Past modals should have / could have

I should have visited

I should have left my job

We couldn’t have gone to Florida

Past modals: Speculation and deduction

(1) The must have found something suspicious

 (2) He might have forgotten / He could have made a mistake
(3) He may have brought the wrong form
(4) He may not have fullfiled / He might not haven known about the law
(5) He couldn’t have read this form

Herd

Steal and rob

Steal + thing

Rob + person
 If sentences: Imagined situations

present future

past

future

might could

Examples:

• I would have used the subway after 10 pm If it wasn’t dangerous

• If I hadn’t left my laptop in the car, the thief wouldn’t have broken into the car
• If I had left five minutes earlier, I wouldn’t have gotten a ticket
• There wouldn’t be so much crime in my neighborhood if unemployment weren’t high.
 Wishes and regrets

covered

could

Had left

Examples:

I wish I could dance, but I have two left feet

If only there weren’t so many dishonest people in the world

If only I had learnt another language when I was a child, I’d be bilingual now

My parents wish they lived in a country with a better climate they hate the cold.

I wish I didn’t work from home every day. I get really lonely.
 If sentences: Imagined situations mixed frame

Ejemplos:

If Marvin had more respect for his mother, he might not have gotten into trouble with the
police

I would have gone to the party last night if I didn’t have so much work at the moment.

If I spoke Spanish, I could have helped you translate that letter yesterday

If we hadn’t missed the bus, we would be there by now

I wouldn’t feel so upset if they hadn’t destroyed my favorite painting when the broke in last
night.

Luck

Expressions:

• With any luck if things go well

• A stroke of luck something fortunate and unexpected
• Run out of luck have no more luck
• Wish me luck say that you hope things go well
• Push your luck try too hard to get something and risk losing what you’ve achieved
• No such luck unfortunately not
 Use really

Really + state verb: What I really love is exploring new places

Adding emphasis: Cleft sentences with / is

 Making comparisons

Ochoa spent hours practicing to become a more and more accurate

The more determined and motivated you are, the more successful you
will be

Many believe he’s the finest printer the world has ever seen
 Modifying comparisons

far

nowhere

slightly

quite

just

Bear in mind, running low, take care of, lost touch with, caught slight, got rid of
 Either or / Neither or

positive

negative

singular

Order describes objects

Articles
I’m a journalist

If you see an item you like

Let the vendor

The vendor may make a better office

You can buy everything under the sun there

Judicious shoppers are the garage sale elite

Buying online is often the cheapest wat of shopping

Local markets are great places

Relative clauses

So / Such
Reporting verbs
 clain

invite

insist

suggest

insist

accuse
congratulate

He explained that he was going to be 20 minutes late

She promised that she would wait

They warned me not to talk home trough the park at night

I agreed that I would get a taxi

She apologized for losing my book and offered to buy me another one
Perfect and continuous

She’s rescued hundreds of them

He’d first fallen in love with it in the 1940s

I’m glad someone is taking care of them

I guess he’ll still be doing it when he’s 100

He’s been doing it for six years