STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS:

When the reactive forces or internal resisting forces over a cross-

section exceeds the number of independent equations of equilibrium,
the structure is called statically indeterminate. These cases requires
the use of additional relations that depends on the elastic deformation
in the members.
Equations of Equilibrium:
σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0ቑ 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
σ𝑀 = 0
Illustrative Problem:
A timber column 8′′ 𝑥8′′ in cross-section is reinforced on each side by a
steel plate 8′′ wide and 𝑡 inches thick. Determine the thickness 𝑡 so that
the column will support an axial load of 300 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 without exceeding a
maximum timber stress 𝜎𝑇 = 1200 𝑝𝑠𝑖 or a maximum steel stress 𝜎𝑆 = 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖.
Use 𝐸 = 1.5𝑥106 𝑙𝑏Τ𝑖𝑛2 for timber and 𝐸 = 29𝑥106 𝑙𝑏Τ𝑖𝑛2 for steel.
Solution:
Consider FBD of the column;

σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
𝑃𝑇𝑏 + 4𝑃𝑆𝑡 − 𝑃 = 0 → 1

Consider Deformation of both materials;

𝛿𝑇𝑏 = 𝛿𝑆𝑡

𝜎𝐿 𝜎𝐿
=
𝐸 𝑇𝑏 𝐸 𝑆𝑡

𝜎𝑇𝑏 𝜎𝑆𝑡
= 29𝑥10
1.5𝑥106 6

29𝜎𝑇𝑏 = 1.5𝜎𝑆𝑡 → 2
Solution cont’d:

When 𝜎𝑇𝑏 = 1200 𝑝𝑠𝑖 in equation 2

29 1200 = 1.5 𝜎𝑆𝑡

𝜎𝑆𝑡 = 23.20 𝑘𝑠𝑖 > 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘

When 𝜎𝑆𝑡 = 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖 in equation 2

29 𝜎𝑇𝑏 = 1.5 20000

𝜎𝑇𝑏 = 1.03 𝑘𝑠𝑖 < 1.2 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑜𝑘

∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒: 𝜎𝑆𝑡 = 20 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑇𝑏 = 1.03 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
Solution cont’d:

In Equation 1;

8 8 1.03 + 4 8 𝑡 20 − 300 = 0

65.92 + 640 𝑡 − 300 = 0

640 𝑡 = 300 − 65.92

𝑡 = 0.37 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

Illustrative Problem:
The composite bar in the figure is firmly attached to an unyielding
supports. A horizontal load P=50 kips is applied as shown. Determine;
a) the stress in the aluminum bar
b) the stress in the steel bar
Solution:

Consider FBD of the assembly;

Solution cont’d:

σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 → +

50000 − 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑅𝐶 = 0

𝑅𝐴 = 50000 − 𝑅𝐶 →1

Compatibility Equations;

𝛿𝐴𝐵 = 𝛿𝐵𝐶

𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
=
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐶

𝑅𝐴 15 𝑅𝐶 10
=
1.25 10𝑥106 2.0 29𝑥106

𝑅𝐶 = 6.96 𝑅𝐴 → 2
Solution cont’d:

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1

𝑅𝐴 = 50000 − 6.96 𝑅𝐴

7.96 𝑅𝐴 = 50000

𝑅𝐴 = 6281.41 𝑙𝑏

In equation 2

𝑅𝐶 = 6.96 6281.41

𝑅𝐶 = 43718.61 𝑙𝑏

Determine stresses in each materials;

𝑃
𝜎=𝐴
Solution cont’d:

6281.41
𝜎𝐴𝑙 =
1.25

𝜎𝐴𝑙 = 5.02 𝑘𝑠𝑖 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

43718.61
𝜎𝑆𝑡 = 2.0

𝜎𝑆𝑡 = 21.86𝑘𝑠𝑖 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

Illustrative Problem:
A rigid beam with negligible weight is pinned at one end and attached to
two vertical rods as shown in the figure. The beam was initially
horizontal before the load 𝑊 = 50 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 was applied. Determine the vertical
movement of 𝑊.
Solution:

Consider FBD of the beam;

Solution cont’d:

σ 𝑀𝐴 = 0

50000 8 − 𝑃𝐵𝑟 3 − 𝑃𝑆𝑡 12 = 0

3𝑃𝐵𝑟 + 12𝑃𝑆𝑡 = 400000 →1

Compatibility Equations;

By Ratio and Proportion

𝛿𝐵𝑟 𝛿𝑊 𝛿𝑆𝑡
= =
3 8 12

𝛿𝑆𝑡 = 4𝛿𝐵𝑟 →2

2
𝛿𝑊 = 3 𝛿𝑆𝑡 →3
Solution cont’d:

𝐼𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2

𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝐴𝐸 𝑆𝑡
=4 𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝑟

𝑃𝑆𝑡 10 12 𝑃𝐵𝑟 3 12
0.5 29𝑥106
= 4 2.0 12𝑥106

𝑃𝑆𝑡 = 0.725 𝑃𝐵𝑟 →4

Substitute 4 in 1

3 𝑃𝐵𝑟 + 12 0.725𝑃𝐵𝑟 = 400000

𝑃𝐵𝑟 = 34188.03 𝑙𝑏
Solution cont’d:

𝐼𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4;

𝑃𝑆𝑡 = 0.725 34188.03

𝑃𝑆𝑡 = 24786.32 𝑙𝑏

In equation 3;

2 24786.32 10 12
𝛿𝑊 =
3 0.5 29𝑥106

𝛿𝑊 = 0.14 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

Illustrative Problem:
The rigid platform in the figure has negligible mass and rests on two
steel bars each 250 mm long. The center bar is aluminum and 249.90 mm
long. Determine the stress in the aluminum bar after the center load P
has been applied. For each steel bars, the area is 1200 𝑚𝑚2 and 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎
for the aluminum bar, the area is 2400 𝑚𝑚2 and 𝐸 = 70 𝐺𝑃𝑎
Solution:

Consider FBD of the platform;

σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +

2𝑃𝑆𝑡 + 𝑃𝐴𝑙 − 400000 = 0 →1

Solution cont’d:

Consider deformations of the materials;

𝛿𝑆𝑡 = 𝛿𝐴𝑙 + 0.10

Solution cont’d:

𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
= + 0.10
𝐴𝐸 𝑆𝑡 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝑙

𝑃𝑆𝑡 250 𝑃𝐴𝑙 249.9

= + 0.10
1200 200𝑥103 2400 70𝑥103

𝑃𝑆𝑡 = 1.428𝑃𝐴𝑙 + 96000 →2

Substitute equation 2 in equation 1;

2 1.428𝑃𝐴𝑙 + 96000 + 𝑃𝐴𝑙 − 400000 = 0

𝑃𝐴𝑙 = 53941.91 𝑁

In equation 2;

𝑃𝑆𝑡 = 1.428 53941.91 + 96000 = 173029.05 𝑁

Solution cont’d:

Determine stress in the aluminum bar;

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

53941.91
𝜎𝐴𝑙 = 2400

𝜎𝐴𝑙 = 22.48 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

Illustrative Problem:
An aluminum rod of length 300 mm, cross-sectional area 1250 𝑚𝑚2 and
𝐸 = 70𝐺𝑃𝑎 has been placed inside a steel tube of the same length, cross-
sectional area 700 𝑚𝑚2 and 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 as shown in the figure. Determine
the deformation of the aluminum rod and steel tube when the 50 KN force
was applied.
Solution:

Consider FBD of the end plate;

σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 → +

𝑃𝑆𝑡 + 𝑃𝐴𝑙 − 50000 = 0 →1

Solution cont’d:

Consider deformations of the materials;

𝛿𝑆𝑡 = 𝛿𝐴𝑙

𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
=
𝐴𝐸 𝑆𝑡 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝑙

𝑃𝑆𝑡 300 𝑃𝐴𝑙 300

700 200𝑥103
= 1250 70𝑥103

𝑃𝑆𝑡 = 1.6𝑃𝐴𝑙 →2
Solution cont’d:

Substitute equation 2 in equation 1;

1.6𝑃𝐴𝑙 + 𝑃𝐴𝑙 − 50000 = 0

𝑃𝐴𝑙 = 19230.77 𝑁

In equation 2;

𝑃𝑆𝑡 = 1.6 19230.77

𝑃𝑆𝑡 = 30769.23 𝑁

Determine the stresses in each material;

𝑃
𝜎=𝐴
Solution cont’d:

For Steel;

30769.23
𝜎𝑆𝑡 = 700
= 43.96 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

For Aluminum;

19230.77
𝜎𝐴𝑙 = = 15.38 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
1250
Problem Set:
The light rigid bar ABCD as shown in the figure is pinned at B and
connected to two vertical rods. Assuming that the bar was initially
horizontal and the rods stress-free, determine the stress in each rod
after the load 𝑃 = 90 𝑘𝑁 is applied.
Problem Set:
As shown in the figure, a rigid bar ABCD with negligible mass is pinned
at B and attached to two vertical rods. Assuming that the rods were
initially stress-free, what maximum load P can be applied without
exceeding a stress of 150 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in the steel rod and a stress of 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎 in the
bronze rod.
Problem Set:
The support consists of a solid brass post with 𝐸 = 98 𝐺𝑃𝑎 surrounded by a
steel tube with 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 . Before the load was applied, the gap between
these parts is 1-mm. Given the dimensions as shown, determine the largest
axial load that can be applied to the rigid cap A without causing
yielding of any one of the materials. Also, are the two materials loaded.
Problem Set:
The distributed loading of intensity 𝑤 is supported by three suspended
bars AB and EF are made from aluminum, 𝐸 = 70 𝐺𝑃𝑎, cross-sectional area of
𝐴 = 450 𝑚𝑚2 and bar CD made from steel, 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑝𝑎, cross-sectional area of
𝐴 = 400 𝑚𝑚2. Determine the intensity of the load 𝑤 so as not to exceed an
allowable stress of 𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 94 𝑀𝑃𝑎 for aluminum and an allowable stress of
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 180 𝑀𝑃𝑎 for steel
THERMAL STRESSES:
Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract. The amount 𝛿𝑇
is given by;

𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
where:
𝛼 – coefficient of thermal expansion in 𝑚𝑚Τ𝑚𝑚°𝐶
𝐿 – length in (m, mm, ft, in)
𝑇𝑓 - final temperature in °𝐶, °𝐹
𝑇𝑖 - initial temperature in °𝐶, °𝐹
For steel 𝛼 = 11.25𝑥10−6 Τ°𝐶
If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no loads
or stress will be induced to the structures. In some cases were
temperature deformation is not permitted, an internal stress is
created, the internal stress created is called thermal stress.
For homogeneous rod mounted between unyielding supports as shown,
the thermal stress is computed as;
Deformation due to temperature change;
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
Deformation due to an equivalent axial stress;
𝛿𝑃 = 𝛿𝑇
𝑃𝐿 𝑃
= 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇, but =𝜎
𝐴𝐸 𝐴
𝜎𝐿
= 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
𝐸
𝜎 = 𝐸𝛼∆𝑇
where:
𝜎 = thermal stress
𝐸 = modulus of elasticity

If the wall yields a distance 𝑥 as shown;

𝛿𝑇 = 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑃
𝜎𝐿
𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 = 𝑥 +
𝐸
𝑥
𝜎 = 𝐸 𝛼∆𝑇 − 𝐿 where: 𝜎 represents the thermal stress
Note:
A rise in temperature, the rod will be in compression, a drop in
temperature the rod will be in tension.

Illustrative Problem:
A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 𝑖𝑛2 is stretched between
two fixed points. The tensile load at 70°𝐹 is 1200 𝑙𝑏. Assuming 𝛼 = 6.6𝑥10−6Τ°𝐹
and 𝐸 = 29𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖, determine;
a) the stress at 0℉
b) the temperature when the stress is zero
Solution:
a) the stress at 0℉
Consider the effect of temperature and tensile force;

δ = δT + δP
σL PL
= αL∆T + AE
E
P
σ = Eα∆T +
A
1200
σ = 29x106 6.6x10−6 70 − 0 + 0.25
σ = 18.20 ksi → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
Solution cont’d:
b) the temperature when the stress is zero
Consider the effect of temperature only;

δT = δP
PL
αL∆T = AE
P
α∆T = AE
1200
6.6x10−6 T − 70℉ = 0.25 29x106

T = 95.08℉ → answer
Illustrative Problem:
Calculate the increase in stress for each segment of the compound bar
shown in Fig. P-266 if the temperature increases by 100°F. Assume that
the supports are unyielding and that the bar is suitably braced against
buckling. (www.mathalino.com)
Solution:
Consider the effect of change in temperature;

𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
𝑃𝐿
𝛿𝑃 = 𝐴𝐸
𝛿𝑠𝑡 + 𝛿𝑎𝑙 𝑇 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡 + 𝛿𝑎𝑙 𝑃
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 𝑠𝑡 + 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴𝐸 𝑠𝑡
+ 𝐴𝐸 𝑎𝑙
, where 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃
𝑃 15 𝑃 10
6.5𝑥10−6 15 100 + 12.8𝑥10−6 10 100 = +
1.5 29𝑥106 2 10𝑥106

𝑃 = 26,691.84 𝑙𝑏
Solution cont’d:
Determine the stresses in bar;
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
For steel
26,691.84
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = = 17.79 𝑘𝑠𝑖 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
1.5
For aluminum
26,691.84
𝜎𝑎𝑙 = = 13.35 𝑘𝑠𝑖 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
2.0

Illustrative Problem:
As shown in the figure there is a gap between the aluminum bar and the
rigid slab that is supported by two copper bars. At 10℃ 𝛿 = 0.18 𝑚𝑚.
Neglecting the mass of the slab, determine the stress in each rod when
the temperature in the assembly is increased to 95℃. For each copper
bars, 𝐴 = 500 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐸 = 120 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝛼 = 16.8𝑥10−6 Τ℃, for the aluminum bar
𝐴 = 400 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐸 = 70 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝛼 = 23.1𝑥10−6 Τ℃.
Solution:
Consider the FBD of the slab with the increase in temperature and
assuming complete freedom;

σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
2𝑃𝑐𝑢 − 𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 0
𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 2𝑃𝑐𝑢 →1
Solution cont’d:
Consider deformation;
𝛿𝑐𝑢 = 𝛿𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 + 𝐴𝐸 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 − 𝐴𝐸
𝑐𝑢 𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝑐𝑢 750 2𝑃𝑐𝑢 749.82
16.8𝑥10−6 750 95 − 10 + = 23.1𝑥10−6 749.82 −
500 120𝑥103 400 70𝑥103

𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 6,070.37 𝑁
In equation 1;
𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 2 6,070.37 = 12,140.74 𝑁
𝑃
Determine stresses; 𝜎 = 𝐴
6070.34
𝜎𝑐𝑢 = = 12.14 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
500
12140.74
𝜎𝑎𝑙 = 400
= 30.35 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
Illustrative Problem:
A 1.2-m concrete post is reinforced by four steel bars, each of diameter
18-mm. Using 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝛼 = 11.7𝑥10−6 Τ℃ for steel and 𝐸 = 25 𝐺𝑃𝑎,
𝛼 = 9.9𝑥10−6 Τ℃ for concrete, determine the stresses induced in the steel
and in the concrete by a temperature rise of 27℃.

Given:
𝐸𝑠 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝛼𝑠 = 11.7𝑥10−6 Τ℃
𝐸𝑐 = 25 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝛼𝑐 = 9.9𝑥10−6 Τ℃
∆𝑇 = 27℃
Solution:
Consider deformation of materials due to increase in temperature

σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ↑ +
𝑃𝐶 − 𝑃𝑠 = 0
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐 →1
Solution cont’d:
𝜀𝑐 = 𝜀𝑠
𝑃 𝑃
𝛼∆𝑇 − 𝐴𝐸 = 𝛼∆𝑇 + 𝐴𝐸
𝑠 𝑐
𝜋 18 2
𝐴𝑠 = 4 4 = 1017.88 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑐 = 200 200 − 𝐴𝑠 = 40000 − 1017.18 = 38982.12 𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑐
𝛼𝑠 ∆𝑇 − 𝐴 = 𝛼𝑐 ∆𝑇 + 𝐴 ; but 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐
𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝑐 𝐸𝑐
𝑃𝑐 𝑃𝑐
𝛼𝑠 ∆𝑇 − 𝐴 = 𝛼𝑐 ∆𝑇 + 𝐴
𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝑐 𝐸𝑐
𝑃𝑐 𝑃𝑐
11.7𝑥10−6 27 − = 9.9𝑥10−6 27 +
1017.88 200𝑥103 38982.12 25𝑥103
𝑃𝑐 𝑃𝑐
11.7𝑥10−6 − 9.9𝑥10−6 27 = +
38982.12 25𝑥103 1017.88 200𝑥103

4.86𝑥10−5 = 5.938𝑥10−9 𝑃𝑐
𝑃𝑐 = 8184.57 𝑁
Solution cont’d:
In equation 1;
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑐 = 8184.57 𝑁
𝑃
Determine stresses; 𝜎 = 𝐴
8184.57
𝜎𝑠 = 1017.88 = 8.05 𝑀𝑃𝑎
8184.57
𝜎𝑐 = = 0.21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
38982.12

Illustrative Problem:
For the assembly shown, determine the stress in each of the two vertical
rods if the temperature rises 40℃ after the load 𝑃 = 50 𝑘𝑁 is applied.
Neglect the deformation and mass of the bar AB
 Figure:

Solution:
Consider FBD of Bar AB;
Solution cont’d:
σ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝐶𝑊 +
50000 9 − 𝑃𝑠𝑡 6 − 𝑃𝑎𝑙 3 = 0
50000 3 − 𝑃𝑠𝑡 2 − 𝑃𝑎𝑙 1 = 0
𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 150000 − 2𝑃𝑠𝑡 →1
Consider deformation due temperature and the load P=50 kN;
Solution cont’d:
𝛿 = 𝛿𝑇 + 𝛿𝑃
By Ratio and Proportion:
𝛿𝑠𝑡 𝛿𝑎𝑙
=
6 3
𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 2𝛿𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 + 𝐴𝐸 = 2 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 + 𝐴𝐸
𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝑠𝑡 4 1000 𝑃𝑎𝑙 3 1000
11.7𝑥10−6 4 1000 40 + = 2 23𝑥10−6 3 1000 40 +
600 200𝑥103 900 70𝑥103

𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 109.451 + 2.857𝑃𝑎𝑙 →2

Substitute equation 1 in equation 2
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 109.451 + 2.857 150000 − 2𝑃𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑠𝑡 + 2.857 2𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 109.451 + 2.857 150000
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 63,845.61 𝑁
Solution cont’d:
𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 150000 − 2 63,845.61
𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 22,308.78 𝑁
𝑃
Determine stresses; 𝜎 = 𝐴
22,308.78
𝜎𝑎𝑙 = = 24.79 𝑀𝑃𝑎
900
63,845.61
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = = 106.41 𝑀𝑃𝑎
600
Problem Set:
The two circular rod segments one of an aluminum and the other a copper,
are fixed to the rigid walls such that there is a gap of 0.008 inches
between them when the temperature is 60℉. Each rod has a diameter of 1.25
inches. 𝛼𝑎𝑙 = 13𝑥10−6 Τ℉,𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 10𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖, 𝛼𝑐𝑢 = 9.4𝑥10−6 Τ℉,𝐸𝑐𝑢 = 18𝑥106 𝑝𝑠𝑖. Determine
the average normal stress in each rod if the temperature is 300℉, and
also calculate the new length of the aluminum segment.
Problem Set:
At 20℃, a rigid slab having a mass of 55-Mg is placed upon two bronze rod
and one steel rod as shown in the figure. At what temperature will the
stress in the steel rod be zero? For the steel rod, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 6000 𝑚𝑚2 ,
𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝛼𝑠𝑡 = 11.7𝑥106 𝑚𝑚Τ𝑚𝑚℃. For bronze, 𝐴𝑏𝑟 = 6000 𝑚𝑚2 ,𝐸𝑏𝑟 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎,
𝛼𝑏𝑟 = 19𝑥106 𝑚𝑚Τ𝑚𝑚℃.
Problem Set:
A rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is connected to two rods as
shown in the figure. If the system is initially stress-free. Determine
the temperature change that will cause a tensile stress of 90 MPa in the
brass rod. Assume that both rods are subjected to the change in
temperature.
Problem Set:
The rigid link is supported by a pin at A and two steel wires, each
having an unstretched length of 12 inches and cross-sectional area of
0.0125 𝑖𝑛2 . Determine the force developed in the wires when the link
supports the vertical load of 350 lb.