Guía de Aprendizaje 1.

Bacteria y Arquea

NOTA: las preguntas que hacen referencias a secciones y figuras son del libro:
SADAVA D. et altri. LIFE: The Science of Biology, 10th Ed. 2014. Sinauer Associates,
Inc. MacMillan

1. Usando el siguiente enlace haga una representació n grá fica que muestre la
relació n entre un añ o calendario y el total de la historia de la vida en la
tierra. Este enlace puede servir de insumo:

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/travel-through-deep-
time-interactive-earth-180952886/

2. Recapitulació n de la secció n 26.1: “Bacteria and Archaea are distinct

prokaryotic domains of the tree of life. The small size of prokaryotes,
combined with their potential for lateral gene transfer, has hindered our
ability to understand their evolutionary relationships. Environmental
genomic studies have suggested a much higher diversity of prokaryotes
than previous studies had revealed”.
a. What findings led to the establishment of Bacteria and Archaea as
separate domains? See pp. 526–527 and Table 26.1
b. How did biologists classify bacteria before it became possible to
determine their nucleotide sequences? See pp. 527–528 and Figures
26.2 and 26.3
c. Why are nucleotide sequences of rRNA genes particularly useful for
phylogenetic studies of prokaryotes? See p. 528
d. How does lateral gene transfer complicate phylogenetic studies of
prokaryotes? See pp. 528–529 and Figure 26.4

3. Recapitulació n de la secció n 5.2: “Prokaryotic cells share basic features,

including the plasma membrane, the nucleoid, and the cytoplasm, which
consists of the liquid cytosol and insoluble filaments and particles, including
ribosomes. Other features, such as cell walls, internal membranes, and
flagella, are present in some but not all prokaryotes.”
a. What structures are present in all prokaryotic cells? See p. 82-83 and
Figure 5.4
b. Describe the structure and function of a specialized prokaryotic cell
feature, such as the cell wall, capsule, flagellum, or pilus. See pp. 83–
84 and Figure 5.5

4. Usando el siguiente enlace, responda las siguientes preguntas hipotéticas:

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/
a. Un ó vulo puede caber en una ameba? Explique
b. Cuantas levaduras cabrían en un gló bulo rojo? Explique
c. Cuantos virus de influenza cabrían en una mitocondria? Explique

5. Recapitulació n de la secció n 26.2: “Bacteria and Archaea are highly diverse

groups that survive in almost every imaginable habitat on Earth. Many can
 survive and even thrive in habitats where no eukaryotes can live, including
extremely hot, acidic, or saline conditions”.
a. How does the diversity of environments occupied by prokaryotes
compare with the diversity of environments occupied by
multicellular organisms with which you are familiar?
b. Explain why Gram staining is of limited use in understanding the
evolutionary relationships of bacteria. See pp. 530–531
c. What makes the membranes of archaea unique? See pp. 535–536
and Figure 26.15

6. Recapitulació n de la secció n 26.3: “Many prokaryotes are beneficial and

even necessary to other forms of life. Most animals, including humans,
depend on a complex community of prokaryotes—a microbiome—to
maintain health, especially of the immune and digestive systems.
Pathogenic bacteria are the direct causes of diseases”.
a. How are the four nutritional categories of prokaryotes
distinguished? See p. 539 and Table 26.2
b. Why is nitrogen metabolism in the prokaryotes vital to other
organisms? See p. 538
c. How do biofilms form, and why are they of special interest to
researchers? See p. 539 and Figure 26.20

7. Saque las principales conclusiones de los dos videos sobre resistencia a

antibió ticos. Como haría para verificar la validez de sus conclusiones?

a. Alexander Fleming http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xc9wok (4

min)
b. How do we combat antibiotic resistance?| Dag Berild | TEDxArendal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ss1cGyOyEk (16 min)