Fisika Zat Padat

STRUKTUR KRISTAL
PADA ZAT PADAT

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 Kompetensi yang diharapkan

Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan mahasiswa mampu memahami

struktur kristal dan contohnya dalam zat padat

Referensi

1. Kittel, Charles, Introduction to Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons Inc
2. William Calliester, Materials Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons Inc,
3. Omar, M.A., Elementary Solid State Physics, Addison Weley, London.
4. Blackmore, Solid State Physics, Edition, Cambride University Press.

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What is Solid Materials?

Solid materials are substances that have a fixed shape and volume. Particles in solids
are closely spaced so they cannot move freely.
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 Solid Materials

Solid materials can be classified based on the regular arrangement of their constituent
atoms or ions, namely crystalline materials and Amorphous Materials

Crystalline materials → material composed of a series of atoms that are regularly

located and repeat (periodically) to an infinite length.
Amorphous Materials → materials that have no regularity in their atomic arrangement

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Solid Materials

Kristal Amorf

Batu Bata

arrangement of bricks

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Crystal Material Formation

crystalline and amorphous can be formed from

Solution Melt Gas

crystalline material is formed through a slow formation process so that the atoms or
particles can arrange themselves and tend to form an orderly arrangement

amorphous materials are formed through a rapid formation process so that the atoms
or particles do not have enough time to arrange themselves in an orderly manner

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Lattice and Basis

The lattice is the basic pattern of a Basis is a group of atoms that occupy a
crystal which is represented by dots lattice in a crystal

Basis

Lattice

Crystal structure is a basis that occupies a lattice in an orderly and repeating

arrangement

Crystal structure = Lattice + Basis

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Excercise

Gambar Struktur kristal dari kisi dan basis berikut!

Lattice Lattice

Basis Basis

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Lattice Translation Vector

On a three-dimensional (3D) lattice has Translation vector is a form of symmetric

a translation vector a1, a2, a3 operation if a crystal is given an action or
operation so as to produce a new state in the
𝑇 = 𝑢1 𝑎ො1 + 𝑢2 𝑎ො2 + 𝑢3 𝑎ො3 crystal

Ex: 𝑇 = 3𝑎ො1 − 𝑎ො2

where u1, u2, u3 are integers and a1,

a2, a3 are translational unit vectors that
are mutually orthogonal (perpendicular)
and orthonormal (value)

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Excercise
Gambar vektor translasi pada kekisi kristal di bawah ini!

𝑇 = 𝑎ො1 + 𝑎ො 2 + 𝑎ො 3
𝑇 = 𝑎ො1 + 2𝑎ො2
𝑇 = −𝑎ො1 + 2𝑎ො2 + 2𝑎ො3
𝑇 = −𝑎ො1 + 2𝑎ො2

𝑇 = −2𝑎ො1 − 2𝑎ො2

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Primitive Lattice Cell and Non Primitive Lattice Cell (Conventional)

in a 3D crystal lattice there is a

volume bounded by three
translational unit vectors called
the crystal unit cell or unit cell

Primitive lattice cell → a crystal unit cell that contains only one point
A non-primitive lattice cell is a crystalline unit cell that has more than one point

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Difference Primitive and Convetional Lattice Cells
Primitive
• cell has the smallest area and volume
• Primitive cells are formed with
vectors a1, a2, a3, which are called
unit cells
• a cell that has one lattice point
• the atoms are in the corners of the
cell (simple cubic)
Conventional
• cell has the smallest area and volume
• Conventional cells have a cell area
multiple of that of primitive cells
• the atoms are in the corners of the cell
and are also present on the face (FCC =
face centered cubic) or cell center
(BCC = body centered cubic)
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Metode Wigner-Seitz: Primitive Lattice Cell

Wegner Seitz .'s steps for depicting

primitive cells
1. Take one of the grid points as a
reference
2. The lattice point you take as a
reference is connected to the
nearest lattice point around it
3. In the middle of the connecting
line, draw a line that is
perpendicular to the connecting
line
4. The smallest area (2 dimensions)
enclosed by these lines or planes
is called the Wigner-Seitz
primitive lattice cell

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Excercise

Gambar sel primitive

dengan menggunakan
metode Wigner-Seitz untuk
kisi berikut!

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Crystal lattice system and bravais lattice

1. Slanted lattice 2. Square lattice 3. Hexagonal lattice

𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 , 𝜃 = 90° 𝑎 = 𝑏 , 𝜃 = 90° 𝑎 = 𝑏 , 𝜃 = 120°

4. Rectangular lattice 5. Centered rectangular lattice

𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 , 𝜃 = 90° 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 , 𝜃 = 90°
𝑐 = 𝑑 , 𝜑 = 90° 𝑐 = 𝑑 , 𝜑 = 90°
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Three Dimension (3D) Lattice

in 1880, a scientist Auguste Bravais introduced the concept of a space lattice called the
bravais lattice

parameters on space crystal (3D)

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7 crystal systems and 14 bravais lattices
No Crystal systems Bravais Lattice Rib length value of angles Code
Cube • Simple Cube a=b=c α = β = γ = 90° P
1 • Body centered cube (BCC) I
• Face centered cube (FCC) F
Tetragonal • Simple a=b≠c α = β = γ = 90° P
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• Body centered I
Orthorhombic • Simple a≠b≠c α = β = γ = 90° P
• Body centered I
3
• Face centered F
• face centered A, B, and C C
Monoclin • Simple a≠b≠c α = γ = 90°,β ≠ P
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• Face centered C 90° C
5 Triclin • Simple a≠b≠c α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90° P
Rhombohedral or • Simple a=b≠c α = β = 90°,γ = P
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trigonal 120°
Hexagonal • Simple a=b≠c α = β = 90°,γ = P
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120°
Total = 7 Crystal Total = 14 Bravais lattice
systems
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7 crystal systems and 14 bravais lattices

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