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PHD PAPER

1. Adelstein DJ, Ridge JA, Gillison ML, et al. Head and neck squamous cell cancer and the
human papillomavirus: summary of a National Cancer Institute State of the Science Meeting,
November 9–10, 2008, Washington, D.C. Head and Neck 2009; 31(11):1393–1422.
2. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society. Retrieved December 26, 2012. American Cancer
Society (2012). Cancer Facts and Figures 2012 Exit Disclaimer Exit Disclaimer.
3. Argiris A, Brockstein BE, Haraf DJ, et al. Competing causes of death and second primary
tumors in patients with locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer treated with chemo
radiotherapy. Clinical Cancer Research 2004; 10(6)1956–1962.
4. Azeem Akhtar, Ijaz Hussain, Muhammad Talha, Muhammad Shakeel Muhammad Faisal,
Muhammad Ameen and Tajammal Hussain. (2016). “Prevalence and diagnostic of head and
neck cancer in Pakistan” Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.29, No.5, September 2016, pp.1839-1846
5.
6. Boffetta P, Hecht S, Gray N, Gupta P, Straif K. Smokeless tobacco and cancer. The Lancet
Oncology 2008; 9(7):667–675.
7. Boffetta P, Richiardi L, Berrino F, et al. Occupation and larynx and hypopharynx cancer: an
international case-control study in France, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland. Cancer Causes and
Control 2003; 14(3):203–212.
8. Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, et al. Human papillomavirus and rising
oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;
29(32):4294–4301.
9. Chien YC, Chen JY, Liu MY, et al. Serologic markers of Epstein-Barr virus infection and
nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwanese men. New England Journal of Medicine
2001; 345(26):1877–1882.
10. Chuang SC, Scelo G, Tonita JM, et al. Risk of second primary cancer among patients with
head and neck cancers: a pooled analysis of 13 cancer registries. International Journal of
Cancer 2008; 123(10):2390–2396.
11. Czoli, Christine D; Fong, Geoffrey T; Mays, Darren; Hammond, David (2016). "How
do consumers perceive differences in risk across nicotine products? A review of
relative risk perceptions across smokeless tobacco, e-cigarettes, nicotine replacement
therapy and combustible cigarettes".
12. Do KA, Johnson MM, Doherty DA, et al. Second primary tumors in patients with upper aero
digestive tract cancers: joint effects of smoking and alcohol (United States). Cancer Causes
and Control 2003; 14(2):131–138.
13. Gandini S, Botteri E, Iodice S, et al. Tobacco smoking and cancer: a meta-analysis.
International Journal of Cancer 2008; 122(1):155–164.
14. Gillison ML, D’Souza G, Westra W, et al. Distinct risk factors profiles for human
papillomavirus type 16-positive and human papillomavirus type-16 negative head and neck
cancers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2008; 100(6):407–420.
15. Goldenberg D, Golz A, Joachims HZ. The beverage mate: a risk factor for cancer of the head
and neck. Head and Neck 2003; 25(7):595–601.
16. Goldenberg D, Lee J, Koch WM, et al. Habitual risk factors for head and neck cancer.
Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 2004; 131(6):986–993.
17. Guha N, Boffetta P, WünschFilho V, et al. Oral health and risk of squamous cell carcinoma
of the head and neck and esophagus: results of two metacentric case-control studies.
American Journal of Epidemiology 2007; 166(10):1159–1173.
18. Harish Chandra Rai, Junaid Ahmed (2016). “Clinico pathological Correlation Study of Oral
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Local Indian Population”. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer
Prevention, 17 (3), 1251-1254.
19. Hashibe M, Boffetta P, Zaridze D, et al. Evidence for an important role of alcohol- and
aldehyde-metabolizing genes in cancers of the upper aero digestive tract. Cancer
Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2006; 15(4):696–703.
20. Hashibe M, Brennan P, Benhamou S, et al. Alcohol drinking in never users of tobacco,
cigarette smoking in never drinkers, and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in
the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Journal of the National
Cancer Institute 2007; 99(10):777–789.
21. Hashibe M, Brennan P, Chuang SC, et al. Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and
the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer
Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2009;
18(2):541–550.
22. Ho PS, Ko YC, Yang YH, Shieh TY, Tsai CC. The incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in
Taiwan: an endemic betel quid chewing area. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 2002;
31(4):213–219.
23. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA: A Cancer Journal for
Clinicians 2010; 60(5):277–300.
24. Littman AJ, Vaughan TL. Cancers of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses. In:
Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr., editors. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rd Ed. New
York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
25. Maria da Salete Fonseca dos Santos Lundgren, Maria do Socorro de Mendonça Cavalcanti,
Divaldo de Almeida Sampaio. “Weekly monitoring of the effects of conventional external
beam radiation therapy on patients with head and neck, chest, and pelvis cancer by means of
blood cells count” Radiol Bras. 2008; 41(1):29–33.
26. Mayne ST, Morse DE, Winn DM. Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx. In: Schottenfeld
D, Fraumeni JF Jr., editors. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rd Ed. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2006.
27. Mendenhall WM, Mancuso AA, Amdur RJ, et al., Squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to the
neck from an unknown head and neck primary site. American Journal of Otolaryngology
2001; 22(4):281–287.
28. O'Connor, RJ (March 2012). "Non-cigarette tobacco products: what have we learnt and
where are we headed? Tobacco control,
 29. Shiu MN, Chen TH, Chang SH, Hahn LJ (2000) Risk factors for leukoplakia and malignant
transformation to oral carcinoma: a leukoplakia cohort in Taiwan. Br J Cancer 82: 1871–
1874.
30. Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. (2016). "Use of smokeless tobacco and
risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis". European
Journal of Preventive Cardiology.
31. Yu MC, Yuan JM. Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Seminars in Cancer Biology
2002; 12(6):421–429.
32. Yu MC, Yuan JM. Nasopharyngeal Cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr., editors.
Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 3rd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
33. Hui-Ju Tsai a, Ming-Yen Hsieh b,f, Yi-Chun Tsai c,f, Zi-Yun Liu d, Hui-Ya Hsieh d, Chiou
Mei Lee e, Ching-Hsin Chien d, Yu-Wen Chiu a,f, Hung-Yi Chuang e,g,*, Chia-Tsuan
Huang e,f.. (2014), “Liver function tests and advanced cancers”. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences
(2014) 30, 146e152.

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1. Natasha Cohen, Stacey Fedewa, Amy Y Chen. (2018) “Epidemiology and Demographics
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2. Gupta, I., Nasrallah, G.K., Sharma, A. et al. Co-prevalence of human Papillomaviruses

(HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in healthy blood donors from diverse nationalities in
Qatar. Cancer Cell Int 20, 107 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-020-01190-2.

3. Maurie Markman, MD, President, Medicine & Science at CTCA. “Risk factors for head
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4. Di Credico, G., Polesel, J., Dal Maso, L. et al. Alcohol drinking and head and neck
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8. Müller-Richter U, Betz C, Hartmann S, Brands RC. Nutrition management for head and
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neck cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines. J Laryngol Otol.
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10. Snyderman CH. Nutrition and head and neck cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2003
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