CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics - This is the term given to the analysis
of data that helps describe, show or summarize data in a  Taken all at a time - some things are identical.
meaningful way. (𝑛 − 1)!
𝑛𝑃 =
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 !…𝑖
Measures of Position - give a range where a certain  Not all things are taken at a time - all things distinct
percentage of the data fall. or different.
(a) Quartiles 𝑄 = (𝑛 + 1) 𝑛𝑃 = 𝑛𝐶 ∙ (𝑟 − 1)!
(b) Percentiles 𝑃 = (𝑛 + 1)  Not all things are taken at a time - some things are
identical or alike.
(c) Median 𝑛𝑃 = 𝑃 + 𝑃 + 𝑃 + ⋯
(d) Deciles 𝐷 = (𝑛 + 1) 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠

Measures of Central Tendency - A measure of central (c) Permutation by Group

tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of 𝑃 = 𝐺! 𝑛 ! 𝑛 ! 𝑛 ! …
data by identifying the central position within that set of
data. 2. A developer of a new subdivision offers a prospective
(a) Mean- Arithmetic Average of Data home buyer a choice of 4 designs, 3 different heating
(b) Median - The median is the middle score for a set of data systems, a garage or a carport, and a patio or a screened
that has been arranged in order of magnitude. porch. How many different plans are available to this buyer?
(c) Mode -The mode is the most frequent score in our data Ans. 48
set.
3. How many 4 digit numbers can be formed using digits 0 to
Measures of Variability - It represents the amount of 9 if the digits are distinct?
dispersion in a dataset. Measures of variability define how Ans. 4536
far away the data points tend to fall from the center.
(a) Range -The difference between the largest and lowest 4. How many distinct permutations can be made from the
values. (b) Interquartile Range (IQR) - The difference letters of the word ENGINEERING.
Ans. 277200
between the 3rd and 1st Quartiles.
( ̅)
(c) Population Variance 𝜎 =∑ 5. Miya, Layla, Lesley, Guison, Clint and Alucard was called to
attend a meeting in the Land of Dawn. Find the number of
(d) Sample Variance 𝑠 =∑
( ̅) ways in which they can be seated in a round table such that:
a. Guison and Lesley must always sit together.
Ans. 48
(e) Population Standard Deviation 𝜎=
( ̅) b. Alucard and Clint must not sit together.
Ans. 72
( ̅) c. No two women are seated together.
(f) Sample Standard Deviation 𝑠= Ans. 12

1. The table shows the scores of the EC 1Students during the COMBINATION - grouping of things whose arrangement is
Diagnostic Exam. not important.
24 24 27 27 23 22 21 19 21 21  All things distinct or different.
25 18 43 18 26 19 22 22 20 20 𝑛!
𝑛𝐶 =
𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!
a. Determine the First and Third Quartiles  Combination of things taken 1, 2, 3 and so on until
b. Determine the 70th Percentile n at a time.
c. Determine the Mean 𝐶 =2 −1
d. Determine the Median 13. In how many ways can a student select a set of 4
e. Determine the Mode Structural Design books and 3 Hydraulics books from a set of
f. Determine the Range 9 Structural Design books and 5 Hydraulics books?
g. Determine IQR Ans. 1260
h. Determine the Population Standard Deviation.
14. A woman has 11 close friends for an outing.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING a. In how many ways can she invite 5 of them?
The fundamental counting principle states that if there are n Ans. 462
ways to do one thing, and m ways to do another thing, then b. In how many ways if two of the friends are couples and
there are n×m ways to do both things. will not attend separately?
Ans. 210
c. In how many ways if two of them are not on speaking
PERMUTATION - an arrangement of objects in a definite
terms and will not attend together?
order. Grouping of things whose arrangement is important.
Ans. 378
(a) Linear Permutation - permutation in a straight line
15. In how many ways can you color a poster if there are 5
 Taken all at a time - all things distinct or different. different colors available?
𝑛𝑃 = 𝑛! Ans. 31
 Taken r at a time is - all things distinct or different. PROBABILITY
𝑛! -is the level of expectation in number form (0% to 100%)
𝑛𝑃 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! that certain outcome will happen. A probability of 0% means
 Taken all at a time - some things are identical. that surely, said outcome will not happen. While a
𝑛! probability of 100% indicates that the said outcome will
𝑛𝑃 =
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 !…𝑖 surely happen.
(b) Circular Permutation - permutation in circular 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑝
arrangement 𝑃= =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑝 + 𝑞
 Taken all at a time - all things distinct or different. 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛
𝑛𝑃 = (𝑛 − 1)! 𝑞 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝒏𝒐𝒕 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛

ENGR. AML
 CIVIL ENGINEERING REVIEW
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
BINOMIAL PROBABILITY DITRIBUTION
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑛𝐶 𝑝 𝑞

21. A safety engineer claims that only 40% of all workers

(a) Mutual Exclusive Events - events are mutually exclusive if
it is impossible for more than one of them to happen in a
single trial.
wear safety helmets when they eat lunch at the workplace.
Assuming that his claim is right, what is the probability that
4 of 6 workers randomly chosen will be wearing their
helmets while having lunch at the workplace?
Ans. 0.13824

(b) Independent Events - if the happening of one does not NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
affect the probability of happening of the other.

(c) Dependent Events - if the happening of one affects the

probability of happening of the other.

Conditional Probability - the probability of an event

occurring given that another event has already occurred.
The conditional probability of event B occurring, given that
event A has occurred is denoted by P (B/A).

z-score, 𝑧 = ; mean, 𝜇 = 𝑝 𝑛
Standard deviation, 𝜎 = 𝑝𝑛𝑞

16. A class has 12 boys and 4 girls. If three students are

selected at random from the class, what is the probability
that they are all boys?
Ans. 11/28

17. Five cards are drawn one at a time from an ordinary deck
of 52 cards.
a. Find the probability that exactly two diamonds are drawn. 22. The temperature T during June is normally distributed
Ans. 0.0274 with mean 68 degrees and standard deviation 6 degrees.
b. Find the probability that exactly three red cards are Find the probability “p” that the temperature is between 70
drawn. degrees and 80 degrees.
Ans. 0.0325 Ans. 0.34669
c. Find the probability that at least one face card is drawn. POISSON DISTRIBUTION
Ans. 0.7468 𝜇 𝑒
𝑃(𝑥) =
𝑥!
18. An experiment consists of observing the sum of the dice 23. There is an average of 2 suicides per year per 50,000
when two fair dice are thrown. population. In a city of 100,000. Find the probability that in a
a. Find the probability that the sum is 7. given year there is one suicide.
Ans. 1/6 Ans. 0.0733
b. Find the probability that the sum is greater than 10. HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
Ans. 1/12 𝑚 𝑚−1 𝑚−2 𝑚−𝑟
c. If the two fair dice are thrown behind you, and then you 𝑃(𝑥) = …
are informed that the sum is not greater than 3, find the 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 𝑛−𝑟
24. From a lot of 10 missiles, 4 are selected at random and
probability of the event that two faces are the same.
fired. If the lot contains 3 defective missiles that will not fire,
Ans. 1/3
what is the probability that:
a. all 4 will fire.
19. Box A contains nine cards number 1 through 9, and box B
Ans. 1/6
contains five cards numbered 1 through 5. A box is chosen at
b. at most 2 will not fire.
random and a card drawn. If the number is even, find the Ans. 29/30
probability that the card came from box A.
Ans. 10/19

ENGR. AML