Preserving Foliage With Glycerin Ref 420v8 PDF

Dyes Fragrances Specialty Products
PRESERVING AND COLORING

FOLIAGE WITH GLYCERIN
AND DYES
Reference Sheet #420
Table of Contents
Part 1: Introduction to Glycerin Preserving Methods................... 1-4
Part II: Systemic Preserving and Dyeing Methods........................ 5-23
Preservation Formula....................................................... 8-18
Factors Affecting Preservation.......................................... 19-25
Part III: Immersion Preserving and Dyeing Methods.................... 24-36
Preservation Formula....................................................... 27-30
Preservation Process........................................................ 32-37
Part IV: Bleeding of Glycerin on Plant Surfaces........................... 38-42
Part V: Choosing Between Immersion and Systemic Methods...... 43-45
Appendix A................................................................................ 45
Copyright © 2020, 2011, 1994, 1993, 1992 by Mark C. Koch. All rights reserved.
Ref. 420 2
Part I
Introduction to Glycerin
Preserving Methods
Preserved rice flower
Ref. 420 3
Introduction
Many flowers and foliages can be preserved with a variety of processes that in
part longevity to the product. Common methods of preservation include dehy-
dration in silica sand, freeze drying, solvent dehydration, air drying, coatings
with polymer dispersions, and systemic and immersion glycol treatments. Not
all methods apply to all products, some obviously being more appropriate and
economical to certain products than others.
Many flowers and foliages respond very well to preserving methods involving a
glycol preservative solution. The two methods of application are systemic absorp-
tion and diffusion from an immersion bath. Glycerin is the glycol most widely
used in this application. By replacing the water content of vascular plant tissues
with glycerin, many flowers and foliages can be preserved with excellent results.
Dyes may also be added to the systemic preserving solution to color the plant
material a variety of hues.
Preserved materials have several advantages over air dried materials, including:
Advantages of • Glycerin incorporation allows foliage to remain soft and pliable,

Glycol making it easier to handle. Many preserved products are often
Preserving used in the manufacture of other products, i.e., the craft and hobby
industries. Preserved products are often more versatile than other
products.
• Flowers remain attached to stems for a longer period of time. The

problem of floral shattering is reduced considerably.
• Dyes may be added to the preservative solution, allowing materials

to be colored a variety of hues enhancing consumer appeal.
• The extended useful life of preserved products enables sales of

these materials over longer periods of time.
• Preserving with glycerin is often much more economical than other

methods such as polymer coatings and freeze dry techniques.
• Glycerin preserving is easily adapted to large scale production.
Commonly Glycerin preserving can be done either systemically or by immersion. Some

common flowers and foliages that are systemically preserved include euca-
Preserved lyptus, gypsophila (baby's breath), peppergrass (lepidum), and sinuata statice.
Flowers and Foliages and flowers preserved by immersion include German statice, broom
Foliage bloom, mosses, grasses, leaves, and many materials previously air dried. This
paper examines the formulation of typical systemic and immersion glycol-based
preservative solutions and their application to flowers and foliages.
Ref. 420 - Part I 4

Introduction
What are Glycols are alcohols containing two or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups. [7]
Common examples include glycerin, ethylene glycol and propylene glycol.
Glycols? Chemically speaking, glycols are modified alcohols. They have very high boil-
ing points when compared to water. For example, the boiling point of glycerin is
H 554°F (290°C). [1] Water boils at 212°F (100°C). Consequently, glycols evapo-
H
H O rate at a much slower rate than water at a given temperature.
C C H
Glycols are a family of chemicals that are used in several applications. Glycerin
O C H
is widely used in the food, drug, and cosmetic industry. In the floral industry,
H H glycerin is the glycol most often used to preserve flowers. Glycerin is sometimes
H
O referred to as glycerol or 1,2,3-Propanetriol. While glycerin has been used for
several decades to preserve plant materials, it has only been within the last twen-
A Molecule of Glycerin ty years that this process has been done on a large commercial level.
How does After a plant is harvested, its water content diminishes rapidly as it is lost to the
atmosphere through evaporation. As a result, the plant becomes brittle and often
Glycol undergoes great physical distortion. By replacing the water content of a vascular
preservation plant with a non-tvolatile liquid such as glycerin, the liquid content in the plant's
work? cells remains high long after treatment, helping provide suppleness and value to
the product. Because of its high boiling point, glycerin does not evaporate read-
ily at ambient temperatures, helping to keep the liquid content from diminishing.
While this process is very effective there are some limitations, mainly in that this
process is not effective for all cut flowers or foliages. Plants that respond to this
form of treatment must have sufficient fibrous content to retain the glycerin. This
fiber is usually in the form of cellulose and lignin. Delicate flowers such as car-
nations or roses have considerable water content and little fibrous structure, and
do not have the ability to retain glycerin. In general, if a plant air dries well, it
preserves well.
Synthetic Glycerin is the integral ingredient of the preservative solution and is specified by
two factors: its pure glycerin content and the method by which it is manufactured.
and Natural Furthermore, glycerin is rated as either synthetic or natural. Synthetic glycerin is
Glycerin a product of petrochemical synthesis whereas natural glycerin is a by-product of
the manufacturing of soap and fatty acids. Natural glycerin is further divided into
animal based glycerin and plant based glycerin. Chemically, all forms of glycerin
typically behave the same and either may be used.
Occasionally, tallow-based glycerin (from animal fat) may be off shade (slightly
yellow) and odorous. However, this is generally associated with poor manufac-
turing practices and not the raw materials from which it is derived. Glycerin is
also rated by strength (purity). The pure glycerin content usually falls in the range
of 96%-99.7%. Any glycerin content at or above 96% may be used. The lowest
cost is the main concern.
Ref. 420 - Part I 5

Introduction
Two other glycols sometimes used in formulating systemic preservative solutions
are ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Ethylene glycol is the main constitu-
ent of antifreeze. It is usually less expensive than glycerin and readily available.
Propylene glycol is widely used as a food additive. However, because of the
lower boiling point and higher volatility of these two glycols (197°C and 187°C
respectively), glycerin performs better as a plant preservative. [7]
How much The answer to this question is not a simple one. Each plant responds differently to
glycerin is glycol preserving methods and as such needs to be specifically evaluated. It is the
required to opinion of the author that effective preservation is accomplished when 40-50%
of the plant's fresh water content is replaced with glycerin. This percentage is
preserve plants? typical of preserved items such as eucalyptus and baby's breath. Excess glycerin
can be disadvantageous, often leading to the problem of bleeding. The subject of
bleeding will be treated later in detail (see Part V, beginning on page ___).
The percentage of a plant's composition that is water varies widely. Herbaceous

(non-woody) plants generally have a higher water content than do woody materi-
als. In addition, the water content in plants is not uniform. Leaves generally have
a higher water content than the main stem and branches, where fiber content is
higher due to structural requirements. The water content of plants that respond to
glycerin preservation techniques typically ranges from 50-75% by weight.
It is important to understand that there must be sufficient fiber to encapsulate the

glycerin. Delicate flower petals such as rose and carnation petals have too little
fiber content to support the glycerin transported through the vascular system into
these areas. Rose petals have a lower water content than carnation petals and
will tolerate a low glycerin content (5-10% of the fresh
water content). Systemic or immersion treatments that
apply a small amount of glycerin to the substrate
will benefit roses and also add suppleness to the
leaves. It is difficult to define which flowers or
foliages can be preserved with glycerin and those
which cannot.
At right, a branch of eucalyptus preserved

and dyed with RKI dye Jade 2318.
Ref. 420 - Part I 6

Part II
Systemic Preserving
and Dyeing Methods
Sinuata statice being preserved systemically

1 - Preservation Formula
Overview Systemic glycerin preserving involves glycerin transfer to the plant via the plant's
vascular system. Because this method involves all of the intricacies of a living
plant, it is more complicated than the immersion process. While a thorough un-
derstanding of plant physiology and morphology is not required, it is certainly
beneficial. The systemic method of preservation depends on the vascular system.
Thus a basic understanding is required. A general biology text is an excellent
resource readily obtainable from most college bookstores. The author has found
reference [2] to be an invaluable resource as an introductory text. This section
outlines how the systemic solution is formulated and applied. It also discusses the
effects of external factors on the systemic preserving process.
Systemic The typical systemic preservative solution consists of the following:

Preservation 1) Glycol(s)/Water Mixture
2) pH Modifiers
Formula 3) Bacteria Control
4) Wetting Agent (optional)
5) Anionic dye (optional)
1.1 - Glycol(s) / Water Mixture

As previously stated, glycerin is the glycol most often used to preserve flow-
ers and foliages systemically. Due to its high viscosity, a plant can not conduct
pure glycerin in the xylem. Viscosity is the measure of the internal resistance of
a liquid to flow. [8] The viscosity must be lowered by thinning the glycerin with
water. As the viscosity decreases, the ability of the plant to draw the solution up
the xylem increases. Increasing the percentage of water in the glycerin - water
mixture increases the uptake rate. Yet as the percentage of water increases, the
rate at which glycerin is transferred to the plant varies.
A plant may consume slightly more of a 25% glycerin solution than a 33% solution,
but will actually transfer less glycerin to the plant due to the decrease in glycerin
content in the solution. Conversely, if the glycerin content is too high, the ability
of the xylem to conduct a solution with a high viscosity diminishes rapidly. As
such, less glycerin transfer occurs than if the glycerin content is reduced slightly.
Essentially, the glycerin concentration should be set at a level that results in the
most efficient transfer of glycerin to the plant. In general, the glycerin concentration
of the systemic solution ranges from 16%-33% of the weight of the preserving
solution. Since the viscosity of a liquid decreases as temperature increases, higher
glycerin concentrations may be used by maintaining the preserving solution at a
higher temperature (100-115°F, 38-46°C). The practicality of maintaining heated
preserving solutions during the preserving period is usually limited to large scale
production.
Ref. 420 - Part II 8

1.1 - Glycol(s) / Water
Many business prefer to measure their glycerin by volume, rather than weight. It
is important to note that a 1:2 glycerin - water mixture by weight is not identical
Water to a 1:2 glycerin - water mix by volume. Glycerin, as do other glycols, have dif-
1 gal = 8.3 lbs ferent densities than water. Glycerin for example, weighs 10.5 pounds per gallon
whereas water weighs 8.3 pounds per gallon. Converting from weight to volume,
a 1:2 glycerin/water mixture by weight corresponds to 1 part glycerin to 2.5 parts
water by volume.
Glycerin
1 gal = 10.5 lbs The glycerin concentration can also be specified by the specific gravity of the
glycerin water mixture. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the density of
a substance to the density of water. Recall that one gallon of glycerin weighs
approximately 10.50 lbs and that one gallon of water weighs 8.33 lbs.
The specific gravity of glycerin can be computed as follows:

specific gravity = 10.50 lbs/gal ÷ 8.33 lbs/gal = 1.26
The specific gravity of a solution may be measured with a hydrometer. The

hydrometer is placed into a tube containing the solution be tested and sinks
to a level where the weight of the tube is equal to the weight of the displaced
fluid (Archimede's Principle). The hydrometer is marked to indicate the specific
gravity of the solution at the level where the hydrometer's neck emerges from the
solution. Appendix A gives the specific gravity of glycerin - water solutions.
Thorough experimentation should be conducted to determine the optimum

concentration of glycerin for various plant varieties.
As an example, evergreens such as cedar are usually preserved with a solution

composed of 3 parts water to one part glycerin. This results in a mixture in which
glycerin comprises 25% of the total weight. The tiny needles at the end of the
branches are very small in diameter and have difficulty absorbing preservative
solutions with a higher glycerin content. Thus by reducing the glycerin content of
the mixture, systemic absorption is easier.
Small evergreen needles have When decreasing the glycerin/water ratio, it is customary to also extend the pre-
difficulties absorbing solutions
serving time (i.e., the time that the flowers or foliage are left in the solution.) This
with a high glyercin content
ensures that adequate glycerin is absorbed by the plant, resulting in adequate
preservation.

1.1 - Glycol(s) / Water
Propylene glycol and ethylene glycol are other glycols sometimes added to the
preservative solution. Propylene glycol is a common food additive. Ethylene
glycol is used in the manufacture of antifreeze and is readily available, usually
at low cost. The biggest advantage that these two glycols have over glycerin is a
substantial cost advantage. Both have lower viscosity than glycerin and as such
move easier in the plants' vascular system.
Propylene glycol is also effective as a deterrent to microbial buildup within the

solution. For this reason it is sometimes incorporated into the systemic solution.
As a method for inhibiting bacterial formation, the required amount of propylene
glycol required is approximately 17% by weight of the solution. It is common to
mix either ethylene glycol or propylene glycol with glycerin. There are no specific
ratios between the glycols that are practiced commercially. In general, the total
combination of glycols in the mix is usually kept below 33 percent.
As previously stated, it is the opinion of the author that glycerin is by far the
best glycol to use when preserving plants. This is due to its higher boiling point
and lower viscosity than either ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. It is more
expensive, but will provide more of a long term preserving effect. Many items that
are preserved with only ethylene glycol or propylene glycol dry out much sooner
than glycerin treated products - often within six months. Properly preserved, a
glycerin treated foliage can typically last well over 4 years.
1.2 - pH Modifiers
Flowers do not readily absorb alkaline solutions. Therefore, the preservative
solution generally contains an acidifier. Calcium and magnesium salts found in
ground water often contribute to the alkalinity of local water supplies. Public and
private water utilities will correct for excessive alkalinity. However, if water for
use is derived from a private or on-site well, possible effects of high alkalinity
must be taken into account. Most evidence indicates that flowers prefer a pH in
the range of 3.2-3.5. [9]
The term pH is a chemical symbol frequently used as a quantitative measure of

the acid or base strength of a substance. Mathematically, pH is defined as the
negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. The mathematical
expression is pH = -log[H+]. [8] The pH of a solution allows one to determine if
a solution is acidic or alkaline. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14, with 7 indicating
neutrality. Solutions with a pH of less than 7 are acidic, and solutions with a pH
greater than 7 are referred to as alkaline.
A pH meter like the one Another factor affected by pH is the negative effects of trapped air in the plant's
above can help identify the
pH modifications needed transport system. After flowers are harvested, air is drawn into the lower portion
of the stem. [5] This air can form a physical blockage, preventing the uptake of
the preservative solution. By lowering the pH of the solution, the negative effect
of an air blockage (technically referred to as an air embolism) can be significantly
reduced.

1.2 - pH Modifiers
The addition of citric acid is the most common method of lowering the pH of the
preservative solution. [9] Actual amounts of citric acid required will vary due to
local water conditions. Hard water (high alkalinity) requires considerably more
citric acid than deionized or soft water. A recommended starting level is 400
parts per million (ppm). Tests should be conducted with a pH meter to determine
the appropriate correction required for a given water supply.
CITRIC ACID
Suggested use: 200-600 ppm
200 ppm = 200 mg/l = 0.027 wt oz/gal = 0.76 g/gal

g=gram l=liter ml=milliliter oz=ounces gal=gallon

ppm = parts per million = mg/l = milligrams per liter
wt oz/gal = weight ounces per gallon (16 wt oz = one pound)
fl oz/gal = fluid ounces per gallon (128 fl oz = one gallon)
ml/l = milliliters per liter (1000 ml = 1 liter)
w/w = indicates concentration as a percent of weight
1.3 - Bacteria Control

Much waste is generated when preserving solutions can no longer be effectively
used due to microbial formation within the solution. Glycerin/dye preserving
solutions gradually lose effectiveness if bacteria and fungi are permitted to form
in the solution. Microbial growth in the solution interferes in the systemic pre-
serving of plants. Microorganisms that are found in preserving solutions (and
floral solutions in general) include bacteria, yeast, and mold. [11]
A physiological blockage results when microbes become lodged in the xylem and
phloem tissues that comprise the plants vascular transport system. This blockage
results in an obstruction to water movement, resulting in rapid wilting of the
flower. By adding a bacteriostat to the preservative solution, the formation of
bacteria can be significantly delayed. The importance of bacteria control cannot
be overemphasized. The formation of bacteria can have catastrophic effects on
the preserving operation.
Bacteriostat Methods of bacteria control are generally classified as either a bacteriostat

or a bactericide. A bacteriostat will inhibit microbial growth in bacteria free
vs. water but will not kill existing bacteria. A bactericide, however, will kill bacteria.
Bactericide Bactericides are more potent but are also coming under ever increasing environ-
mental regulation.

Methods of Several means of bacteria control are currently used. The next few pages will
desribe several methods in greater detail.
Bacteria Control
Common methods of bacteria control include:
1) 8-HQC (8-Hydroxyquinoline Citrate) and

8-HQS (8-Hydroxyquinoline Sulfate)
2) Potassium Sorbate with Citric Acid
3) Sodium Benzoate with Citric Acid
4) Propylene Glycol
5) Sodium Hypochlorite
6) Ammonium Chloride compounds
Bacteria Control: 8-HQC

8-Hydroxyquinoline Citrate is an anionic bacteriostat often used in the formula-
8-HQC & 8-HQS
tion of holding solutions for fresh cut flowers. The sugar found in flower foods is
an excellent source for the development of microorganisms. For effective control
over microbial activity, 8-HQC is generally used at the rate of 200-600 ppm
(parts per million). [11]
Two hundred parts per million is equivalent to 200 mg/L (milligrams per liter) or
3/4 gram per gallon. Six hundred parts per million is equivalent to 600 mg/L or
2.25 grams per gallon. 8-HQC, being anionic, is compatible with systemic dyes,
making it quite popular. It is important to understand that 8-HQC is a bacterio-
stat, not a bactericide.
8-HQC

8-HQS
8-Hydroxyquinoline Sulfate is an anionic bacteriostat similar to 8-HQC in that
it is a quinoline salt. 8-HQS is used at a slightly lower rate than 8-HQC. For
effective control over microbial activity, 8-HQC is generally used at the rate of
120-600 ppm (parts per million). [11] One hundred twenty parts per million
is equivalent to 120 mg/L (milligrams per liter) or 0.46 gram per gallon. Like
8-HQC, 8-HQS is also anionic and is compatible with systemic dyes.

Bacteria Control:
8-HQS
8-HQC & 8-HQS
continued
Potassium Sorbate with Citric Acid

Bacteria Control: Potassium sorbate is a very potent inhibitor of bacteria, yeast and molds. It is
Potassium widely used in the food and beverage industry to preserve the freshness of many
Sorbate with products. Potassium sorbate is also an excellent bacteriostat for floral applica-
tions and provides a broader range of microbial protection than 8-HQC. It may
Citric Acid
be used to prevent microbial buildup in systemic glycerin preserving solutions,
cut flower dye (tinting) solutions, and cut flower holding solutions. Like 8-HQC,
potassium sorbate is compatible with Robert Koch Industries' Absorption (sys-
temic) floral dyes.
Potassium sorbate is available as a powder or as a 50% liquid. The powder is

generally used at a concentration of 0.1%-0.15% by weight and the liquid at
0.2%-0.3% by weight. For example, 1000 lbs of a glycerin preservative solution
would require 1.0-1.5 lbs of powdered potassium sorbate or 2-3 pounds of liquid
potassium sorbate for sufficient protection against microbial formation.
Using water (8.33 pounds per gallon) for a basis of comparison, the following
chart gives some helpful conversions:
Potassium Sorbate (powder) with Citric Acid

0.10 % w/w = 1.0 g/l = 0.13 wt oz/gal = 3.8 g/gal

0.15% w/w = 1.5 g/l = 0.20 wt oz/gal = 5.7 g/gal
Add Citric Acid to reduce pH to 3.5-5.0
Potassium Sorbate (50% Liquid)

Suggested use: 0.20-0.30% W/W
0.20% w/w = 2.0 g/l = 1.7 ml/l = 0.22 fl oz/gal= 7.6 g/gal
Add Acetic Acid to reduce pH to 4.0-5.0

The effectiveness of potassium sorbate at inhibiting microbial formation is pH
dependent. Potassium sorbate has an upper effective pH limit of approximately
6.5. However, most cut flowers prefer a more acidic environment and floral
solutions are usually adjusted to a pH of 3.2-3.5 with the addition of sufficient
citric acid.
Sodium Sodium benzoate is a preservative commonly used in the food industry. While
not commonly used in the floral industry, it is very effective and economical. It
Benzoate with requires a low pH to become effective and is used in conjunction with citric acid.
Citric Acid Sodium benzoate is added at the rate of 0.10% -0.15% of the weight of the solu-
tion. For example, one pound of sodium benzoate will treat approximately 1000
pounds of preservative mix.
A conversion to a liquid concentrate is often preferred since liquids are easier to

handle than powders in many cases. A stock solution of a known concentration is
first prepared. Then a certain amount of this is added to each gallon of preservative
solution. The same procedure can also be applied to the citric acid.
For example, a 30% sodium benzoate solution may be made by dissolving 0.30
pounds of sodium benzoate (powder) into 0.70 pounds of water, producing 1
pound of 30% sodium benzoate solution. Similarly, a 38% citric acid solution
is made by dissolving 0.38 pounds of citric acid (granules) into 0.62 pounds of
water, making 1 pound of 38% citric acid solution. When using a 30% sodium
benzoate solution, add 0.5 fluid ounce per gallon of preservative solution, plus
the addition of sufficient citric acid to reduce the pH of the solution to approxi-
mately 3.5. This will require adequate testing on a small scale. A starting point
would be approximately 1 gram of granular citric acid per gallon.
When working with a liquid concentrate of citric acid, a typical concentration for
testing purposes is to add 0.25 fluid ounce of 38% citric acid solution per gallon
of preservative solution. When extending the life of a preservative solution with
sodium benzoate and citric acid, the order of addition is very important. First add
the sodium benzoate and then the citric acid. If the order is reversed, benzoic
acid will be precipitated. The solution will become cloudy and ineffective.
SODIUM BENZOATE (POWDER)

Suggested use: 0.10-0.15% W/W

Add Citric Acid to reduce pH to 3.5-5.0

Propylene Propylene glycol, like sodium benzoate, is also used as a preservative in the food
industry and can be applied to floral preservative solutions. Propylene glycol
Glycol should comprise 15-17% of the mixture by weight for maximum effectiveness.
This corresponds to approximately 19 fluid ounces of propylene glycol in each
gallon of the preservative mix. When propylene glycol is used in this manner, it
is customary to substitute this amount for a portion of the glycerin in the mixture.
Sodium Sodium hypochlorite (common household bleach) is used at the rate of 1 fluid
ounce to 500 fluid ounces of water. [5] The advantages to bleach are low cost and
Hypochlorite availability. There are however, two disadvantages to using bleach. Bleach loses
its effectiveness with time. Chlorine gas escapes from the solution and needs to
be replenished. Secondly, bleach is not compatible with dyes. Do not use bleach
to control bacteria if dyes will be added to the preservative solution.
Ammonium Ammonium chloride compounds are extremely effective bactericides, but may be
phytotoxic to some plants. They are generally added at the rate of 200 ppm. Care
Chloride must be taken with these products, as they are highly toxic to the environment
Compounds in their undiluted form. In general, these quaternary ammonium compounds are
often incompatible with absorption (systemic) floral dyes.
1.4 - Wetting Agent

Wetting agents are a special type of surfactant used to lower the surface tension
of water. The surface tension is a measure of the molecular forces existing at
the surface of a liquid. [8] In the interior of a liquid, each molecule is subjected
to attraction from other molecules surrounding it. The molecules at the surface,
however, are only attracted by the molecules below, and as a result are pulled
inward and together. It is generally believed that by lowering the surface
tension of the preserving solution, systemic absorption is accelerated, resulting
in improved preservation of the plant material. Tests should be conducted with
specific wetting agents on each plant processed to verify their effectiveness. In
some cases, the use of wetting agents has been shown to decrease the uptake of
the preserving solution.
Wetting agents used in floral solutions are generally non-ionic or anionic and
have an HLB rating of 16 or greater. HLB stands for hydrophile-lipophile balance
and indicates whether the wetting agent is water loving (high HLB) or water
hating (Low HLB). [10] The HLB scale runs from 0-20. Wetting agents may be
either powder or liquid and are generally added to the preservative solution at
the rate of 1/10 of 1 percent by weight (.001). This translates to approximately 4
grams per gallon (1 gram per liter) for powdered wetting agents and 1 teaspoon
per gallon (1.3 ml per liter) for liquid wetting agents. It is important to note that
dyes sometimes contain wetting agents in which the use of an additional wetting
agent may not be effective.

1.5 - Anionic Dye
Dyes are routinely added to the preservative solution. The choice of dyes is very
important. Very few dyes are capable of systemically coloring plants. The dyes
that are used are low molecular weight, anionic dyestuffs. Robert Koch Industries'
Absorption Floral Dyes may be added directly to the preservative solution to sys-
temically dye flowers or foliages while the material is being preserved. Common
applications among flowers include gypsophila (baby's breath), peppergrass and
sinuata statice. Applications with woody materials include eucalyptus, gamble
oak and evergreens such as cedar and juniper.
Recommended dye use is 0.20-0.60 ounces per gallon (1.5-4.5 grams per liter)
of preservative mix depending on the depth of shade desired. Dyes should be
measured by weight, rather than volume. The strength of a dye is standardized by
weight. Different batches of dyes will have differing densities, making it difficult
to achieve uniformity when measuring by volume. Gram scales are available at
moderate cost and are simple to use.
Care must be taken to ensure that the dye is fully dissolved in the preservative
solution. When adding dye to large quantities of preserving solution, predissolve
the required quantity of dye in a small amount of hot water before adding to
the solution. When a large quantity of dye is added as a powder directly to a
large volume of solution, aggregates of undissolved dye may remain suspended
in the solution for some time, possibly leading to physiological blockage in the
water conductive plant tissues. Mechanical mixing is recommended when work-
ing with large volumes of solution.
Light Fastness Light fastness is a term that describes the resistance of a dye to fading when
exposed to light. The dyes used in systemic operations have light fastness values
ranging from poor to excellent. The light fastness of a dye is in part related to
the size and structure of the molecule. In general, light fastness increases with
increasing size of the dye molecule. Larger dyes exhibit better light fastness.
However, if the size of the dye molecule is too large, it can no longer systemically
travel within the plants vascular transport system. It is necessary to use dyes of
limited size and accept their light fastness properties. In general, blue and green
dyes are more prone to fading than other colors. When using these colors, it is
recommended that these dyes not be exposed to sunlight for any appreciable
length of time.
Sun Bleaching There are applications where products that are colored with systemic dyes are
placed in direct sunlight after the preserving process. The purpose of this is to
use the radiation of the sun to "bleach out" the green produced by the pigment
chlorophyll. This also enables light shades to be produced on many products.

1.5 - Anionic Dye
For example, eucalyptus may be dyed with an orange dye. The immediate
result is a brown shade, resulting from the combination of the orange dye and
the natural green color of the eucalyptus. After the preserving period, the euca-
lyptus is then transferred to direct sunlight. Solar radiation chemically alters the
chlorophyll, destroying its color, thereby exposing more of the true orange color
desired. The length of time required for this process depends on the strength of
solar radiation, hence on location and season of year. In general, one to two
weeks is usually satisfactory for this process. The following page summarizes the
essential ingredients used in the formulation of a systemic glycerin preservative
solution.
Sun-Bleaching Time Lapse

When dyeing naturally darker foliage, sun-bleaching is an essential step to
obtaining the right shade. Below is an example of Rocky Mountain Gambel
Oak, preserved systemically with glycerin and dyed orange.
DAY 1 DAY 2
The leaves show a slight Color has become more

change in color after 1 day uniformly distributed throughout
of sitting in the solution. the leaves after 2 days in solution.
DAY 6 DAY 7
The leaves have completely After sunbleaching, the color

absorbed the solution after 6 days, in the leaves is a brighter, more
though chlorophyll is still visible. vibrant orange.

TYPICAL SYSTEMIC GLYCOL
PRESERVATIVE FORMULATION
1) GLYCOL/WATER MIXTURE:
a) glycerin, ethylene glycol or propylene glycol

15-33 percent by weight single or multiple combination
b) water
remainder
2) pH MODIFICATION
a) Citric acid desired pH of 3.2-3.5

determine required amount with pH meter
3) BACTERIA CONTROL (Choose one method)
a) Bacteriostat:
i) 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate or sulfate (8-HQC, 8-HQS)
120-200 ppm
ii) Potassium Sorbate or Sodium Benzoate
0.10-0.15% of weight of solution
used with citric acid to reduce pH to 3.5
iii) Propylene glycol
15-17 percent by weight
b) Bactericide
- quaternary ammonium compounds*
200 ppm (1 fl. oz. per 39 gallons)
chlorine bleach (sodium hypochlorite)*
1 fl. oz. per 4 gallons
4) WETTING AGENT
a) anionic or nonionic surfactant, HLB >14

0.1 percent by weight of solution
Robert Koch Industries ABS-40 Liquid or ABS-90 powder, TW-20 Wetting agents
5) ANIONIC DYE (optional)†
5-20 grams per gallon depending on shade desired

low molecular weight anionic dyestuffs
* incompatible with systemic dyes

†
sensitivity to sunlight

2 - Factors Affecting Preservation
Several factors affect the systemic preserving process. A general understanding of
these factors will lead to greater success with the systemic preserving operation.
A summary of the key factors affecting systemic glycol preservative operations
are summarized below and expounded upon in the subsequent sections:
1) Plant Quality: The quality and nature of material being preserved

Type of plant, flower, or foliage
Stage of development at harvest
Time and method of harvest
Elapsed time since last irrigation cycle
Possible diseases/pestilence at harvest (botrytis, thrip etc.)
2) Atmospheric Conditions During Preservation
Temperature
Humidity
4) Location and Equipment Used
Ventilation
Choice of container
Type of structure (i.e. greenhouse, poly-hut, lab, etc.)
5) Systemic Preservation Process
Procedure
Length of time required
Recycling previously used solution
6) Drying Process
Drying Sheds
Required Drying Time
Mold and Insect Problems
2.1 - Plant Quality

Quality preserved products begin with quality foliage and flowers. As with nearly
all things, quality output begins with quality input. It is very important that flow-
ers be harvested at the proper stage of development. In general, flowers should
be harvested with blooms 70-80% open. Flowers should not be harvested after
senescence (decay and aging) has begun. The glycerin preservative solution will
not travel into decaying plant tissues.
Ideally, flowers and foliages should be placed in the preservative solution as soon
as possible after harvest. Whenever practical, plants should be harvested early
in the morning or late in the afternoon to avoid high noontime temperatures.
There are advantages and disadvantages to both morning and evening harvesting.
Flowers harvested early in the morning generally have better turgidity (internal
water content) than flowers harvested in the afternoon. However plants harvested
immediately after recent rains or a heavy dew have a high risk of developing
surface related fungi infections. Flowers that lose water quickly are best harvested
early in the morning.

2.1 - Plant Quality
Plants harvested in the late afternoon generally have higher carbohydrate levels,
having just completed a lengthy period of photosynthesis. [11] This benefits
flowering plants such as baby's breath, where sugar helps immature buds develop
into fully opened blooms. However, plants harvested in the evening are generally
at lower turgidity due to active transpiration. It is important that these plants be
processed quickly to avoid dehydration.
Another advantage to evening harvest is that the plants will have a longer period
of moderate temperatures during the first stages of preserving. This is especially
beneficial if temperatures are expected to be unusually warm during the day.
Plants harvested in the morning will be exposed to higher temperatures sooner,
unless temperature is controlled in the preserving structure.
Plants are usually placed directly into the preservative solution after harvest.
Placing flowers in water or a hydrating solution prior to the preservative solution
is recommended only if the material cannot be processed quickly. Placing plants
in water often reduces subsequent glycerin uptake significantly. The objective is
to get glycerin in the stems, not water.
2.2 - Atmospheric Conditions

Temperature Temperatures during the preserving process should be kept moderate, in the
range of 70-85°F (21-29°C). Excessively cool temperatures significantly lower
the uptake of the preservative solution. The viscosity of the glycerin/water
mix increases significantly at temperatures below 60°F (16°C). Recall that the
viscosity of a solution is a measure of its resistance to flow. A common example
of this effect is molasses, which pours very slowly when cold, but when heated,
pours freely.
Humidity Humidity levels should be moderate. Humidity, together with temperature and air
flow determine plant transpiration. Transpiration needs to occur at a controlled
rate. Transpiration refers to the release of water vapor through openings in the
plant surfaces. Transpiration is a special case of evaporation. Most transpiration
occurs through the stomata; tiny little openings located in the epidermis (outer
layer of cells) of leaves and stems. [2] Transpiration increases as temperature in-
creases and decreases as humidity increases. High temperatures and excessively
low humidity cause plants to lose moisture faster than it can be replenished, re-
sulting in rapid dehydration. Conversely, cool temperatures and excessively high
humidity greatly slow transpiration and also retard systemic uptake. High relative
humidity also favors the formation of molds on plant surfaces.
No one set of temperature and humidity conditions that optimize preserving can
be given for all plants. Thorough experimentation must be conducted to deter-
mine the effects of varying temperature and humidity levels when preserving
different plant varieties.

2.3 - Location & Equipment
Systemic preserving is best done indoors or in a sheltered location. Atmospheric
conditions are more stable when the preserving process is done indoors where
temperature and humidity can be regulated. Buildings with concrete floors have
a high heat capacity and can provide cooler temperatures during the high day-
time temperatures in the summer months. Concrete floors also enable higher
temperatures during cool nights and are especially beneficial when no heat
source is present. Excessive drafts should be eliminated.
Proper ventilation can be achieved with mechanical ventilation such as fans

Ventilation and and louvered vents. Interestingly, sunlight is not required for systemic absorp-
Sunlight tion. Sunlight is only required when the chlorophyll (green producing pigment
of plants) is sun bleached to produce a golden color or to expose a dye. (See the
section on dyeing for more information on this technique).
The selection of the proper container for the preserving process is very important.
Containers Containers should not be excessively large or tall. Avoid using buckets that totally
encompass the flowers or foliage. Adequate air circulation through the foliage is
essential. Use buckets that provide adequate support yet leave much of the foli-
age exposed. Restricted air movement will result in local areas of high humidity
leading to the formation of bacteria and mold on stems and flowers.
Buckets that have too large a diameter require a significant amount of preser-
vative solution to achieve a proper depth. This results in a large percentage of
preservative solution remaining in the buckets after the flowers are removed. The
ideal container will enable at least 90% of the preservative solution to be taken
up by the plants during the preserving period. The use of 1/2, 3/4, 1, 2, 3 and 5-
gallon plastic buckets is common practice. Avoid using metal containers. Many
bactericides and acidifiers are not compatible with metals.
Finally, containers should be thoroughly cleaned prior to use. This cannot be

overemphasized. Dirty buckets contain stem plugging bacteria that can destroy
the entire preserving operation. There are many economical bucket scrubbers
that take the burden out of this cumbersome necessity.
An outdoor shed can be constructed from PVC pipes and tarps.

2.4 - Systemic Preserving Process
Procedure 1. Rinse the bottom two to three inches of the stems in water before placing
them in the preserving solution. This will prevent dirt and other foreign de-
bris from contaminating the preserving solution. It is amazing how much dirt
is actually present on the foliage.
2. Stems should be given a fresh cut immediately before being placed in solu-
tion. A large stem cutter will speed up the operation considerably. Make sure
that the blade is sharp. A dull stem cutter can actually crimp the ends of the
stems, greatly reducing the uptake of solution by the plants. Cut at least one
inch off of the bottoms. This will ensure that any trapped air is removed. Evi-
dence also indicates that smashing the bottom of the stems is only of value
with woody materials and generally impairs the uptake of herbaceous cut
flowers.
3. Do not crowd plant material in the preserving buckets. Adequate air circu-
Gambel oak at the midway point of lation is necessary to ensure transpiration. Without adequate transpiration,
being preserved and dyed brown.
systemic absorption is greatly reduced.
4. Make sure that the bottoms of the stems are totally immersed in the preser-
vative solution. Some flowers may not be preserved simply because the stems
never entered the preserving solution.
Length of Time Normal preserving time for most plants is 3-7 days. This time may be extended,
especially if the glycerin ratio has been reduced to facilitate uptake. Woody mate-
Required for rials such as juniper may require 10 days for proper treatment. Tropicals, such as
Preservation palm branches are often left in the solution for two weeks. Too short a preserving
time results in insufficient glycerin absorption and a poor preserving effect. Too
long a preserving time can also be detrimental. If too much solution is absorbed,
excess glycerin may bleed through leaves and stems, appearing as an oily film or
as droplets on the plant surface. Actual preserving times for specific items must
be determined by thorough experimentation.
Recycling When preservative solutions are reused, it is recommended that it be blended

with freshly made material. Before reusing a preservative solution, pour it through
Previously a fine mesh screen to filter out debris such as leaves, stems, etc. A specific grav-
Used Solution ity analysis can be used to determine if excess water evaporation has occurred
requiring correction. Not all solutions can be recycled. Some materials, such as
eucalyptus, release internal essential oils into the solution. These oils may lead to
a decline in the effectiveness of the solution. Reheating the solution also helps the
effectiveness of leftover solution.

2.5 - Drying Process
After preserving, rinse stems in clean water and hang the material to dry. This
is very important. In general, a minimum drying time of one week is necessary.
Failure to allow sufficient drying time will cause mold formation. Nearly all of
the water taken up by the plants in conjunction with the glycerin will evaporate
out of the plant surfaces. The excess water is simply a carrier for the glycerin.
Since plants are incapable of systemically absorbing pure glycerin, the water is
required and must be allowed to evaporate.
Drying Sheds Drying sheds range from extremely simple to very elaborate. Converted garages,
basements and attics are widely used by small producers. Large producers often
adapt greenhouses for drying purposes or allocate industrial warehouse space for
this purpose. Regardless of the degree of complexity, all drying sheds have a few
characteristics in common.
Characteristics of a Drying Shed
1) Protection
2) Ventilation
3) Control of light intensity
4) Temperature and humidity control
Drying Sheds: Drying sheds must provide plant materials protection from anything that could
be considered harmful such as excessive sunlight, wind, dust, pestilence, etc..
Protection Concrete floors are very nice but are also expensive. They do act as a very good
heat sink, controlling the buildup of heat during the day and preventing excessive
temperature losses during the night. In addition concrete floors can be washed,
aiding in sanitation and reducing problems with dust. Dirt floors tend to produce
so much dust that they are impractical. Many flowers and foliages are sprayed
with or dipped into polymer sealants or flame retardents before being placed in
the drying shed. Dust particles that come into contact with these items usually
become permanently attached.
Drying Sheds: Proper ventilation is extremely important. During the drying process, materials
release their moisture (residual water) to the surrounding air. If there is no means
Ventilation for the exchange of air, drying rates are considerably impaired. Fans are generally
used to ensure adequate air circulation. Most drying sheds are also constructed to
take advantage of natural ventilation.
Some large producers fumigate their products to eradicate possible insect infesta-
tion. Use of these fumigants requires the area of fumigation to be air tight. Some
drying sheds are designed so that all or a portion of the space may be properly
sealed for this application and then properly ventilated in a manner consistent
with regulatory requirements.

2.5 - Drying Process
Drying Sheds:
Light Exposure
The drying shed pictured at right
allows for both good ventilation
(bunches are spaced far enough apart
to allow air to circulate between the
bunches) and a good light source.
Many plants are air dried in the absence of light while others are air dried in a lo-
cation with ample sunlight. Thus many drying sheds have the ability to adjust the
amount of sunlight to which the plants are exposed. The drying shed is often used
after preserving to bleach out the chlorophyll, thereby producing golden colors
or exposing more of a dye if it was included in the preservative.
Drying Sheds: The rate of drying increases with increasing temperature and decreases with
increasing humidity. Plant materials with heavy cuticles, large stem diameters
Temperature and high moisture content require longer drying times than do delicate plants and
and Humidity plants with low water content. Since most small producers rarely correct extreme
temperature and humidity levels, these factors are usually controlled by the sur-
rounding environment. Large manufacturers of air dried products install humidity
and temperature control equipment to regulate these factors.
Materials to be dried are generally grouped into bunches sized for resale.
Bunches however, should not be so large in size that air circulation within the
bunch is restricted. In addition, bunches should not be placed so close together
so as to prevent air circulation between bunches. Most drying sheds utilize strings
or wires on which the bunches are hung to dry (see picture at left). It is common
practice to date each line when materials are hung to ensure that the proper dry-
Preserved and dyed caspia
hanging to dry
ing time has been attained.
Required Required drying times vary considerably per plant, location, drying shed design,
and season of year. General drying periods for most plants is 7 days to 3 weeks.
Drying Time Failure to adequately dry a plant can lead to serious mold problems if the mate-
rial is sleeved and boxed.
Typical causes for mold formation are poor air circulation, prolonged high
humidity levels, excessively large bunch size, and overcrowding of the dry-
ing shed. Insect infestation of dried materials is a common problem. Every
effort should be made to ensure that no insects or larvae are present on the plant
materials at harvest or during subsequent preserving and drying. Some
processors apply pesticides immediately before harvest to combat this problem.
In some instances drying sheds are fumigated to ensure that these products are
insect free. Most fumigants require licensing and therefore tend to be used by
only the larger processors.

Part III
Glyercin Preserving
by Immersion
Ref. 420 - Part III 25

1- Introduction
Many dried plant materials may be preserved by immersion in a bath containing
glycols. The glycol(s) act as an humectant, or softening agent. As the glycol diffuses
into the substrate, it helps to restore suppleness to the product. This may be very
helpful when the material being treated is very brittle. While not all flowers or
foliages respond to treatment, this is an effective way to extend the useful life of
many products.
It is customary to extend the immersion time to allow for complete penetration of

the glycol throughout the substrate. Immersion times vary considerably with dif-
fering plant materials and the temperature of the solution. Heating the preserva-
tive solution greatly accelerates the penetration of the solution and subsequently,
reduces the required immersion time. A typical immersion period is 12-24 hours
at heated temperatures near 180°F (82°C); 24-48 hours for unheated solutions.
2 - Preservation Formula
This section outlines how the immersion solution is formulated. It is broken down
into the following subsections:
The typical preservative solution consists of the following:
1) Glycol(s)/water mixture
2) Bacteria Control
3) Dye (optional) and pH Modifiers
4) Surfactant
5) Temperature
2.1 - Glycol(s)/Water
The concentration of glycol varies considerably, from 10% to 50% of the mixture,
depending on the nature of the plant being treated. It is very important to conduct
experiments in order to determine the optimum level of a glycol added to the
preservative solution for various plant species. An excessive amount of glycerin
will result in this glycol bleeding or leaching back out of the substrate, especially
during hot, humid conditions.
Glycerin is the most widely used glycol for immersion solutions, just as it is in
systemic solutions. Propylene glycol and ethylene glycol are other glycols some-
times used to formulate the preservative solution. However, because of their
low boiling point, propylene glycol and ethylene glycol are less effective than
glycerin as a preservative.

Since glycerin incorporation can lead to mold formation within the solution, a
bactericide is often included in the formulation. Proplylene glycol and potassium
sorbate are recommended for microbial control when cationic dyes are being
used for immersion dyeing.
Propylene Glycol As with the systemic solution, propylene glycol is often used as a bacteriostat,
aiding in preventing microbial buildup within the solution. As a method for
inhibiting bacterial formation, the required amount of propylene glycol is
approximately 17% by weight of the solution.
Potassium Potassium sorbate is a very potent inhibitor of bacteria, yeasts and molds. It
is widely used in the food and beverage industry to preserve the freshness of
Sorbate and many food products. Potassium Sorbate is also an excellent bacteriostat for floral
Acetic Acid applications and provides a broad range of microbial protection. It may be used
to prevent microbial buildup in immersion dyeing and preserving solutions, in
addition to its wide application with systemic solutions.
Potassium sorbate is available as a powder or as a 50% liquid. The powder is

generally used at a concentration of 0.1%-0.15% by weight and the liquid at
0.2%-0.3% by weight. For example, 1000 lbs of a glycerin preservative solution
would require 1.0-1.5 lbs of powdered potassium sorbate or 2-3 pounds of liquid
potassium sorbate for sufficient protection against microbial formation.
Using water (8.33 pounds per gallon) for a basis of comparison, the following
chart gives some helpful conversions:
Potassium Sorbate (Powder)

Suggested use: 0.10% - 0.15% w/w

Add Acetic Acid to reduce pH to 4.0 - 5.0
Potassium Sorbate (50% Liquid)

Suggested use: 0.20% - 0.30% w/w
Add Acetic Acid to reduce pH to 4.0 - 5.0

Potassium The effectiveness of potassium sorbate at inhibiting microbial formation is pH
dependent. Potassium sorbate has an upper effective pH limit of approximately
Sorbate and 6.5. However, most cut flowers prefer a more acidic environment and floral
Acetic Acid solutions are usually adjusted to a pH of 3.2-3.5 with the addition of sufficient
citric acid.
Anionic bacteriostats such as 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate are seldom used in

immersion solutions for two reasons. First, they are incompatible with cationic
dyestuffs. Secondly, their effectiveness is usually limited to a short time.
Quaternary ammonium compounds are other products that are sometimes used
as bactericides with immersion dye and preservative solutions because of their
effectiveness and compatibility with most cationic dyestuffs. Most often, quater-
nary ammonium compounds are added at approximately 300 parts per million.
It is important to thoroughly test the compatibility of these products prior to their
use on a production level.
2.3 - Dye and pH Adjuvants

Dyes may be added to the preservative solution to color the plants during this
process. Special dyes often referred to as dip dyes are used for this application. Dip
dyes are water soluble cationic dyes that are capable of coloring plant materials
by immersion. Dip dyes are much more effective than absorption (systemic) dyes.
Absorption dyes are water soluble anionic dyes that have little affinity for plant
materials and are seldom used to color flowers by immersion.
Determining Dye Dye requirements vary considerably depending on the length of time the mate-
rial is immersed in the preservative solution and the nature of the material being
Requirements dyed. Generally, dyes are added at a rate of 0.5%-3% on weight of goods. For
example, the dye required for 100 lbs of material is 0.5-3 lbs. While it is best
to determine dye requirements as a percentage of the material being dyed, it is
also customary to determine dye concentration based on the volume of solution
(for example 4 grams per gallon). When calculating dye concentrations in this
manner, dyes are generally added at the rate of 1/8-1/2 ounce per gallon.
Using a higher concentration of dye decreases the time required to achieve the
desired depth of shade. Using a lower dye concentration requires longer dyeing
times, but generally results in more color uniformity. Heated preservative water
solutions generally require less dye than do unheated preservative solutions.
Dyes should always be predissolved before adding to the preservative solution.

Dyes are best predissolved by first forming a paste with acetic acid and then
adding hot water, (preferably boiling) to liquify. The amount of acetic acid required
is that which will reduce the pH of the dyebath to approximately 4.5. An optional
method is to dissolve the dye in methanol (a form of alcohol). Due to the toxicity
of methanol, this technique is not advised.

2.4 - Surfactants
Surfactants are usually added as they are with immersion dye solutions. Surfactants
help in wetting the material, which aids in uniform absorption of the preserving
solution. As with the immersion dyebath, the surfactant is generally added at the
rate of 0.1% of the weight of the water being treated. This is approximately equal
to 3.5 grams per gallon of water. If cationic (dip) dyes are to be included, only
nonionic or cationic surfactants should be used. Robert Koch Industries' NP-9
surfactant and TW-80 surfactant are used for this application. Anionic wetting
agents, such as those used in systemic applications, should never be used in
conjunction with cationic dyes because their negative ionic charge will compete
with the anionic cellulose for dye.
The immersion preservative solution will penetrate into the plant material if this
solution is heated. Heat also greatly facilitates the migration of dye into the plant
fibers. The bulk of a plant's composition (excluding water) is cellulose and lignin.
The plant sueface is covered by a waxy cuticle. The waxy cuticle covering the
plant is not broken down at ambient temperatures. Hence the glycol/dye solution
has a very difficult time penetrating into the plant. Cold water dyeing is generally
a staining of the outer fibers, whereas dyeing occurs when the dye penetrates into
the plants fibers.
3 - Temperature
The immersion preservative solution will better penetrate into the plant material
if this solution is heated. Heat also greatly facilitates the migration of dye into the
plant fibers. The bulk of a plant's composition (excluding water) is cellulose and
lignin. The plant surface is covered by a waxy cuticle. The waxy cuticle covering
the plant is not broken down at ambient temperatures. Hence the glycol/dye
solution has a very difficult time penetrating into the plant. Cold water dyeing is
generally a staining of the outer fibers, whereas hot water dyeing occurs when the
dye penetrates into the plants fibers.
Some materials like wood chips are generally porous enough to dye at low to
moderate temperatures. Some materials, grasses for example, have such a heavy,
waxy cuticle, that is best broken down with moderate to high dyebath tempera-
tures.
The diffusion rate (the rate at which the glycerin and dye diffuse into the plant
material) depends upon temperature, initial dye and glycol concentration, pH
of the solution, affinity for the substrate, and the fibrous nature of the product.
The higher the initial dye and glycol concentration and the hotter the solution
temperature, the faster the preserving process proceeds.

IMMERSION SYSTEMIC GLYCOL
PRESERVATIVE FORMULATION
1) GLYCOL/WATER MIXTURE:
a) glycerin (96% or greater) 10-50 percent by weight

b) propylene glycol (optional) 5-17 percent by weight
c) water remainder
2) BACTERIA CONTROL (Choose one method)
a) Bacteriostat:
i) Potassium Sorbate or Sodium Benzoate
0.1% of weight of solution
used with acetic acid to reduce pH to 4.0-5.0
ii) Propylene glycol
15-17 percent by weight
b) Bactericide
- quaternary ammonium compounds
200 ppm (1 fl. oz. per 39 gallons)
3) DYE* (optional) and pH AJUDAVANTS
a) Basic (cationic) dyestuffs

0.1-3.0% on weight of goods (owg) being dyed
b) Acetic acid (preferred) or citric acid

desired pH of 4.0-5.0
determine required amount with pH meter
4) SURFACTANT
a) Nonionic surfactant,
0.1 percent by weight of solution
* sensitivity to sunlight

3 - Preservation Process
This section describes the basic elements of the immersion dyeing and preserving
operation. It is divided into the following two sections:
3.1 Equipment
Vat(s)
Hot Water Source
Transfer Cage
3.2 Procedure
Presoak
Dyeing and Preserving
Bleach
Rinse
3.1 - Equipment
Vats for Dyeing Containers used for vats vary considerably from simple to elaborate. Modest
amounts of small sized products are often dyed and preserved in inexpensive
and Preserving plastic buckets. Larger amounts of medium sized products are often processed
in recycled 30 or 55 gallon plastic drums. Large products, such as long grasses
or bamboo stalks, are often preserved in long narrow plastic tubes made from
PVC pipe. The ideal material from which to fabricate a dye vat is stainless steel.
This material resists corrosion, withstands heat, and can be cleaned easily. Many
plastics are easily stained and do not tolerate prolonged periods of heat.
Vats tend to be more rectangular than round. The general nature of most floral
products makes rectangular shapes more efficient. It is important to size the prod-
uct load with the vat. Too small a vat requires that multiple batches be processed,
often several batches per day. The greater the number of batches processed, the
greater the chance for inconsistency in the final product. If the vat is undersized,
labor costs are also too high. Large vats do involve a higher capital investment,
but due to labor savings and batch size, their investment is quickly repaid.
It is convenient when filling vats if volume levels are indicated on the side of the
tank. It is much faster to fill a tank to the 300 gallon mark than to fill a 5 gallon
pail and add it to the tank sixty consecutive times. Volume indications make it
easy to fill the vat to specific volumes, a helpful feature when liquor ratios are
being specified and batch sizes differ from one batch to the next.

3.1 - Equipment
The figure below illustrates the features
Vat Design
of a vat used for immersion preserving:
DYE VAT DESIGN

HINGED INSULATED COVER
VOLUME
INDICATOR
INLET AND
OUTLET STEAM
CONNNECTIONS
CIRCULATING
PUMP
DOUBLE WALLED WITH

INTERNAL HEAT JACKET
DRAIN VALVE
Circulation in The preserving process is also enhanced by circulation of the solution. Circula-
tion of the solution accelerates the preserving and dyeing process and helps to
the Vat ensure that all of the material comes into contact with the solution. This leads to
better consistency in the final product.
Circulation of the preserving solution can be achieved by incorporating a high

temperature, chemical resistant circulating pump in the design of the vat. A
stainless steel rod and propeller connected to a variable speed mixer is a less
expensive alternative.
Regardless of the type of container used, all vats should be equipped with covers
to prevent evaporation and contamination of the solution when the vat is not in
use. A drain valve is also a very convenient feature.
Hot Water Since most immersion dyeing and preserving operations involve heated solutions,
it is customary to place the vat near a source of hot water. In addition, some
Source method of heating the vat is often desired. Vats are typically heated in one of two
ways: heat transfer from a steam source or electrical immersion heaters.
Electric immersion heaters are the most commonly used heaters and are relatively
inexpensive and simple to install, compared to steam heat. These heaters are
often used to heat tanks that hold up to 200 gallons. These heaters consist of a
long stainless steel tube submerged in the vat. These heaters typically operates on
either 120 or 240 volt ac.

3.1 - Equipment
Immersion It is essential that these heaters be properly installed according to manufacturer's
guidelines to prevent accidental fire, equipment damage or electrical shock. The
Heater figure below illustrates an immersion heater.
EXTERNAL
CONNECTION
CONDUIT
TUBE
SUPPORT
STAND
HEATING
ELEMENT
Using Steam Large processors have custom designed vats manufactured that are usually heated
by steam. An internal steam filled jacket surrounds the vat. The steam is derived
from an electric or gas boiler. The solution temperature is usually controlled by
an adjustable thermostat connected to a thermocouple. Over the long run, these
systems are less expensive to operate than immersion heated vats, but their initial
investment cost is high.
Used dairy equipment is often available at very reasonable prices. Stainless steel
pasteurizing tanks make ideal vats. They are usually jacketed and can be easily
connected to a steam source. One drawback to dairy tanks is that they tend to be
round, rather than rectangular. However, if the diameter is large enough, round
tanks can be used for most any floral product.

3.1 Equipment
Transfer Cage When large amounts of product are being dyed or preserved by immersion, it is
often helpful to add the goods to a separate transfer cage that is lowered into the
vat. This transfer cage eliminates the burdensome task of adding and removing
the goods by hand. When hot solution temperatures are involved, use of a transfer
cage greatly reduces the possibility of accidental burns. A hinged lid and hinged
bottom may be added to facilitate loading and unloading of the cage. The lid also
ensures complete immersion of the goods in the preserving solution. Since most
Transfer Cage foliar goods have low densities, they often float on the surface, leaving much of
Design the foliage unexposed to the preserving solution.
TRANSFER CAGE
HINGED TOP
SUSPENSION
HOOKS
HINGED
BOTTOM
The cage design should allow for easy circulation of the glycerin/ dye solution.
After the goods are processed, the cage is raised above the vat and held in
position, allowing the remaining solution to drain from the cage. The transfer
cage may then be lowered into a rinse vat. Since many operations involve pre-
rinsing the substrate before preserving and a post rinse, the use of a transfer cage
greatly simplifies the handling involved.

3.2 - Procedure
Preparation Materials being processed should be of good quality and harvested at a
mature stage. Delicate flowers such as roses and carnations do not preserve in
this manner due to a lack of sufficient fibrous cellulose and lignin to retain the
glycerin without altering the structural integrity of the plant. Recently harvested
plants sometimes contain too much moisture and oils that can interfere with the
preserving process. There are, however, products that can be processed fresh.
Ferns, for example, are best processed as soon as possible after harvest, before
the leaves begin to curl.
Prerinse Before dyeing, products should first be wetted-out in a water/nonionic surfactant

mixture. While this step is optional, it results a more uniformly preserved and dyed
final product. This solution does not need to be heated, although it is beneficial
to do so. After wetting, the plant fibers have a more uniform consistency and
tend to absorb the preservative solution at a more uniform rate. Many impurities
in the product are removed, helping to prevent subsequent contamination of
preservative solution.
A soaking period of 5-10 minutes is satisfactory. The solution is prepared by

adding a nonionic surfactant to water. The surfactant is generally added at a rate
of 1/10 of 1 percent of the weight of solution. This translates to approximately 4
grams of surfactant per gallon of water.
Preserving Immerse the materials in the preserving solution, being careful not to overcrowd
the vat. Materials should be fully submerged at all times. When large quantities
Stage are involved, the use of a perforated transfer cage facilitates handling. The
temperature of the solution should remain constant during the process. Preserving
times will vary with temperature and plant material. Typical immersion times are
24-48 hours for non-heated solutions and 12-24 hours for heated solutions.
Post Rinse After preserving, materials should be rinsed thoroughly in water. This will lessen
the possibility of surface dye and excess glycol running or coming off of the
material during later contact and handling. Products that are properly dyed will
not show noticeable loss of color after rinsing. After rinsing, the materials must be
allowed to dry completely before being packaged for shipment or storage.
Drying The drying procedure for immersion preservation is identical to that of systemic
preservation (detailed on pages 23-24).

IMMERSION PRESERVATION PROCESS
UNPROCESSED PREWASH BLEACH

INVENTORY AND SOAK VAT
DYE AND
RINSE RINSE
PRESERVE
VAT VAT
VAT
DRYING PROCESS
PROCESSED INVENTORY

Part IV
“Bleeding” or “Weeping”
of Glycerin
An aspen leaf showing signs of bleeding
Ref. 420 - Part IV 37

“Bleeding”
What is One problem often encountered with preserved flowers and foliage is the
appearance of excess glycerin on plant surfaces. This is often termed "sweating,"
“Bleeding?” "bleeding" or "weeping." It can be a major problem with some plant varieties. It is
most notable with eucalyptus, gypsophila, and preserved tropicals such as ferns
and palm branches. For this reason, some manufacturers of preserved materials
have elected to use propylene glycol or ethylene glycol as the active ingredient of
their preservative solution. These glycols seem to be less prone to this problem.
However, before electing to switch from glycerin, there are some other significant
properties of glycols that should be thoroughly considered in light of their ability
to "preserve" plant materials.
Structure of The problem of bleeding arises from a glycol's strong affinity for water. As stated
earlier, this problem is most pronounced with glycerin. The structure of glycerin
Glycols is shown below: [8]
CH2 CH2 CH2
OH OH OH
The OH group is known as the hydroxyl group. In organic (carbon containing)

compounds, the hydroxyl group is usually attached with a covalent bond (shown
by the solid lines). Glycerin is the accepted name for a chemical that is more
appropriately referred to as glycerol, where the ending -ol indicates the presence
of a functional group, the OH in an organic molecule.
This OH group has some very unique properties. While the chemical behavior is
beyond the scope of this publication, let it suffice to say that the hydroxyl groups
present in glycols enable these chemicals to have a high boiling point. The OH
groups also impart a strong attraction for water. Because of this property, glycols
(most notably glycerin) are widely used in lotions and shampoos where moisture
retention is important.
What Causes The bleeding of glycerin from preserved materials arises when there is sufficient
moisture in the air to "pull" the glycerin contained in the preserved material to
“Bleeding” its foliar surfaces. What actually happens is that as the glycerin contained in
the plant absorbs water, the viscosity of the resultant glycerin-water combination
decreases. This drop in viscosity increases as more water is absorbed and also
decreases as the ambient temperature increases.
Eventually the viscosity of the glycerin - water mixture becomes low enough that
the solution is capable of flow. Forces arising from gravity cause the solution to
flow through cracks and crevices until some of the solution makes its way to the
foliar surfaces of the plant. This problem can occur at humidity levels as low as
20%. In cases of high humidity the bleeding can be so severe that the internal
preserving solution runs or drips off of plant surfaces, posing a potentially serious
problem.

“Bleeding”
Is there a Very little can be done to prevent this process from occurring where conditions
favor high humidity and temperature. Recommended procedures are painfully
Solution? obvious. Avoid storing glycerin preserved plant materials in locations of high
humidity. Dehumidifiers are often placed in storage areas. Glycerin transfer to
plants is often reduced as well by using shorter preserving periods.
Some work has been done in applying polymer coatings to the foliage after the
glycerin preserving process is complete. The theory is that the exterior coating will
help prevent contact of internal glycerin with external (ambient) moisture. Several
polymer coatings have been developed for the freeze dried industry and have
been tested in this application. While they are excellent coatings, they possess
two major disadvantages. First, they are flammable materials requiring special
handling procedures, and second, they are very expensive. There is also some
concern that residual water will be trapped beneath the coating. This water, being
unable to evaporate as it normally would, could possibly lead to the formation of
mold within the plant.
Using Some businesses have realized some success shipping glycerin treated materials
to humid locations by adding a desiccant to the shipping container. Silica gel
Silica Gel (often used to dry flowers by desiccation) is placed in a small bag and included in
the box with the glycerin treated material. The theory is that the desiccant, having
great attraction for water will absorb ambient moisture, possibly preventing the
internal glycerin from absorbing water.
Glycerin is more prone to this problem of bleeding than the other glycols often
used for preserving plants. The information sheet on the following page shows the
structure and some characteristics of the 3 glycols most often used in preserving
plants. [7,8]
Aspen leaves display signs of bleeding after being

preserved in Glycerin and stored in a humid area.

“Bleeding”
GLYCOL STRUCTURES
GLYCERIN CHEMICAL NAME: 1,2,3-Propanetriol
CHEMICAL FORMULA: HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH
H
H
SYNONYMS: Glycerol
O
H MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 92.11 grams per mole
C C H BOILING POINT: 290°C (554°F)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 1.263 @ 20°C (68°F)
C
O H FLASH POINT: 199°C (390°F) (Pensky-Martens closed cup)
H H H
VISCOSITY: 1,490 cP @ 20°C (68°F)
O
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE: CH2 CH CH2
OH OH OH
PROPYLENE CHEMICAL NAME: 1,2-Propanetriol

CHEMICAL FORMULA: CH3CH(OH)CH2OH
GLYCOL MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 76.11 grams per mole
H H H
BOILING POINT: 189°C (372°F)
H
C
C H
O C
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE: CH3CH CH2
H
H H
O OH OH
CHEMICAL NAME: Ethanediol

ETHYLENE CHEMICAL FORMULA: HOCH2CH2OH
GLYCOL MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 62.07 grams per mole
H
BOILING POINT: 198°C (388°F)
O
H
O
H CHEMICAL STRUCTURE: CH2 CH2
C C
H OH OH
H
H

“Bleeding”
Volatility By comparing the structures of the three glycols, it is apparent that glycerin has
three hydroxyl groups whereas ethylene glycol and propylene glycol each have
of Glycols two. We should therefore expect that glycerin would have the greater attraction
for water (due to hydrogen bonding) and likewise be the most susceptible to
bleeding. However, the volatility (the ability to vaporize or evaporate quickly) of
the various glycols must also be considered.
Glycerin has the lowest volatility of the three glycols being considered. Therefore,
it will remain as a liquid on plant surfaces much longer than propylene glycol or
ethylene glycol. When propylene glycol and ethylene glycol are brought to plant
surfaces in the presence of high humidity, they volatilize much quicker than does
glycerin. It is the opinion of the author that this is the major reason why bleeding
is less of a problem with ethylene glycol and propylene glycol.
Making a switch to the other glycols solely on the basis of reducing the problem
of bleeding should be strongly reevaluated in consideration of the high boiling
point and low volatility of glycerin. Neither ethylene glycol nor propylene glycol
have such a high boiling point or low volatility. The higher boiling point and low
volatility of glycerin translates into better stability of this glycol and hence better
long term preserving of the plant material.
Ref. 420 41
Part V
Choosing a Method:
Immersion v. Systemic
It is often difficult to decide between using a systemic process or an immersion process to

preserve a particular plant. Often, the choice is dictated by the fact that a plant may only
respond to one method of treatment. However, there are some plants that can be preserved
either systemically or by immersion.
A good example of this is German statice (limonium tatarica). German statice may be pre-
served systemically but is usually preserved by immersion. The major reason is that the shape
of German statice (round and globular, much like a mushroom) makes it necessary to use
very small containers for a systemic process. Therefore, it is usually processed by immersion,
where it's bulkiness is not a problem.
There are certain advantages and disadvantages to each method of preserving. The following
section highlights some of these concepts.
Ref. 420 - Part V 42

Choosing a Method
Advantages of Immersion Preserving
• The processing time is almost always considerably shorter than systemic methods of preservation.
• The immersion process is not influenced by external environmental factors such as temperature,
humidity, etc., as is systemic preserving.
• Many plants may be processed fresh or dry.
• The immersion process usually kills existing insects and larvae present on the plants, reducing the
need for fumigation.
• Many plants incapable of systemic processing respond quite well to immersion methods, as for
example magnolia leaves.
• Complete color coverage is possible.
• Immersion processing can be used to improve many brittle items that otherwise might not be salable.
• Immersion processing is adaptable to large scale processing with large vats, and is easily mechanized.
DISADVANTAGES OF IMMERSION PRESERVING

• The immersion process destroys the plant cuticle.
• The immersion process generally requires heat.
• When a dye is used, complete color coverage may not be desirable.
For example, when systemically preserving sinuata statice, a unique feature of this plant is that the
systemic preservative, and hence the dye, will only travel through the stem, and not into the flower.
Thus white sinuata statice may be preserved, producing a green stem, while not altering the color of
the white flower. This is obviously not possible with an immersion solution.
• Products may appear oily to the touch.
• Many delicate flowers cannot be preserved by immersion without extensive damage to the natural
appearance of the flower.
A good example of this is gypsophila (baby’s breath). When preserved systemically, the dainty little
white flowers retain much of their original shape. However, if this plant is processed by immersion,
the flowers “gum up” and close, becoming an oily ball.

Choosing a Method
Advantages of SYSTEMIC Preserving
• The plant’s cuticle generally remains intact.
• A systemically preserved plant often more closely resembles its natural appearance than it would had it
been processed by immersion.
For example, juniper and cedar branches preserved systemically appear more natural than those pre
served by immersion because the color of the stem remains unaltered in the systemic process. In a
systemic process the green dye colors only the needles, the branch remains brown. This is not possible
with the immersion process, in which case the branch usually becomes very dark green.
• A plant will often bleed less when processed systemically, rather than by immersion.
• Many delicate flowers can only be preserved systemically to avoid damage.
(For example lepidium (peppergrass) and gypsophila.)
DISADVANTAGES OF SYSTEMIC PRESERVING

• Plants must be processed quickly after harvest.
• The systemic process is greatly influenced by external environmental factors such as temperature,
humidity, etc.
• The systemic process is usually a lengthy process.
• Systemic processing is generally not adaptable to large scale processing of single batches with large
vats, and is not easily mechanized.

Appendix A
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GLYCERIN - WATER SOLUTIONS
% GLYCERIN SPECIFIC % GLYCERIN SPECIFIC
(by weight)) GRAVITY (by weight)) GRAVITY
100 1.26415 50 1.12870
99 1.26160 49 1.12600
98 1.25900 48 1.12325
97 1.25645 47 1.12055
96 1.25385 46 1.11780
95 1.25130 45 1.11510
94 1.24865 44 1.11235
93 1.24600 43 1.10960
92 1.24340 42 1.10690
91 1.24075 41 1.10415
90 1.23810 40 1.10145
89 1.23545 39 1.09875
88 1.23280 38 1.09605
87 1.23015 37 1.09340
86 1.22750 36 1.09070
85 1.22485 35 1.08800
84 1.22220 34 1.08530
83 1.21955 33 1.08265
82 1.21690 32 1.07995
81 1.21425 31 1.07725
80 1.21160 30 1.07455
79 1.20885 29 1.07195
78 1.20610 28 1.06935
77 1.20335 27 1.06670
76 1.20060 26 1.06410
75 1.19785 25 1.06150
74 1.19510 24 1.05885
73 1.19235 23 1.05625
72 1.18965 22 1.05365
71 1.18690 21 1.05100
70 1.18415 20 1.04840
69 1.18135 19 1.04590
68 1.17860 18 1.04335
67 1.17585 17 1.04085
66 1.17305 16 1.03835
65 1.17030 15 1.03580
64 1.16755 14 1.03330
63 1.16480 13 1.03080
62 1.16200 12 1.02830
61 1.15925 11 1.02575
60 1.15650 10 1.02325
59 1.15370 9 1.02085
58 1.15095 8 1.01840
57 1.14815 7 1.01600
56 1.14535 6 1.01360
55 1.14260 5 1.01120
54 1.13980 4 1.00875
53 1.13705 3 1.00635
52 1.13425 2 1.00395
51 1.13150 1 1.00155
0 0.99913
Ref. 420 45
References
1 Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 66th edition, Edited by Weast, Robert,
(1985, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL)
2 Biology of Plants, 4th edition, Peter H. Raven, Ray F. Evert & Susan E. Eichhorn,
(1986, Worth Publishers, Inc., New York, NY)
3 Dried Flowers, Leonard Karel, (1973, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., Metuchen, N.J.)
4 Flowers That Last Forever, Betty E.M. Jacobs, (1988, Garden Way Publishing,
Storey Communications Inc., Pownal, VT)
5 Fresh (Cut) Flowers For Designs, John N. Sacalis, (1988, Ohio Florists' Associa-
tion, Columbus, OH)
6 Management For Retail Florists, Glenn H. Sullivan, Jerry L. Robertson, George

L. Staby, 1980, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY)
7 Organic Chemistry, Robert T. Morrison and Robert N. Boyd, (1959, Allyn and
Bacon, Inc., Boston, MA)
8 Chemistry With Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, Therald Moeller, John C. Bailar,

Jr., Jacob Kleinberg, Cyrus O. Guss, Mary E. Castellion and Clyde Metz, (1980,
Academic Press, New York, NY)
9 Post Harvest Care of Specialty Cut Flowers, Proceedings from presentation at

1990 Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers 3rd National Conference on
Specialty Cut Flowers, Richard Y. Evans and Michael S. Reed (1990, Associa-
tion of Specialty Cut Flower Growers, Inc., Oberlin, OH)
10 Synthetic Detergents, 6th edition, A. Davidson and B.M. Milwidsky, (1978, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, NY)
11 Postharvest Handling and Storage of Cut Flowers, Florist Greens, and Potted
Plants, Joanna Nowak and Ryszard M. Rudnicki, (1990, Timber Press, Inc.,
Portland, OR)
Ref. 420 46
Key Terms
Bactericide An agent that kills existing bacteria.
Bacteriostat An agent that inhibits growth of bacteria.
Diffusion Rate The rate at which the glycerin and dye diffuse into the plant material.
HLB Rating HLB stands for hydrophile-lipophile balance. Surfactants with a low HLB are
more hydrophobic (water hating) while those with a high HLB are more hydro-
philic (water loving).
Light Fastness A relative measure of a dye’s resistance to fading or color change due to exposure
to light. [4] The American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC)
has developed testing methods for light fastness. Light fastness is measured on a
scale of 1-8 where:
8 = outstanding 7 = excellent
6 = very good 5 = good
4 = fairly good 3 = fair
2 = poor 1 = very poor
Specific Gravity The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water.
Surface Tension A measure of the molecular forces existing at the surface of a liquid.
Transpiration The release of water vapor through openings in the plant surfaces.
Vicosity Viscosity is the measure of the internal resistance of a liquid to flow.
Ref. 420 47
Visit us online at
www.kochcolor.com
Technical Bulletin #420
Copyright © 2020, 2011, 1994, 1993, 1992 by Mark C. Koch. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means without the prior permission of Robert Koch Industries, Inc.
Published by Robert Koch Industries Inc., Bennett, CO
DISCLAIMER: To our best knowledge, the information and recommendations contained herein are
accurate and reliable. However, this information and our recommendations are furnished without
warranty, representation, inducement, or license of any kind, including, but not limited to the
implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular use or purpose. Customers are
encouraged to conduct their own tests and to read the product labels carefully before using them.
Furthermore, the customer assumes sole liability for any patent infringement that occurs by reason
of their following our recommendations or using the information given.
CAuTION: Dyes and chemicals may cause skin and eye irritation if allowed to come into contact
with the skin or eyes. The use of gloves and protective goggles is recommended when handling
these products.

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Dyes Fragrances Specialty Products

PRESERVING AND COLORING

Part II: Systemic Preserving and Dyeing Methods........................ 5-23

Preservation Formula....................................................... 8-18

Factors Affecting Preservation.......................................... 19-25

Part III: Immersion Preserving and Dyeing Methods.................... 24-36

Preservation Formula....................................................... 27-30

Preservation Process........................................................ 32-37

Part IV: Bleeding of Glycerin on Plant Surfaces........................... 38-42

Part V: Choosing Between Immersion and Systemic Methods...... 43-45

Preserved rice flower

Advantages of • Glycerin incorporation allows foliage to remain soft and pliable,

• Flowers remain attached to stems for a longer period of time. The

• Dyes may be added to the preservative solution, allowing materials

• The extended useful life of preserved products enables sales of

• Preserving with glycerin is often much more economical than other

• Glycerin preserving is easily adapted to large scale production.

Commonly Glycerin preserving can be done either systemically or by immersion. Some

Ref. 420 - Part I 4

Ref. 420 - Part I 5

The percentage of a plant's composition that is water varies widely. Herbaceous

It is important to understand that there must be sufficient fiber to encapsulate the

At right, a branch of eucalyptus preserved

Ref. 420 - Part I 6

Sinuata statice being preserved systemically

Systemic The typical systemic preservative solution consists of the following:

1.1 - Glycol(s) / Water Mixture

Ref. 420 - Part II 8

The specific gravity of glycerin can be computed as follows:

The specific gravity of a solution may be measured with a hydrometer. The

Thorough experimentation should be conducted to determine the optimum

As an example, evergreens such as cedar are usually preserved with a solution

Ref. 420 - Part II 9

Propylene glycol is also effective as a deterrent to microbial buildup within the

The term pH is a chemical symbol frequently used as a quantitative measure of

Ref. 420 - Part II 10

200 ppm = 200 mg/l = 0.027 wt oz/gal = 0.76 g/gal

g=gram l=liter ml=milliliter oz=ounces gal=gallon

1.3 - Bacteria Control

Bacteriostat Methods of bacteria control are generally classified as either a bacteriostat

Ref. 420 - Part II 11

Common methods of bacteria control include:

1) 8-HQC (8-Hydroxyquinoline Citrate) and

Bacteria Control: 8-HQC

200 ppm = 200 mg/l = 0.027 wt oz/gal = 0.76 g/gal

Ref. 420 - Part II 12

Potassium Sorbate with Citric Acid

Potassium sorbate is available as a powder or as a 50% liquid. The powder is

Potassium Sorbate (powder) with Citric Acid

0.10 % w/w = 1.0 g/l = 0.13 wt oz/gal = 3.8 g/gal

Add Citric Acid to reduce pH to 3.5-5.0

Potassium Sorbate (50% Liquid)

Add Acetic Acid to reduce pH to 4.0-5.0

Ref. 420 - Part II 13

A conversion to a liquid concentrate is often preferred since liquids are easier to

SODIUM BENZOATE (POWDER)

0.10 % w/w = 1.0 g/l = 0.13 wt oz/gal = 3.8 g/gal

Add Citric Acid to reduce pH to 3.5-5.0