Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work format

WENDY JOHANNA MORENO DIAZ

Grupo: 203058_85

CC 1023937645
(Estudiante)

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2022 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. What do you understand by transmission line?

The transmission lines group the electronic energy in a space limited by

physical means that create the lines themselves, instead the waves propagate
in the air without obstacles.

Figura 1 trasmición

(Personales, s.f.)
2. . Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.

It is the equivalent impedance given by a power source connected to the network, if the source
delivers a known value of voltage or current, the impedance can be calculated using ohm's law,
the impedance can model a combination of resistance and capacitance with values that
respond to the network.

Figura 2 Impedancia

(Teoria, s.f.)
b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

The standing wave ratio is a measure of adaptation of load impedances to the transmission line
that guides the waves, it is like the definition between the amplitude of the partial standing wave at
an old node and the amplitude at a node, where can be better validated is how in amateur radio
stations the transmitter is connected to a power line that is connected to an antenna, the voltage
travels through the lines to the end with a forward wave and the voltage can be reflected in the
antenna and is propagated down the reverse line to the transmitter.

𝓁.

c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

electrical length (or phase length) refers to the length of an electrical
conductor in terms of the phase shift introduced by the transmission
Length is a definable metric concept for geometric entities on which a distance
has been defined.

Figura 3 Longitud

(Teoria, s.f.)

3. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?

The purpose of Smityh's letter was to present a graphical way so that the
parameters of transmission lines can be determined much easier than a
mathematical analysis where the mathematics that could be obtained
with a calculation rule are related graphically. can simplify impedance
matching in transmission line
 Figura 4 Carta

Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that ¿ corresponds to the
group number and CCC to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics: cc 1023937645

 Geometric parameters: a=0.1 mm b=10 mm t=(85+10)μm

6
 Conductor properties: (conductivity) σ c =4.3 x 10 Sm/m
Properties of the insulator: σ d=1 x 10 Sm/m ϵ r =2.3 μr =1
−10

 Applied signal frequency: f =645 KHz
 agnetic permeability: 𝜇0 = 1.257 ∗ 10−6
 Empty Permittivity:𝜀0 = 8.854 ∗ 10−12

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

¿=85
CCC=645

 Calculators profundidad con la siguiente ecuacion

1
δρ=
¿ α∨¿ ¿

1 1
δρ= =
a √ πfσcμo
 Remplazamos
1
δρ=

√ π∗645
khZ∗4.3 x 106 Sm
m
∗1.257∗10−6

1
δρ=

√
6
khZ∗4.3 x 10 Sm
π∗645 ∗1.257∗10−6
m
 Calculamos R
1
R= ¿
πσc
Remplazamos

1
R= ∗¿
π ( 4.3∗106 )

R=166.667 4 ohm ⁄ m

 Calculamos g
2 πσd
G=
(10∗10−3 )
ln
a

2 π 1∗10−10−10
G= −3
10∗10
ln −3
0.1∗10
 2 π 1∗10−10−10 −10
G= =1.36∗10 sm/m
10∗10−3
ln
0.1∗10−3

 Calculamos L

{ }
−6 −3
1.257∗10 10∗10
L= 1+ln ⁡( ) =1.2*10−6 H/m
2π 0.1∗10−3

 Calculamos C

2 πε
C=
b
ln ⁡( )
a

2 π (2.3∗8.854∗10−12)
C=
10∗10−3
ln ⁡( )
0.1∗10−3

C=2.78∗10−11 f / m
b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters
α , β , γ ∧Z 0 .
 Calculamos ωc

ωc =2 πfC

ωc =2 π ( 645 ) ( 2.78∗10 ) =0.0000

−11

 Calculamos ωl

ω l=2 πfl

ωl=2 π ( 645 ) ( 1.12∗10 )=0.453

−6
 z 0=
√ R+ jωl
G+ jωc

z 0=
√ 16.6+ j (0.453)
1.36∗10−10+ j (0.0000)

γ=± √ (R+ jωL)(G+ jωC )=α + j β

𝛾 = ±√ (16.6 + 𝑗0.453) (1.36 ∗ 10−10 + 0.00000)

 𝛾 = 0.0057560840448 + 0.00864582434𝑗

𝛼=0.009866
𝑁𝑝/m
0840448

𝛽 = 0.00864582434𝑗 𝑅𝑎𝑑⁄𝑚

c. Calculate the propagation velocity V p, the wavelength λ and the

attenuation α dB / Km.

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.

2 πf
vp=
β

2 π∗645
vp=
0.00864582434 j

7
v p =4.68∗10 m/s
 a. Wavelength λ .

2π
λ=
β

2π
λ=
0.00864582434 j 1

λ=726.73 m

Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning

of the value obtained for V p, λ and α dB / Km.

2. A Z o=75 Ω lossless transmission line has a Z L =35− j75 Ω. If it is ¿ 85 m long and

the wavelength is CCC 645 mm, Calculate:

Datos

 Z L =35− j 75 Ω
 Z o=75 Ω
 l=85 m
 λ=645 m−0.645 m

a. Input impedance Z¿ .

2π
Z L + j Z 0 tan ⁡( l)
λ
Z¿ =Z o
2π
Z o + j Zl tan ⁡( l)
λ

2π
(35− j75 Ω)+ j 75 Ω tan ⁡( 85 m)
0.645 m
Z¿ =75 Ω
2π
75 Ω+ j(35− j75 Ω) tan ⁡( 85 m)
0.645
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
Z L −Z o
r=
Z L +Z o

(35− j75 Ω)−75 Ω

r=
(35− j 75 Ω)+75 Ω
c. VSWR.

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the
transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results
obtained in point 2.

Application example

Example: Of Application, we evidence it in the transmission of data by means

of cables in the area of telecommunications that can be directed towards
homes or in business work areas
The guided transmission means are made up of cables that are responsible for conducting (or guiding)
the signals from one end to the other. The main characteristics of guided media are the type of
conductor used, the maximum transmission speed, the maximum distances that can be offered
between repeaters, immunity against electromagnetic interference, ease of installation and the ability to
support different technologies of level of transmission. link. The transmission speed depends directly on
the distance between the terminals, and on whether the medium is used for a point-to-point link or a
multipoint link. Because of this, different transmission media will have different connection speeds to
accommodate disparate usages.

 cable coaxial
 fibra óptica

Medio de
Razón de datos total Ancho de banda (Km)
transmisión

Cable de par trenzado 8 Mbps 2 MHz 2 a 10

Cable coaxial 10 Mbps 350 MHz 1 a 10

Cable de fibra óptica 2 Gbps 2 GHz 10 a 100

Video link

URL: https://www.loom.com/share/c17943f026854213919e2157e709a62e

References
Reference 1:

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic

Press, (pp. 525-551). Recovered

from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://searc
h.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang
=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525

Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave Transmission Line
Circuits. Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-68). Recovered

from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true
&db=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=edslive&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23

Hierauf, S. (2011). Understanding Signal Integrity. Boston: Artech House,

Inc. Chapter 6, 7, 11. Recovered

from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true
&db=nlebk&AN=345692&lang=es&site=edslive&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency & Microwave

Communication Circuits, (pp. 146-188). Recovered

from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true
&db=aci&AN=14528229&lang=es&site=eds-liv