienl 1f (O

duscharsod tn
(e 0 fimd
o AU aTe

woL4 O2 poduttd Cell

Auts f k
30

30

Applicatlon Lechatyra
£leco me talyr2y
wotfen M
throdla d2(7)
cnthode Mgf4)
Ex Cle chaly Al O3
alh oala A&
 ucho-1n Puvfeaha wetal
mpure
lmpure Aj9 Puve Aj-ore
Cwma

A/Anolo
Agog) olsily Cowtad
7 e1-
o de mud

Coat an objr er

Ex Clechoplah y steek tray w gold

Aut) - Stet-
Aut3

AuUz Cot)
 (ecfr elehoy
woi A urent
watr

rad4e frantferrd

Net Lxn. 2
+1-2
2 2 ) oz ()
2 no Tulred 4 F
40 xS6
0 10 F
toF
6scd
6so0 0

2412S0 &ec

Pad 4H +) 2
2
Oxd
Ex ucholyn Na 7du e

Na0H 2 C2 dvud dush por1iomates

nto Na CLO Na C Fmd t (tec
t pro dvu oL 745% ( ) jotn
Na ClO f wre -6s A.
Deway 4 son.

A:t 2xlo c

18 To S
O-1
-2 1,10,1,18, 19,20
TM) ,1S,16, 17 30
 Stn du w
Lehol4m Na
Na0H dvud duopmpor1icma1 Co
tnto Va ClO Na C Fim d
ti (tec)
t pro dvu lo L 4s%o)Jotn
o
d Nao uiret 6 s A.
Deo 4 tom.

Aw:t 2x10 *c
Sotn
2+

2+On
lo
4
4S 4S xlo

F = 2 x lo3

65
16s
 GALVANic CELL o VoLTAIC CELL)

# Spomt amoue edox Rxn.

DANIEL CelL

e
2n () Culs)
ANODE CA THODE

h
2n oy 9 Cny t)
Oxidatiom half (e l| .

Ledvch cm half-cells

2()-9 in(-)+ 2
t cut
(mass anode )

Cell xn 2n(+ "() 2 (H)E «[)

Chalvanle (e ope rah u at Co ?,T

ChennC en
 SALT-BRIDGE

NHyt
2n) CaCs)
No NHNO3

nhally 9haddy *), =loj

+f

Salt Bnda 1ntrd

Ushped tbe lum la'n'
-Jelly Am
eleehyt
lech»lyle w d 1 alt brdg
cuowd Mol
nere walt cell reoet ion
Cahe aul d aoun

mohik
A S pocets pocerda avnodic sotuho
to tvty chog caliod1c sln
bEum Create
-u chfo T
bote nho cai d Jmch Potento
wch worlo cell-poatemhol
Sl+ brmd caums
CUYren1
olutwoa -
ofpookel hapcol 9wovolo

deuo Junchn Potenh a

MeaSuTemet SE-P_va lue

SE Po
R T Tnu ooymaun

SRP
UPAC LBj dt aut)

lUPAC jere uehodt Stnd ard Hydaoun

Elechwodle

|E Ha/n* =

Ht/ 0 UPAC onvenhm)

Cr- (H)=o
 P+wT hl'Bar)
28 K

(Pt-awe)

IM HT)
SHE
tn/tO
ANoDE Pt
Ha ( 2R CPt)
M(PE)
Net Anodre Lxn.

CATHOD
Ms) C iGa1)
ANODE

=IM
(Bav, 218 K)
|:2 Vlts.
Po tenhal d Her n =

22 Vodtr./E-
Ewt/M
HIH+-M/ut = |:2 M/ut = 2v

o OP TRP
 Ca lvanIc Ce
INEIDESoM QuTSIDE
D1recho 4 urent A oola to Calo ok to
Ctutclhag) Calko de Ano ole

CELL NOTAT ON (LVPAC Rul

ANODE CATHODe

T galt-Bvd2

phac difera

- S Cun
phae

F aoo electmw de PE always u d

Pt che w d netr e WrHen mex*T

salt ~bv1 dae.

PE
 Domiel (ell

2n 2-)|tu) Cul4)

2n&) y le)Cuboy (ea) | C«(-9

Pt
G Pt

Ft 43 S ()
2 dor
lechoda dox Joehodo

Notahn
wn rotaho o roy Cells

:
Ni (s) NIC2 ()
A H c)t t H2
Cp Bor

CY
C

Fe Cs)+ Fe Clg Ca)

C ala od leod ch on
SH:E Pt H1Bor)HCIM)
As ands
t Calh odk' HCIM) H Cla)| Pt
HCIM)H CtGar) ,
Pt

AS -ANION ¬LECTRove ( Sxtuph on in Notoh)

:
B C)+ 2 ().
Nutanm
Pt 0 | R1) || cu"()| Ga()|Pt

3H () M Cott2o ()
 Pt| M xM), mog), tt (e) | n(3), c"(),
w balanudcetl reacti on

Anol) Mnoy () +Se+

X6
8H' (c)
Caul dda) (3) +6e t 14H" (a) 2 ( ( ) +7"0 C))
XS
ADD
Cell Rxm
6 M (x) t Seo () + Fo H*(a) 6mnoy (y) t 48HTCe)
tlo (o) + ll

Cell SME
Eel Cell CM 1M at andard ton ditions

cell m-ste, Comd1h ong

# E cel SRP
CATHODE SofAN Op¬
SRPCATHODE SRP
ANODE

=
- SoCATHUpE + SoA NobE

Fell RP.CHTHODE + alcu

OPANop¬, atug
 Cell 2MF 2 electico wre
A SSOME aaluamIC Lell s clo&eo Sys tem(
coutat PT

F Ex (el Rxn:

M )+ x () M ( ) +nx (ag)

NOTATION
M6 M)|x)x() |Pt
rans frrd Os
per cell TXn
Extwslt propery dahen do on cell *xn.

# rhl= hibh cwi dcell rxn.

txtemele a M dpdo n cefl ,

= (ell CMF.
e Ex/x- t
EM/M+m
# Llectncod wrk d o by cell =
¢har
= (nf)x Ecell

96 500 C =
IF=F|
(nFEceu)
#2 luo
on-PV)by - 0 .
H2R erJtbla_pocEIJ
non-Pv -0G.
) by
#ASS Galuomuc (ell 2uYIIbl
pCert

£lec a wrk by cell -brh

nF cell
- MFE cell CLewersblk (el,
PT Contaut/

2n(cuo OGpT_
t 1 reu > SpoMtasoun
(wrent u bro duud by Cell

r Ar 20 ) cei 0 NOnSponjanlo u
Ceil

Curet u hduud (efl wcrlco LTh dertrR

by uHiq b»d pet arig
OrC O ErellO Cell t at
u lebrin

I o
4 ( u c hncal towk I
-3 TEen)
teml tk )
R Ece l l = - D, h - -Ext

nF - ext
 2n ( 3 2 +u
2nt2 =0.76 V
2 2) 9 2 2 ( ) + 4e
(E1nfut 0.*6 V))

N E R NST EQUAT1ON

To oLknmlue cell CMF meM S t d . lomd i) on

To deft l eHect cha' premvr, ComC

C
te Celt eu

Ay C=E RT n(9)

o xn. Qvotient)
Activ
p r pr. In Bar r otm (Mon1 hudy

Molari
Sodd/Luquod Un

nFEel ~ n FE lell+ eT In(

t cell 2-303 RT
log B
2 302RT = 2-303x 21 x 8 S14= 0-0S9
6s00
 Freu tceil -0.0S9
log (G2es )

Ex Domiel Cel
2
2n)+Cut (q) 2() t ul
cell rell
cellooL g Icu 2
7
#2 f frel
Ece
2n 2 ()
ANODE

0-n)1nt n/unLn/t los

C Cu (
C a l h o cle

-Fcut/u Ecutcu
Ado 0 fcell

n/ut ut/tn
cet
 2nl)+ tu ( ) ) t a (
Apply - Cheti ler:

2 bwd.st frel
f d stt cet

#lenic Cpbm. 8B (vdut)

 lom Lybm. 9 B) - Next clam

#+ Pevduum
Nol aha Arvoo CA THODe
Ecell SRPEAT Auoda

Eceu Eced- O039

wr b al aunud tell rXn.

beAre PPI1"
NVns euahon,

EX P| (Pa-)|H Cc) cu()[Ca)

X V.
Fud feel|

L CP) + (¢i) 2 H"(C)+ Cu )

a=

Fce cell O0s9

M e l b r o

2
xP

H (P) +
(uc) Htc) t cu[)
7 cell - 0 0S1

Cu

++ (Eceu, tell, CRP, P ) - ln tenct

quantt
 Apply Nemst low rPach cn

0
EAfI x V

cellF

(n=)

V -foP

e y V, = -sRP

Eee x-Y 0.03

h c - Amrm locHaclu
+xupthe
Cetln: (N(s)+ 2 (P) N T ))+2 ()

Charga balanuA
P t | CP) H* (xM) Mto ( ) , M ) ,

Vo (
Mno/Mnt P
Find Eetl7

Erell= P
2p c

+2MnT (3)
n=2 ns
tl6 H(C

Aetul Activl
 t ell

Sebm Cow. cell Tan.

lehnd
tranfere
blaed
ce YRn

Dru nFE ell -

2-303 RT
les()
2.303 K = 0. 03
F

E li=
Ce
arg
lag)
e l l= 0.SqV 2
Ctet)
0. 1 O.09
2

revrriiba Rxn.

ELell 2v
Y() x* () Y(4)f x
t-o a=l| M
i At/A
E
-0.8VV

-0.6V

034U
CAC 3
wtalo)

wll A+ redue2 2

2t + A

Ecell t/ *

-0.46 +0. f = 00Y V,

Constroet a cell uolg 2 C' elechotue

funo e'cell
(Ane No TAt loN

cell IV

3 will 'A oxidie C ? NO

N)
1- I4 V
ce ll=
-

(0) Can ag. Sotm. of C CNo3 be rtoredin

madi o fal
No)
tcell=Cr.6 f03420)
 E Fi d Erell d o7

:
Cu Cu y (o. o1M)| yCo-asM)a(o1ah-)

Fculut2
Ans:0:31V 2 303K O.O6.

FInol Fcen CVo lb)

(Sotn Cu i) +2H (o-) n2 (*/o.o H (oD

Ecell= D.?Y
0-b6 log L
2

Find
pottwmd o pU electodue 23o3R=o.06
P| (0:1 Bar)Hu (16M)
.
30
ANop¬ ANS +O IS V
2
log
n2 0.613
H2Co.) 2Hf (t63+e
0.1S

P o2 Be-)KX'(o.o4M) 2 0.3
x2/x 12 Vltr.

PoFnha = -262 V

2e+ X2 (o.) 2x (o.01)

0. 06
T6Xlo
M
Ex 12
2
log 011*.2
o63

1-2o. o? logx = 2- 0-03-3 0.

2+ 0.063 263V,
 ANODC

ePtaCo1atm)Ch cooH (o1M)

=-H (o.| am)

Chg Ce oH (o C h (o6 ( - ) * H =

CHglooH(o)
= Jcka 1o M
a(o1 2H2H Cl5*) + e
( A n g : O . l S V )

En (Ht 0 1SU.

HyOH (-1M) Ciatm) |Pt

A n s . Pt
-0-66U Etell

NHOH () NM)+ 0 ()
0-1- x X

(n x
=Jek,
(l
=
lo M
oM
2HtCr" +% C))
o6 -0.06 x ( 11)
~0.66V
 e Ep+ Fe X V
X2 V
(ANS: 3X2-2x)

Fnd
ERt/peta
(Sotr Da 2 FX

Fet +3e fe Da -3 F X2

v Fe
FeS +e Fe4

*2~2X)
 Ecell .0 lo
ExFind K ran +5e
n
Mno (t) + S ) t g 1 e t ) M ) +TF

-Se +40 CO
awn: cel= 0.Sa V
Hno:lo

e F
Cu
ex

a
c d 21ne
Cu&Dy
epulibrI um
Sop (2n)
fud
addtd

= o.76V
M

Sop cu) - 0 . y 2 V.

Sotn) Av 2e = I M

Cue =
lo M
( 2n()+*) A ) +ald
 Fiud potentiod d elechoole

ANODE M MX2 (savraled soluhm)

MS
opCMx2)= 3.2 x lo

EM/mt2 O.8SV

23012T 0. 66.

Setr
Awo (0. 161V
MX2() M)+2() M)
2
Y =ap =
32x1-12
2XIo M

M() M*( Lxio") + u MA

M/M1 0. SSO. 06

O. 8s-o.o22.9)
=0.8S 0.tT
0. 16 Vda
 M M (M) HCpH=x) |Cl»)]Pt
Ece 0.0s2 Volt

2 0.o6 6
EMt4/M= V

md ua lu 'x
ANs: 2

M)2H* (a)>M*Cim) + F2 C)

0.o66 + Or0S1
Ecel Oo52

0.18 0:o59 (

Ex) x++/x 0. 2-V Ey+/y 0.8V

2 303RT= o. o6

1f epuilibrium Cme. d x*2 io 0:01 MM

tind yt?
ANS: 1o M

x() +2Yt) xt()+ 2Y(4)

Ece -02. +0. . 0 lu E
alo =
xt2] 0.o

(Y= 1"M
 TYPES OF ELECTRoDes
Metal - MLta Canm elech ode

A anods
M)
MDM+
Mc) Mt/)t u

A Canool
M)M
M )+u M(
&AS-loN LLECT&0DE 2 Ypeo

AAS- CATION ueboda SHE

h omede: Pt>(18aHT

P
Aamod

alwayj th oEleeoda
 REDOX ELPCTLoDE
S cuume
el t rereil Her en
Ox1dahn stoi (n Aane ag. &utn.

Pt R), Feo ) SAs ANoDE

t5() +e.
PL

A a n o d a

P o5*c-) , /4)Ca)
+3

Calko ota)

M CH)

Pt alway electoolu
 (2dox lecthode
PtH () , ( ) ANODE
& 6uimome
B Hydoquinme.
A NODE 0-H O

OH

(oH2) Y0
X-/3
x=
4M62
6Y+1-Y c 0
+ ex6)
 AMAL&AM ELECTAODE
mefalo to
aecreae [iiT
activiy
P oued th elecda
+1

PtNa&y ()No-H; (4)

CCATHoDt) P+
allour troe4 Na
ly )memb one
Na-H(4

0 N'"co)+e Na

NNa

N+H;(a)3 Na-ty (?).

Na 4

Net cahod1c Txn: Nat (t) t e + hy) Na-ty

SRP =

t /ua-g t/Na)
Tendet Na
Se 4r Ccnet e dan y o
Cn u st reduu d to
to
Cvea
 2

Pt2- ( |mq
A ANopPE

Ca)cd-tyP t As calho ol

Sot vec .
-I
0-I I t11

9B 1onIc
 Pt2- () | n8 q (

A AvopE

at c)ca-tgAs
(PtCalhoc

✗
Sot ueo x.
-T t9
# 0-I I|1
 TYp uctdes

x
Amalyam ucldes

NOTE In elecolyte cell NaT Canlt he

duchad fro
Et/va
#Bt amagoum elketovda unro (ten
Nacam
Na+ e Te ducadA fom o iahon,
npova

Pt
Pt - Na

Na

No&y

Ande

Caltoda Na+ + go) Ng-H ( )

 7 Metal lnsdubll Salt - Anion Electwd

u (aa)

AS CATHoDE
A o) + ()
AT( ) te

Net Callodic
2xn Aga Ct)+ e Ag(a)u()
+
No TATION
(A CaU.o olk

S.R.P= lagu lA

R.P R.P lA lAa A

As Onool

0P - RP Sul"/3
To fd R.P
OAsu
Da RTn Gp

AgaAsl ce) + e

D'3 Fu-Il
O + =

- FFu AalAj

|FulAa lag +0.cs lo

Abply Nerrt e | T6 X n
-003q
ulaula /l
 0-059 lo

RP sRP mto)

a M Eur|4
Pb&oy)
Pb
anan

Mata Jalt

AS CATHODe
O1ao ti en Pbsoy t)+22e P b t ) t 8oy()

NOTATION

RP = so/Phh|lsrut/pb
Ph&o () P ) oy* (t)
Pb A)

Add PL&oy)+ 22 Pb Ct)+ doy ° (°t)

a=
 Pb Soy (4) + 2e
Pb(t&vq()
COmmoun (n
eHect
mesl4 cae)
wetal~ Inscdubla salk ~ a n a
NOTE fo

euchode potemaM renalw neo Aam

ORr a loneried 4 im actvty F

pe cits involutd meorly Coustat
CALOMEL ELeCTRo DE Caloel =
j2 Uz
= MerwOos

Calho ce Lrn ch lovicdla

MercuD m 1n

H,U2 () + ae 2H5/e) + H92

BAs caho ole

NOTATION
ofn Ha"2(4)| Kj(e)|Pt
RP = E Hat/e +° lo

Hy o)+ Lu q)
p 1"|(u-12
eopAgT=
0. 8V
2.2o3RT 0O6

o
Fiud po tenhaM elec hode
In Saturated So1n.

-0.26
Agi 4* (16*) t e CHu)

EAglAT
- 0. &

-0 6 v

fud
n
botmha4
sotuh o 00
4 l4g/I
M I ()
elechoda

| 0.16 Vo It

0P EAgla5T/I - RP

EH Alj A/ * a
CRP)
As1A571
Revise Caadvanic (ells
a a 32

S-T lo to 2S
O-11b,1

Sunday (6-7 pm T/D 8U2

 6

2 2 CT( +3Feo -2C(o.1) +3R ()

-3

CONC ENTRA TIONv cELLS

Bof anod Callvda i madi

4 4a specieo
staudoyd ctal
cell
a Type
CoNC. CeLLf -F No salt-bmdg tu rpd.
ELeCTRope
t Cme ekchdtc in, u
S
Copartme.
H Pt Pt
CPi a )
ah-)
Hih prerne Cao o
Anock

Pt H(Pd Hu fen)|h0

H a(a1). M

Anode Ha CP) 1Ht) + «

Celcods 2HTCe) 2 ( Pa)

Celi Lx

Cell spcntaou f P <P Ccelu0

 Temo drnaun te
emdtnz - agen to expaud
doc NF Cell aHaiw 2puibru

) auT (PP)

P 2-y Ce) | 2nkoy (eM| 24-y(t)| PE

Cell SpnFou ks
No.

ELECTROLYTC wNC CeLL

DHerent ctMC. ams pecu n duteenT elle hostte

Salt-bv1dge e rd
S

h Conc Pi (c) () locouc

ds 2n) (Ca) t
Calk po: 2(e)+u
Cell axn: t(c) ()
fcel

=Ece=)Ecel
CelCell ubrlu C C
Ecetso

NOTTE

CalvanC CeL Sleroiyhc Le

ANoDe v + e

CATHOpDE -ve

x)
e
Acell cOnt a w H-ekc to des

egat w euchro de 7n Conta«f Wlh

O.118 V
havi ppH 6
6 7 celt emf o

Conia cr
IMd pH 4 Sotuhan
eleetmo ca

|AN |
Son a (1 2ut (6) 4*
1u Cc) +
r2-
Cel AnM: 2Ht Ce) t (l6)
o18
Fce .

1515 cal6"M
 P+ Cla)8 Co-os MNaoH (o-o14) He(iahe
Fnd fcett 203RTI 0 O6

ANS:-0.66 V
(Sotn Ha C 2 2" (o.IM)+
aHt(1 +u
2

2H(15) H (o.)
uis cell Concentahan (ell?
2M
Std.atala:
PEHa(tah-) [ oy (I No0n ( IM) |2 ( lakn)|Ptj

cel 0.
Pt (lah) Chgcoot (o.2Mm) Nayou (a) (la-|PE
Ka CCMg to0n) = 2x l
CNuou) 2.2 x
2.33T = o.o6 3 2 0.3.

Find feell ANS: -0. JS2V

ille
cHgto o Nyon (e

CHatooH Cnglo+ HT
0 2-X X X 2- Y

Jo.Lx 2 xl0 = /2x31x

(T=2 xiM -2
8xlo

(n-s)
(etl rxn
 NOTE:

I| AT| *] Caloe

FASTIA
1 - 1 IM

O. 6 V
el
o. 24U
2.3032T 0r0 6
ANS6
Fmd valu q x 7
Sdn H2 C) 2H2HT (10*) 1e
219C) t 20 (1M)
c2
Cell Txn 2 ( ) t H (lahn) 1H* (t6X)+ 2M)
t2Im
APPr Nnst
Fce=e cetu
+0.06x
o.2-4
X6
 up Cng ) 2Xlo
3
ap CATR) xlo
2.3o3T 0. o6 20.3

Find Ecel Ans:-0.021UJ

Ecet

T+
O.66 loa/4 xlo

Ecel CATKo pt
 Frmd aP d Aja Cy F
cell wtn

A4A (4aturaitd sdy, A (

4tCo.I)/4
Ece= o.1 V
oubl AaCroy e- Sxl5
3
()
(op = SXI CA
e)FA4

At 0.M
Agroy&)
Ag2 Coy ) ? 2A5' +(m
2&
Cap 1s
Ag C )AT(1u)
s te
Ast Co.1) +e At ()
cel v*n At (o.)
E O 19 39 13

p
 how m Omy Vo It will oxd 1 potr
t o u u (euchoda) 2PE| Mno Mta2 ckau
cha
HT Cen C reduud frm M T
15 M. 2
2 30 3RT= 0.06

Ano -0.48 V)

MMo () + 8H)t Se. M + 40 )

Ca T M IM M

Ccam T tM M 1M

E = Ece

fn i - 0.06 x 4ö
 2incTanuln are addid in ex wm t
Soo mL 0. IM NeLNo3) (o) at a 28k
H eputhbrum 8 reackad
CRP Canc) = -0.JV

2 SR CNickel) -0ISV.

2-303K E0, 06
( A N s : o M

Fnd T at ulbo/m?

2n)N* () 2 ) t NI f4)
2

E cel 0.9S- o-1S = O.6 V.

Cc1o =2)-30
Appx

MlkodT:
06 lo 2
O N
X
- 0.6= -o6 .s (l4T
yta o1-x
 SRP Cppe")=D:3 V
Flud Te duch on po teahal elke b-da
at P 4.
CuCox) C4) Cul)
op CCu(o)) l6
Son ANS - 0. 014V|

(o 1 M Cu(om)a. (s) u ( )t
M

cut (16") + « lu(s?

Ecut/cu o.34-o03 1og

o.3 (o-os x6)
e
Temperature dependanca O f C e l SMF
At T cetl ¬ i V
At T2 leell 2 V

Temperot re toeticent o cett SMF dlfre)D

T
Vo It

nFEcel (Pconalat1)
= 4,s

()- h y chonye oA- cell rxn

(n dus e r o n s ewrd a
cell xn

d (Ora)= v ) @s) dT

Pcowt a
dT
Put Dr - nF¬re1)

-ncen)=b,S,
dT

nF dEell D, S.
#Te.uowei cell £MEF wrd To a kmi

A 0rH cell TKn.

DH T
-nFEcol = -H - T/nf decelt

Ex For tell
A+ S C Ecell= 023V

At 35 C ereil 0. 1S V

Fu n :
2n4)t2ut() 2C) t 42(9)
fmd
DrS =

-96:5 T/mo -113113 J/nt 6 S S/md

173 T/mt
BrH=

. 19T/ma 3219 T/ma

66. 1 cT /hod.

E Ece =
0,.
T

6
 TOS.
- 2 X 16500 K 0.23 s H-288 x/13.
2 x 16 sCO x O.21 M 3 0 8 X113.

For celI
MS

wu ch 4 l o t an will dcvean cen

PTUne

InCYoly in cno dic Copartme.f

Calt od
A ddg modic Coupeti une

Rn. fwd. shpt cen 2

Lxn bwd. s f ¬rell d

A A A A) 4 u() (T
2) 4

PhP * n bwd Ecen o

(u-19 fvd ut fcell
(1f
AT1f (u bsd -i fal19
 P.11
0- Tto b, 1) o to lo ,RI 2 1 , 26 ta 32

T M) 23,24, 26,28 21.

 ALUANC CeLLC

Reversible Cel\ reuer sibu (el

OY
Prrmany Cell
Secondo Cell

Can bR wd Can be watd fr

O rmultth Cydes
duochafy& Cand
chab" C2lecfavtyticell))
(calvcnc (ell)
breehaped.
2
duocha
Ex Daniel Cell E) DCell.
¬aod ctor ga &akey.
EDanel cell
Kena

-2n( bate Culr)

CFent)

2 noy ( t J

A nalvanie Cen Dis CHARUnG)

Stachods_Chedi) 2h0)» 1 ( ) +
CCok C ) +u ( alu

ell 2n()+ t t () 2 ) ta)

Conme ct an exkmal baHe wsnse po tenhal
rleo ga1wt celt tenh al E
o teho I n cre om d S lo wty .
AEcell = Cell SMF
Po fewhod

CaI
Cell wrleo a
alv aniC ce
Cuentt de CR Crls
 # 1 tce-eext
R eostanu
Crud

Co 1f ext =
fcell I=o
Cechmc -wrk =0

Can at Eced
7 cell a elecfastertc cell

ext
C

2 dy Cuoy ()

Evt CATHODE 2 + le - 2n

ANoDE C Cu +2
Cell rx1. 2 er)t n () lm)t a )

FextCrel) (¬ext ¢e ll
CalvanI_Cell Cuchotytic Ce
-ve kchrwdk ANODE
CATHODE
t echo CATHODe ANODe
 #4 a cell undevgoe Cell *n. a0 elecholytc
ce
Cell which eractR revte
n. Cnalvanic Cel ell 2ure rnb
cell (Secandavj Cei)

r
LEAD STORAGE BATTERY
Pb02()
Pb) P)

h8o ()
DURIN DiSCHARGINA Caluanc rel)

_ANoDE.
Pb C)+Hh8P C Pb Soy( *2e +2H
#CATHODE
Po (s + t hsue Pb Soq (a)+2n2o )
+2 Ht).
ell n i Pb)+Pbo,() +
2hu (**)
2 Phou(a) t 2o ()
 Pb() Pboz )t+ 2 q() 2 Phdoy (et242%
D I S C H A R G

Dury do c h a r '
pb Chno da)
29. t . Pbo2 (Calroda)
M28°y 14493/4

Cdleaty o6)
DVRivA CHARL ING ell Tea th exactHy
sekrfed cell
DRY CELL CPria Cet)
MoIstuTee

NHy -2n(s).
NoDE)
MnO2
Cpasn

Grahh1z CA TtoDe

Ano de 2n( ) +
Colhode
H2 () + 2
Na (a)
Cell v*n:
n )+ 2vhT (ea) - ) +h(i)tLu"3()
To ab orb Gses
2u
2 2
+
1NM3() 2nu)J)
)+aMn 02 (4) 2-Mno (on) (4)
 F u e lFuel (ells B atd CombstIom
o oftav uy dw cab ouo
t 2
2. +
O 6)
C)
-2
Co2G +t 2 2 o (

Anoo
Calio alk

ONDUCTANCE CELL

nood Con dveturs

Metallic Condvctuws 2lectodhc Condoefds

# d u to see e #duu fra io
+ T fR T # Tf RIf
C c

.
CE O 10w ncrran

oh la-o
Rp(4A
Beter mduchrr.
Condvctanu (C) Retstane (R)

Unnb: = who= Siemess)

CT.unt

#Condvchu ly (F) lausth ity ( )

Uni

STun (S

)
C k(Ve)

I= I VC
R

C
C on ducten te extestre (cho
#Conducth vily () L ntemol e dot et clebend
m r a)

ven Cmduct ven_Cnc.

CONDUCTAN CE CEL:
- ovrc
V volb

=Ara
e ach

p(alk
KLlo) Celectol

T =
Tt tu-
Cmdutta a sotn, C

A =
Cell Cbuatant (G)4-Umt =(ca)

(a) pt
 A c

Cm clu etan lel

I Ip Poma
Canduilanu Cel
AC-Souru

Som han culerenl eledoluto:

V volb

-O

Natt () t Mj (o)|L
Thine elechody 0Ye Comdu ctrr CmnecH4
1 avatel.
L
otuhe
 Cso uhn TMg0 Cnzo
h2o

stuho tMau, mo

CnL napl51b
Caewroy)
Geneval Cend cta u cmduct ivlG o
niguLcted Bu both wll hecome gMiFt cant
dl olutions o r f r eak elec hodq is

Comduttauu Ce) & Co

eluchoty mrease

CnC Ialao InCeoeen

Cmc . f daf I-4

cT
fe -f¢( )
 Matar Cmdoetan ov Malay CondueTIVI
C)
s/ (s1aw)
M- 3CS-l uni
S-w/ret

l)
m = K x1opoo
M4
(C-nt)
(Caeneradly) IL loo
ff hm 17ato dariy
ccnclu ctivty& darity

Conduetcm du To

oletely dmotur d betwem 2-plat sebavatd

by umi dmtana
C= m)
electady

mt)-
(oIcu
 V= A (1)
M V= A
lKA
M

CN
quivaleHt Conductamte
Conoluctiv
Che)
S/wm
S u n i

S-/a4

S/Can

e1/
(S-t[)

HM* t atio Cmductiul & nonmali

# - o ComducFenu dua f
elctortyte Celete 4ots b
22 la eparatd by unt duoj am.
 e . eleforlyu

C hep.
NOTE

= Me xn
n=1|actr euctolyk
Tot ed catimic (w amlauts) elaa

Ex
 Variation d n (or e or DiLUTION

m d1luhm
M

M (Dminat)

he
On Dilh m
COomiuat) eT
(or /Stro,
Se choly tz
Na, Ha, Naon)

Modra
elecoly2)

weak
Clac tody
(CHg CooH,
M
M-0
V Cor N) /DiLUTION
Infmi d1luh MoR&
 Maav Candu eFau elechoty at
0o d lution

quwalat Conduttanu a o dluhon,

Pots
O 0 n d1luhon bofk p lncreoanl

stron elutody tnCrea

Ue dmall. but weak 'ele ctartyu 'A &
nCrea shory mdilution
w t a k elec r t y i *

duuhen P af

&fr shr eschoty

tdandet -diluta)
Forr Sro electhoy
m - bM

+b,b olepand cn nature

elefodq
 For Shy elateiy Ca

dikmied rn PloT (m u
M)
v. N
But fr tak elechod4te &Me
cAnl he deenlusd

On dilutiom Iner- mi arah n

nCYease relalle
Indebendut e a d olar Causry Increa
In iv mabi u t y t Thue Cmduetan ahm
(oduu to Imds
&Aa) ncreo ws .

koHLRAUSCH LA oMdrpendut

AppAica bolh sro wralk elue l j lu

d nd e o tak eladmyh.
mCvin ) < vat) + (u-))
Loulrausch Nau hNa+ n (u)|
eleelyu
 A NMyoH
D-A fAh () =
2[ort+ 3 1/7
md Ah (to) he 2 md A3
2

le. H &
(. Aa)3 ha

A (H11)=n 13) x3
- n ( A(d ) x
M

Konl aauoch (aw Cam applieod 1n

Cm4 srag auetedyTu <[l0M)

fofn, havy Spor yd-ba
alt
ve tak elketodyt
Applicahow oKohl rauoch's las

x
To tnd tr wtall elttariyto.

Find An CHg oo H).

DaTa 9rn:
O n . f cHgtos Nat X Scmw

n L Hr| = Y cu/et
Na"u 2 St mt.

C g oH= X Y -2

Revi Revi ce o

PLa 33,39.
Applicanown oKohl sawac 's las
To tnd n r wealc elue todytto

Find ChzCH toot)

Data 9ien:
CHg tos Nat s X Smi t

nLH = Y fe/ud
2
(3)
Chg oH= X -z

Revice Tulo
lead loge P le
aa 33,3.
Rau 33

No curej
&MF
Cell wrkt curen porude ud (tell Afethal

M" (o1) + 4w,o (0) Mnoy

o(o) +se

Sro (o.1) + 6e 41unt64) > 2( (o.2) +h,o()

cell
6 Malo + St,6 (o.l) 6 Mno (o) t YaH9

+20H (o +) floc13 (o1)

t 2ol)

Freil (33 1:Si) 40.o5 logo(o1"l

30
O2-° (o-l° x(0:9)°
Votto

Ru 3
=
5M=ou

l67

x1T7
 H3A 20H
+2u2
L m.wm 2 mwM
p

D pH PEa2 t pCa2 &t12 s 10.

(Na@h)
2h
p ) - (h*]= M

H3A
HaAe
Ctad by veo4

7SxlO7

S+d. cond ihn Ht e - 2

Dlaalt Et/n Co

IT (Et/*2 2o) mer tedony

2C
240 ( 2 ) f 2u
 So Opt 2e

S2S20 7
2uf + "2
LONDUCTANCE CeLL

c(*IA)
Cu)

x 1000
M MEM0

s/n
Kxlooo

(S-)

y) 2. (ut) t n (0
Nay
Ca= lt)+ 2h[F
CM cf f

Am

wek

M Oilh
-Dlwhe
Apbicaha Lonlrouoc' lan
Fiud Ae CHg Coon). (1 X,Y,2
Dta e

Ano
L
-7 To u d d wtak elecholya

oddnad at c M
11 . (cM)

E HC MCP) Rc)t CN
)
A c M

Finc Ka

Ka h)
 Kxlo oo
V
Am Aep xnj
0.0SM Mg CoY) sdn mev

/
Condueta-te 200 S-Cnmat 1A a tell
ele eho da
wt elkc hode area
cea ad o 0SCm.
1f potenhal dHerenca
ppliedd SV f In o.

C eiana tonn
Cureni troyh sof, 0-1 A

(Sotn)
= s/c = c(In)
cln
xloo0 C o.03 S
Me-
V
( r id
1
20 V

ANog (-)ofn 1
poteuhal

an
cume o 2 A
appliid
Ceu

s«hova kd
aaed
wlk
t O
SGuare elketode

Specfic Cn ductan e or Cndualivits lGF unt

m ( l unit).

(Sctn)
C (L)
M-/9

Cot 12 3/
6

IL= C(*IA) =

2
0-0S x10 Sw
=:5 /
M

Mlhod 0.0%S7
7.5 S/m ( )s-
(0D
 r 0
rens tane

cell
0S M

oaiat
2.S0.

(G*) S
Msoy
cell wT

Find O 6 S/m
A) Conduct uity (s.) S

(.1) 0.012 n a d .
0.bo6 S-7y.

Sotn (») =X = 0.006 S/a

0. o06 x 100
Sm
O.6 Sn

M O.05

hoe

O.0D6 J e .
2 NOTE onl Tauoch's a Iadicable
CaCaT str
Stro eu emry td. veg dlk
ComC

Satumd n . p spamy b ralf

ACA n 2o. l M)
For Sahurakd n . da

CotubG AM M M

ASSme m.
ACor)+(u)
x loo0

ap lcmiged
Jalt
 r (onductivity o
Nay 8y
Find mdlar
L
6 M
(sIx )
cmduchaa
s/a
Na2 do F
Comdvetvl wakr o S/ Cm.

Llectatytt
m x loo0
M

Seho
sotuho + 0.
No2yT*20.

ANS:Sxio Sm/n
O

S:Ix lo
Sx1s/C
xlo x 1u6d

Ney &y
 r
Ex Speafic onduttanu d satUrakd

14
1

Condvetiuty E h
nfca= toy s-no
sC
2xl s(m
Ca2
Caf

fInd
Soubidity (aF = M

op (afi) M

A 2x1 M 3-2x1D M
- 6
4-2-2 x 2xlo y x1o sc
0O m 10 t 2x 48
200 S C /nod,

xloo
-Cafi lozed)

Ca tostat
Pure tolid
EA (S-u mod)
H 20
Na (26 4
CH too Na

utan O.M woM ( ) stn.

14 G= 2 c
fnd
A u [ Chgtoon 384-6 S-/od
ng Coon
Ca CCh3toon) I l xo3
2-

Am/n
Xlooo

M M

38.y6 S
0.1
346

CaCa e CA
 For -Batyrie oactd Ka I6 xio
mdav conductcmu o aud at oo diluno

380 Xlo S nmd. Spec1fc tenduchana (K

0.0 M a cuo Jofn.

A. 012
Sotn) HX(
O.0C) 0.01 O.o1
3
la2
=l 6 xlo

Sott quadvahc : = o. 3 28.

380 xTo
2

M: 0.0la hvm 1461 x lo S-md

M
I:246 xio
=oly6 S/

11461xioXlo = C loeo

sC
o.1 S/m.
 0.0l M H () Gn. han pe ct fre
anduthana 15d
ChLO) =S xo
Find
wa cnductema 0-ol M HCN (1) ?

Ans Sxo S-mm

(Sotn. Sdn EnCA * 2o

FneN S *lo S[n.

o-ol
o
 Specific Cumducteuad M Nap
2.6 Xto s/Cm
14 e am
Aatn, u Saturad wt CaSOy
Cosoy Cadoei utty
nCYeaeo to 82 x1 S/ C
A Nat)= So /hd

Ce)= 120 S-a ot.

Ans. Fin d
S6x1o s/on Conducttv1ty 4 Caoy in Jotn
160 Su t60
2x M Satubid Ca dov
6 xM Kap (Cado)
Sotn)

8.1 xlo =
26 xio KCatoy
ICCaoy . 6 x lo

(b Ca &oy) Am =
diluted

2 6 x1ox10o0

lo

Cavy
 2
Ca60 3
+lo

2 f U
3
lox2

& (+(6)
Cp

31 1
O-1 : 16 to S3

0-2 78, 191 ld, /1, 0 , 14

J(M),S,6,8, 22,1t,?1
 . 7S x to
A
oSxl -0.PS xio
130tEI40- 110.

1
9.x lo /

126t 1S2 -15D

278 1sD
28
A
0-2 .014 = 6r1
0.0 VIb Xlo
6rlo r6

A
 /
Ecet 0-q2

E (
Copale Aga ( s ) t e
16 M
aryaly u 0.06 l y ) .

Ecetl=o.92 X
- o.oG
(i50)-l -o6 ug
o-12=(*)+o 36 + 016

Strom dretlyt

c - b/M.
Slope s -VE

b20

VM
CT 2)
Add (ncvf T ) ouslaxt Vf|
Po

8 =
Pu1Cu.)= ke
Pur
(Pal4 Cls.

Cud-po

Naon
1S Pand jh._poln

pH
71

Vnaon Pinlc
P r n k l k f - cSlanu

Plnafh
 pM . S - 83 PLitm
. aje

lonic MobiAity U)

Cattone
u () ()

/
Not m Jls)

ut= eloc1ly ct cation

ad = Potenhad duor ewa
Duslau behwe elvchudk

Dp = Potenha * odies
d
Mdov Cnn duchn a q. coN o

= Spul valut 11

n=Ctaye o c n = nfoct o im

= lm
Vet

F 10n: Ae
ut
Cr soun poteh
Tadue
NOTE
Exkt d odraha)
Mebdetd
2)
(fr raunn
ahoap

dr
o lowny :
Nal Rb C Co C

HU> 6U> Rb a > u > Na

1
A KCL

ICBr

>U
Mobr ot >. I * > Br
NOTE
Sodn. Mohut (Cun

exiomoy (anpa an Comond o ter

e o to
ISexcahthmallope

O-H 0-H o-H

H H H

pmslcady movee

H- H- -o
 CONDUCTO MERIC TITRATiONS -

Plot (Conduchane . VS . regu)

cduT ttrahon
SA V SB Tranio
slo dj
Colded

Londuct 9
-anR H
Cop)

Vo. oNaOH (L)

#Before epylv. boMt Nab LL,

+ +Ne+ OM

Inhaldy
Net flxn: Ht+bH

H eplau by
Netch oe NaT

twtc1
nnolo ch LColcha
 H outd.
A P

We ak Acid US Shrg Bane

NaOh
Sh
on

Conduc
CH3CooH ta
tantu
Chgtoo

Nat

V, NaOH ( L )

BefoTe epl (NaOH i LR)

CH3 to OH +Na +OH

Aol de d
Iihdy
Net Rxm Citg tooH+OH CH3 Co o+ H2
Ne cho CH CooOH pleud by
Nm. Cmdu cfr
Ch3 Co0
Lat1f
 Conmbely Cosmnd
cg coon

Cl1g CooH

w ak

NaOH
Cmd
Vetaunu
S

Vot Chgtoo ( .

Pae-e.pl
Nat

lihy LR
ClgCoo fon - Chg too+ M220

Net cho H Teld by Cu Coo

Attr pl
cHg Lobk Coq) Cg wo o)+*T(9
hyhm
 NMyOH)

(SA V. wB) wB . SA)

C C

7p
VNyoH VHL

Tjleu(Nn + Nut

HiY ep. pt.: Htowund

NMyon + f
 NaOH (slouty adadsd)

HCN

HNo3

Nat

Candvcta HTNa
N
nCN N

,2n

Yp
Vo. o NaoH

SA Vs SB Titrohon
1lao: NaT
Behure u t 1 e . pt LAUS, SB,

HCN plaud b CV

Hr 2a pl
(Nat1 oH )
 P r e cipitatom Tthrathon
Nau()addad Hnvy

(onductau
fofn.

Vd. Nad
o p)

AT+N0
lnittadly Acldtd

Net 2xn ' Ae ) Agu (

Nef ch elaed Na
 H* .pt Ao cple el

0-1M NaOH
(o)soln. ha Condu chuig
0.012 sfum 1 epua vrdune d 0 1M HL

IS a ddud cmdud uit deY e amo to 0.0036 SCn

Fuvltav oddihion 4 vot ume 0-1 M

HL Cang cmdu ctiuTt To ncre aR

0-019 S/C Find

An vaOH) _ 2 220 S~t t

CNa u)= 12 11

Aun CHU = 398

HU (0 M)
VL

0.IM
VL Naon
olU mm
t-
2 L

C0oS M.
Cneou) = 0.01 x
O 1
looo
= 2 20 S Cnnl

(Nat) O00S6 X 1ooo

12 S
 Hu (olM) h lxlmd

(N 0.0X2 - M
Nad
O.0SM
3V

(HuI xV
3V
M
2V wL

Lstn 0.o1 s/Cn Nau K Hku.

0 o1-= An Cna u) x O«l/ +o
ua)x o/

SI C a u) * Cua)

12

un Cha) S 1 0 -l12

348 J- /

AD al) avly Cntat

wilt CCmC

A l|2
O1 M
 Find (Sa) fran odata

Cone. (M) 0

ACS-ouf) 26o

Aro=

Satn h n-bM.

Cmdvet1uly dfatvra ed M3 X soluh

1S 4 x s/m 2 e u v a t Canducfane
Sxlo
1Sxlo Sm/4. Ftud
@ fdubuldy o M3X 2-x10 M

-32 ri6'8M"
p
(Son 3MTH)t
3&
xr)
p=2
3 Aun x3 = 4.S xio Sm/e.
1x6,
-

S 2xlor= Lxlo M
 Pt 10ow)| Hx
( ) k ( iM) |"g429|1g0Pt
Eell 600 V

Whn HX
elaud by abufter
Yrs,
dp 68 cell SMAF be 7so mV
Find pH HX Suhn wecd oynady.
2 303K 0.06

Ao43
et
pH CHX=
0.60o =
0:06 l t
Fulnu, Ing
O
0.1 = o06 lo

-0.
 Pt
CIa-)| HA (oIM, 301) || # (otm)|ag
Ece= 0,12 U

2:3038T = 0. o6.

= 0 8 V.

Find cell enF srn yo 0.0T M NaOH

added o amodic 8o1uhM

ANS:

Find pokunhal o4 elechovde havi rXn:

A2 S C) +2e

a Sot uti Cm buHered a pH= 3

aturatd wi lk 0I M H2S
-13
For Hh S Ca = lo* Ka2 l o
ILep A: S]= 2 xlo 77
EAgt IAg 0.8V
log2 03.

Ao
S2: 12,13,1Y
## ead Shat e
TCA) 2,6,8,1
exmplu
Ex3Y))
 2 to IS
(0-1
S-2 It& 12 t 19
JM) 2
4,9, (ot ( 18 t21,

TA: Cnmpu

TI edneoday

e ad shat tastvtd enoin}

CNext Sarada)
lead NCERT
C
Pper 0
A CN () )eno )
3-a

HCn)
CN
CNC
-m\
+ HTn

-152)
(d-) =
op

Ka
-
-@
IC
lo

Aph ApH
 Ecet1 O. 72 V at 29&
-S
2303L = o.06V
A o = I 0 3 8 V

Find cell CMF ten O.oM Nao

a ddsd u anodiu on?

(Sotn Init 1y
HCah) + (o) tg(a) 4 H" ( Vo.1ka)
eO.8V
0. 92 =
- o:o6
0.92 = o.8 o.06 lo9 oiKa
-

0.03 log o| -
003 loj Ca
lg
3
ka

Add NaoH
HA OU A M2 OO
t-0 3 mn 2
2 mn
t
E 0.
+0 3
f =
e -0.06 9 +00l&

= 1:os{V
e t 00-0 6 pH -
0.o6

=0 71 0.06LPlCa f g'J
 Fiud potenhd al. huterel a
PH= 3 Aaavaks wnl o.1M HS.

(3
ICa2
7
)2x1o
op CAt
EA 0.8V, 20.3

Ano 0.16 V

E-/Ag/ + 0.0SSi log)o

2
.
H S
Cot) Ar) t )
O.IM
l6x =

616

o 8t
097 o:3 -

32J
-0. 164V
f005
 Co RROSiON OF METALS
Corostm s udox pro cesS
Caus OX(dah
woto
Neavy oalL etala tomoded
exept
Au Pt

H (r Mg, N Oxd ahen to kettcally

prevntd bfmehem o fef iK
fuhea
AlO3 ()
1nert

Ma 0 Mo 4)

RUSTiN oF TR0N C lu omic (ell pro(er

Condih ou Tpd.
O Fe AtR wATER
wATER (Morftur

P tess tndene Lream 1 preua d

acads or Ht oller
eluetalyte
t2o(4). O CAR
H*

At ANoD¬: R C) fe"()4
SRP -04SVJ
ACaRode - 2h2o ().
SRP e=/23 v.
(etl en re +02 1)t_yut)> 2e()
Ecen a '68V
 OXdtcd
Fet

CPowded
Cod)
(Broon)
More act dic Cmdrhm More teauny

2sevenhm1
Pa phydacdic Peoie chon a aft
wk(ert hefad

dlic l t te x d i 2.
P tectire Pa'int

Gnal voniLahon Coat rm SunfeR

w 2rmc
prferabl geh OXIo
& fom gotec huA lazeY 2n
SACRIFiciAL ANODE: Connec lom
ore eleeto b eat meteA

Mag neS|um
 unolu cor
- -M
Ano de
son pipelina (Secafi)

Calkool
D t Spcnteloun TRaD x rXu,

Oxidied
ComCi areren ted
Behaves ao a lLoda
Calto olic Ptech'on)

wtn' ch flo y trah ang dAicult

Me
t be oloms experiuil oall ?
NM NUy . a

RwoH

CaCM3Rog) lo
 (e)

pH
Sdn.

V. o naoH ()

NaD

wtalc A cid

pka ()plca 3 )pka =s

plCa () pka = t .
9n e)t(t) epulva u bo
poT oInflecho) m6T well~dehud
NOTE ka weac aqd l

en a n lo (pCa 19 hfrahon
Can' ee done exhevtntal y
nofF wel dued or pH chao tloul
arou d epulvalaneu