Senior High School Department

Mansalaya National High School

EFFECTIVENESS OF BANANA PEELS AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON

THE GROWTH OF MUNG BEANS

A research paper submitted to the faculty of Mansalaya National High School

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Practical Research 2

Researchers:

Collantes, Jhon Mark

Collantes, Ryan

Engles, Carmilla

Gaurino, Jasmine P.

Lat, Gerald G.

Madredio, Jhoan M

Manjares, Gehirson

Molleno, Ruffa Mae

Nebria, Cleare B.

Rafer, Aiza M.

Reoveros, Reniel
 CHAPTER Ⅰ

THE PROBLEM

The Philippines is one of the countries where agriculture is

one of the primary livelihoods of the citizens, from harvesting

crops to trading them in the market. The country has a tropical

climate because of its geographical location that made it

possible to gather resources for agriculture. According to

Jacklyn Clemente Koppe (N.d), the varied terrain, tropical

climate, high precipitation, and fertile soil makes the

Philippines an agricultural country. Climate is one of the

factors that can affect the growth and the prosperity of

agriculture in the country. The seasons that a country has, is

also a key factor in having a suitable place for planting and

growing plants, and extreme rate of harvest.

However, the country’s geographical location, climate,

and weather are not the only factors that affect the agricultural

activity of the country, fertilizers can also be a factor.

Fertilizers can help increase, and improve agricultural

productivity. In recent years, the agricultural sector

progressed, which created new planting techniques, which includes

the use of synthetic fertilizers. It was proven effective in

terms of development of the plant, such as increase in growth

rate, fruit-bearing, and also pests’ protection, which are the

primary goal of the farmers. This fertilizer can also be helpful

to counter the negative effects in the agricultural sector of the

unpredicted weather in the country, such as typhoons, and extreme

drought. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nation Manila, 2018 stated that synthetic fertilizers have

negative effects on the environment, overtime might affect the

future of agricultural productivity, and the future generation

will suffer its consequences. According to Milorganite (2022),

Synthetic fertilizers might actually decrease soil fertility due

to chemical nitrogen stimulating excessive microorganism growth,

which, over time, depletes organic matter in the soil. The rising

recognition of synthetic fertilizers might threaten the idea of

organic farming.

Synthetic fertilizer does not only threaten the idea of

organic farming, but also the environment. Organic farming helps

to reduce food waste that can produce greenhouse gasses that can

affect the environment. “Food waste that is commonly disposed of

in landfills or incinerated, is still a concerning pollutant,

(Fertilizer Machinery Manufacturer in China, 2018)”. Food waste

usually contains starch, cellulose, protein, lipids, and

inorganic salts, and N, P, K, Ca,Mg, Fe, K, that can cause

pollution. Thus, the idea of abandoning organic farming will give

rise to environmental problems. However, if the agricultural

sector practices, organic problems will significantly help to

improve our current environmental problems. “If 60 % of

agriculture would convert to organic farming, concentrated feed

were reduced by 50 %, and food waste by 50 %, the impacts of the

food system on the environment will significantly decreased,

including decrease in greenhouse gasses emissions, (Business and

Biodiversity Campaign, n.d)”.

In addition, the process of turning food waste into

organic fertilizers, can create economic, and environmental

benefits like improvement of the soil, (Fertilizer Machinery

Manufacturer in China, 2018). However, despite the fact that

there are sufficient studies regarding the usage of food scraps

as organic fertilizer to plants, further investigation are still

needed to improve knowledge about the use of food scraps as

organic fertilizers, to encourage people to continue practicing

organic farming through the use of organic fertilizers, and to

diminish the idea of synthetic fertilizers as the only effective

way to supplement, and boost the growth of a plant today.

In this regard, the researchers decided to study the effect

of using banana peel, as the main basis of using food scraps as

organic fertilizer on the growth of Mung Beans.

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of an

alternative organic plant fertilizer. Specifically, the

researchers aim to answer the following questions:

1. Are there notable results of the use of banana peel as

natural fertilizers on the mung bean plant in terms of its:

a. Stem Length,

b. Number of Leaves,

c. Root Length?

2. Are there significant differences between the organic and

synthetic fertilizer on the growth of mung beans?

3. What policy recommendations can be derived based from the

findings of the study?

Assumptions of the Study

The study focused on the effectiveness of the banana peel as

organic fertilizer. In conducting this study the following

assumptions were made. It was assumed that:

1. The researchers assumed that the materials to be used would

give reliable results.

 2. The researchers assumed that the banana peel will help add

more nutrients which are important for the growth of plants.

3. The researchers would be able to deeply explain the purpose

of the study.

Hypothesis

1. Banana peel is not the most effective organic fertilizer in

promoting the growth of mung beans(mungo plant) in terms of:

a. Stem Length (in centimeters)

b. Number of leaves (in pcs.)

c. Root Length (in centimeters)

2. There is no significant difference among the application of

organic (banana feel) and synthetic fertilizers on the

growth of mung beans.

3. The use of other organic fertilizers (e.g. animal manure).

Significance of the Study

The researchers found the study beneficial to the following;

Fertilizer Manufacturers. The study will introduce the use

of food scraps as organic fertilizer instead of utilizing

chemical substances as a method of growing plants due to the

promising advantages that can benefit the development of the mung

bean plant. Most importantly, to imply that synthetic fertilizers

are not the only effective way of supplementing and boosting

plant growth.

Agricultural Sectors. The information gathered aided the

agricultural sector in developing a more cost-effective method of

growing plants. Furthermore, this information assisted farmers in

better implementing such applications, and its effectiveness will

be available with less environmental impact.

Environmental Sectors. The information gathered will assist

the environmental sectors in managing waste and making better use

of the country's resources. The research study aided in the

improvement of Philippine agriculture by providing farmers with a

more sustainable supply of fertilizer.

Households. The information collected in this research study

provided households with knowledge and information that aided in

illuminating the idea of using a mixture of food scraps as a

fertilizer. Furthermore, these findings aided households in

raising awareness of potential pollution.

 Future Researchers. This served as a key for future

researchers to gain knowledge and comprehension of the benefits

of using organic fertilizer. The information evident in this

research paper aided future researchers in providing factual

information relevant to the topic. It also aided them in their

search for alternative strategies for carrying out the

experiment.

Scope and Delimitations

The general intent of the study is to determine the

effectiveness of the banana peels as organic fertilizer.

Hence, researchers conducted an experiment by observing for

14 days the significant difference of the plant’s growth in terms

of its stem length, root length, and number of leaves between the

two fertilizers that will be used in this study.

The controlled variables in this experiment were banana peel

and amount of water. Furthermore, this research was conducted at

the residence of one of the researchers at Mansalaya, Del

Gallego, Camarines Sur.

Locale of the study

The study was conducted at Mansalaya National High School, a

DepED Managed partially urban Secondary Public School located in

Del Gallego, Camarines Sur. This school comprises Junior and

Senior High School and offers tracks are General Academic Strand

(GAS), Technical Vocational Livelihood (TVL) and Agri-Fishery

Arts (AFA). It is located at Purok 3, Barangay Mansalaya, Del

Gallego, Camarines Sur Philippines (Latitude: 13.963741261955896,

Longitude: 122.63749305548707).
Definitions of Terms

For better understanding, the researchers defined the following

terms:
Organic fertilizer - In this study, organic fertilizers were used

namely: banana peel.

Synthetic fertilizer - chemically manufactured materials

containing one or more of the primary nutrients necessary for

plant growth: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Growth - It is the progressive development or the process of

growing something.

In this study, the growth of the mongo seeds was measured in

terms of height and the number of leaves.

Height - It is a measurement of how tall something is.

In this study, height was measured in centimeters.

Mung beans - It is also known as mongo seeds, scientific name of

Vigna radiata. A small, round bean often used to grow bean

sprouts.

In this study, mung beans or mongo seeds were the plant used.

Musa sapientum - scientific name for bananas which translates as

“fruit of the wise men.”

Banana – This refers to long curved fruit with thick peel that is

yellow when It’s ripe.

The peel of the banana was used in this study.

Soil – It is the upper layer of Earth that may be dug or plowed

and in which plants grow.

Loam soil was used in this study.

 CHAPTER ⅠⅠ

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

According to new research (Banana Peels Are Good for

Gardens, n.d.), The pandemic and isolation are causing many

people to “go bananas,” because the phrase “going bananas”

probably comes from the earlier idiom of “going ape,” meaning

acting crazy or wild as apes sometimes do. Bananas are unusual in

many ways, not the least that bananas, like watermelons,

botanically speaking, are actually berries, which develop one

flower with one ovary and often several seeds. Yes, bananas have

seeds, but they are so small and edible that we forget about

them. Because of the oil in them, rubbing the inside of a banana

peel on your skin will reduce the itching from mosquito bites and

poison ivy. You can even use banana peels to polish silver by

rubbing it with the inside of the peel.

The scientific name for bananas is Musa sapientum, which

translates as “fruit of the wise men.” And you are wise, indeed,

to use banana peels as fertilizer. Banana peels are good for

gardens because they contain 42 percent potassium (abbreviated to

its scientific name K), one of the three major components of

fertilizer along with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and shown
on fertilizer labels as NPK. In fact, banana peels have the

highest organic sources of potassium.

Potassium aids plants in moving nutrients and water between

cells. Potassium strengthens plants' stems and also fights off

disease. It is especially important to create flowers, and even

make fruits (and berries!) taste better. Potassium will even make

your plants more resistant to drought. Without enough potassium,

plants grow poorly in general. It even increases the protein

content of your plants.

In short, potassium helps plants grown for their fruiting

and flowering, including rose bushes and fruit trees, rather than

plants grown for their foliage, such as spinach, lettuce and

Swiss chard. Banana peels are good fertilizer because of what

they do not contain. They contain absolutely no nitrogen. While

plants need nitrogen (remember the NPK in fertilizers), too much

nitrogen will create lots of green leaves but few berries or

fruits. This means potassium-rich banana peels are excellent for

plants like tomatoes, peppers or flowers. Banana peels also

contain calcium, which prevents blossom end rot in tomatoes. The

manganese in banana peels aids photosynthesis, while the sodium

in banana peels helps water flow between cells. They even have

traces of magnesium and sulfur, elements that help make

chlorophyll.
 You can simply bury banana peels near your plants where they

will release their nutrients as they break down. You can also

brew banana peel tea by putting banana peels in a jar and

covering with water. Let this steep for a week or two and you

will have a nutrient-rich liquid fertilizer. Unlike powdered or

solid fertilizers, this liquid fertilizer goes directly to the

roots and helps the plants immediately. Toss the used peels into

a compost heap or bury them in the garden.

Make some banana peel tea, and your garden just might go ape

for it.

Compost is beneficial for agriculture fields in many ways

such as soil conditioner, fertilizer, and natural pesticide and

above all it helps to manage organic wastes and adds vital humic

acids to soil. Four indigenous composts prepared from readily

available organic wastes viz. vermicompost, banana, NADEP, and

Calotropis were used in the present investigation for growth and

disease suppression in mung beans. The composts were amended with

Trichoderma viride in the concentration of 0.1 and 0.2% to

determine their influence on length and weight of roots and

shoots, disease incidence, soil moisture, and soil microflora in

plants. The best results were observed in the treatment with T.

viride (0.2%), followed by T. viride (0.1%) in vermicompost,

while the treatment T. viride (0.1%) with Calotropis compost

showed little growth and suppression of disease. All composts

enhanced the soil moisture content and microbial populations in

amended soil resulting in the reduction of disease incidence.

Among T. viride enriched composts, the counts of fungi, bacteria,

and actinomycetes were higher in the vermicompost and banana

compost-amended soils. Thus, preparing these composts from

readily available organic wastes and amending soil with T.

viride enriched composts hold a great promise for improving soil

fertility and suppressing the soil-borne plant pathogens for

sustainable agriculture.

According to Hussein (2019), The sustainability and

feasibility of utilizing banana by-products are the future

prospects and challenges for directing these by-products such as

peels, leaves, pseudo stem, stalk, and inflorescence into various

food and non-food applications, serving as thickening agent,

coloring and flavor, alternative source for macro- and

micronutrients, natural cuticles, livestock feed, natural fibers,

and sources of natural bioactive compounds and bio-fertilizers

(Padam et al. 2014). Banana peels form about 18–33% of the whole

fruit mass and are considered as a waste product (Wolfe et al.

2003). At present, these peels were not being used for any other

purposes and are mostly dumped as solid waste at large expense

(Sudha et al. 2015). With increasing environmental awareness and

growing importance of unfriendly agricultural wastes, crops and

fruit waste can be used for efficient conversion into

biomaterials like bio-plastic, bio-polymer, bio-fiber, and bio-

fuels (Sharif Hossain 2015). Banana peels possess many benefits

as they are an important source of soluble and insoluble fiber,

fight cholesterol, are antioxidants, protect eyesight, and have

other uses such as meat tenderizer, teeth whitening, polishing

agent, and skin beauty and boost garden. Also, bananas produce an

anti-cancer that combats cancer cells. Uses of the banana peel at

home are polishing of shoes and silver: forks, knives, and spoons

till sparkle (http://caloriebee.com). Moreover, the peel of a

banana contains some metals such as manganese, magnesium, and

potassium which can help whiten the enamel of the teeth.

Moreover, the addition of a banana peel to the roast adds

moisture during cooking. Aphids do not like banana peels, so bury

the peels around roses and cauliflower to deter the crawling

pests. Rubbing of a banana peel on dry skin may help heal

psoriasis, and a banana peel can also help heal acne. Certainly,

the nutrients found in a banana peel are essential and break down

quickly (Brad berry 2017). Also, banana peels were utilized for

the production of bioethanol by using the yeast Saccharomyces

cerevisiae (Gebregergs et al. 2016). Additionally, banana peels

were used for α-Amylase production using Bacillus subtitles by

bioprocessing (Shaista Kokab et al. 2003) and potential

production of fermented products (Patel et al. 2012). Phenol

content, minerals, and antioxidant activity were extracted from

banana peels by drying at 60 °C and using 70% acetone solvent in

water bath for 2 hours at 55°C. The concentration of antioxidant

activity and phenol content at this optimal extraction conditions

was 1061.33 ± 0.03 μmol/g and 1474.17 ± 0.02 mg/L respectively

(Azmi 2010). Also, bananas are rich in minerals including

potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and others. Potassium is the most

important element that is used as fertilizer. It is essential for

promoting general plant vigor, build up, and resistance to pest

and disease; necessary to help fruit grow; involved in regulating

around 50 enzymes in a plant; and literally hanging onto tree

trunks in nature and vertical vegetables (DIY Fertilizers 2012).

The signs of potassium deficiency in plants can be seen as the

older leaves have brown veins. Potassium content in banana peels

is about 200 mg of the fruits or 40%. Using banana peels in the

garden provides nutrients that plants need to thrive, and it acts

also as a pest repellent (Haider 2013; Hulbert 2014).

The aim of this research is to investigate the optimum

operating conditions for extracting the most fertilizer nutrients

present in banana peels using alkaline digestion via potassium

hydroxide addition at boiling conditions then converting these

nutrients into the nanoform in acidic medium to be used as

nanofertilizers suitable for the alkaline soil in Egypt. William

banana peels in the ripe stage were used to complete this

investigation. The extraction process involved collecting peels

and drying peels by hugging in the open air for 1 week. Then,

boil the dry grinded peels with potassium hydroxide addition,

filter the boiled mixture to get rid of any solid material, and

concentrate this solution by boiling to obtain solid impure dark

brown concentrate containing potassium, iron, amino acids, and

protein (Hulbert 2014). Then, the resultant solution is converted

into nanoform via the addition of urea and citric acid with

vigorous stirring.The problems associated with inorganic nutrient

supplementation in soil are that it leads to pollution of

groundwater after harvest. Also, it does not improve soil

structure (Gordon et al. 1993); then, decrease in organic matter

content leads to nutrient imbalance and soil acidification

(Ojeniyi 2000). Moreover, it has a negative impact on

microorganism activities; besides, it is not readily available to

farmers over the year and high in cost. Other problems include

that most inorganic fertilizer in the soil is gradually depleted

by crops (Law Ogbomo 2011).

Recently, a huge revolution concerning the utilization of

agriculture waste as organic fertilizer was growing over the last

years. Natural organic components can be obtained from plant

wastes which are transferred to compost rich by the nutritious

organic matter to be returned to the soil for fertilization.

Banana peels as organic waste drew a great attention due to its

extract rich in natural phenolic compound antioxidants such as

vitamins, flavonoids, essential amino acids, growth promoters,

and potassium element which are necessary for plant growth (Lee

et al. 2010; Emaga et al. 2007). Banana peel has been used to

induce significant effects on various biological aspects in

plants (Bakry et al. 2016). One of these biological aspects is

increasing seed germination rate due its high content of

potassium, amino acids (i.e., L-tryptophan), and growth promoters

as indicated in previous investigations (Lee et al. 2010; Emaga

et al. 2007). According to the above mentioned applications, the

proposed banana peel nano extract will be tested in farming

fenugreek and tomato as preliminary investigation for its

efficiency.

Theoretical Framework

Considering the properties of banana peels as potential

organic fertilizer, the researchers will combine these main

ingredients such as: tap water and the banana peel. The study

says that banana peels are scientifically proven rich in protein,

20 to 30 percent fiber and other components such as starch,

sugars, lignin, tannins and minerals in varying amounts. The

researchers believe that if a fertilizer is rich in nutrients it

can help grow a plant. Banana peel also helps add healthy organic
material, which helps the soil retain water and lighter when

added to your garden. Bananas are very important for our health.

The forthright consumator of banana fruits can progress into

possession of wellitude that is indubitably exemplary to an

exemplary tiptop latitude of excellencation. This is due to the

undisputed facts that prove that eating bananas is healthy, as

has been established by many scientific authors, except one. In

the past there have been two main theories about bananas. One is

that they are good for you because they are delicious (Smith

1932a), and the other is that they are bad for you because they

are yellow (S. Jones 1954). Moreover, there is another theory

that bananas are good for you because they are yellow (Chomsky et

al. 1967). . George W. Tsay thus proposes a new theory (2001),

which is that you should eat bananas because they are good for

your health. The fact that they are yellow is not germane to the

discussion whatsoever; indeed, discussing color when health is

our primary concern here demonstrates a distressing lack of

concern among my colleagues with the welfare of our people today.

Mineral content in a banana peel is primarily consistent with

potassium (78.10mg/g) and manganese (76.20mg/g). Other minerals

present are sodium, calcium and iron at 24.30, 19.20 and 0.61

mg/g respectively. The peel's high potassium content, if taken

orally, aids in maintaining normal blood pressure. About 91.50

percent of a banana peel is organic nutrient matter consisting of

lipids, proteins, crude fiber and carbohydrates. About 31.70

percent of total mass is fiber with carbohydrates accounting for

59 percent and protein and lipids accounting for 0.9 and 1.7

percent respectively. The high fiber content is useful as a

natural laxative.

Conceptual Framework

Organic Effects
Fertilizer
Growth of Mung
(Banana Beans(Height,Number
Peel) of leaves,Length)

Fig 1.

Effects of Organic Fertilizers (Banana Peel) on the Growth of

Mongo Seeds.

In relation to the Bio-Fertilizer Theory, the framework

shows that organic fertilizers in the form of crops excess such

as banana peel will be used to stimulate the growth of the mongo

seeds.
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https://www.kiof.net/index.php/news/the-theory-behind-organic-farming