ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
OF REPRESENTATIVE ANIMALS
Animal Reproduction
● Reproduction is the biological
process by which new
individual organisms –
"offspring" – are produced from
their "parent" or parents.
Reproduction is a fundamental
feature of all known life; each
individual organism exists as
the result of reproduction.
Wilhelm August Oscar Hertwig
● (April 21, 1849 – October 25,
1922) made his great discovery
right at the beginning of a long
scientific career, which made
him an eminent zoologist and
scholar of the theory of
evolution.
● Hertwig is credited as the first
man to observe
sexual reproduction
by looking at the
cells of sea urchins
under the microscope. ★ Protandry- an
Hermaphroditism organism which
● This is when an organism has begins its life as a
both a male and female female changes into a
reproductive system. male.
● In hermaphroditism, the
organism may or may not have Simultaneous Hermaphroditism-
Type of hermaphroditism when the
a partner for fertilization to
same organism has both the male and
occur. female sex organs and produces both
● In hermaphroditism, the types of gametes. Common examples
organism can reproduce either are worms, snails, and sea stars
sexually or asexually.
2 Types of Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
● A male and female gamete is
needed in order to produce
offspring. The offspring's traits
2 Types of Hermaphroditism
and genetic makeup are
Sequential Hermaphroditism- A type of
combinations of its parent.
hermaphroditism that occurs in many
fish, gastropods, and plants. Occurs
when the individual changes their sex
at some point in their life.
★ Protogyny- an
organism which
begins its life as a
male changes into a
female.
Asexual Reproduction
● A parent organism will not need
a mate or partner for it to
produce its own offspring. It
does not involve the
combination of gametes or sex
cells. The offspring is exactly
the same as the parent.
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
Types of Asexual Reproduction
● Binary Fission- Occurs in
single-celled organisms. It is
when a parent cell divides itself
Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
into two equal parts and create
an offspring.
❖ Examples: amoeba,
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
bacteria, euglena
● Fragmentation- Occurs when
an organism breaks a part of
Disadvantages of Asexual
itself into a fragment, and the
Reproduction
fragment develops into a new
organism.
❖ Examples: flatworms,
sponges, and sea stars
● Budding- happens when a
parent organism grows a bud
attached to its body. When the Mechanisms of Fertilization
bud is developed, it will detach
itself from the parent and form a
new organism.
❖ Examples: Coral and
Jellyfish Coral
● Parthenogenesis- occurs when
the embryo of an organism can
Two (2) Types of Fertilization
grow and develop without
● Internal Fertilization - Occurs
fertilization. when the fusion of gametes is
❖ Examples: some inside the female body.
species of ants and Gametes involved:
honeybees Only male gametes are
discharged into the female
● The population is less likely to genital tract.
catch diseases all at once.
❖ Examples: Reptiles,
● Has genetic variation. Birds, Mammals,
● Has more chances of survival. Pteridophytes
● External Fertilization- Is
● Needs a partner to reproduce opposite of internal fertilization
where fusion of gametes is
● Takes more time to reproduce
outside the female body.
Gametes involved:
● One parent organism is needed Both female and male gametes
● Faster than sexual reproduction are discharged into the external
surroundings.
Three (3) Types of Internal Fertilization
● Less Survival Chances
● Population is more likely to
Oviparity
catch diseases at the same
time ● The female has fertilized eggs
laid outside its body. The young
will get nourishment from its
 yolk. Is protected by the
external covering of the egg.
(Shell)
● The type of egg vary in different
animals
○ Chickens have High
calcium carbonate
concentration
○ Snakes produce
leathery eggs
Viviparity
● Most common in mammals.
● The offspring develops within
the female and is nourished by
the mother's placenta.
● When giving birth, the offspring
is pushed out of the mother.
○ Examples: Humans and
Bears
Oviviparity
● The same as oviparity.
● Only lay the eggs when they
are ready to hatch.
○ Examples: Great White
Shark
Factors that Affect Reproductive
Success
Factor #1: Predation
● APEX PREDATORS are
animals that hunt and feed on
other animals to survive and
eventually reproduce.
● PREY is easily hunted their
offspring is always
compromised and in danger.
The connection of these
animals in the food chain help
maintain their progeny.
Factor #2: Environment
● The animal's environment must
nurture to the young.
● Temperature affects their
development and urges to
mate. As temperatures around
the globe rises, animals are
also affected in which some die
before they even reproduce.
Factor #3: Human Interaction
● Humans have been responsible
for a lot of species extinction as
we pose as one of the greatest
threats to animals. Polluting
land, water, airm hunting and
deforestation are ways in which
animal reproduction gets
disturbed.