35

3. GROUTING SUSPENSIONS, SOLUTIONS A N D RESINS

V a r i o u s m a t e r i a l s a r e u s e d for g r o u t i n g , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e p u r p o s e o f g r o u t i n g a n d t h e p r o p e r t i e s
o f t h e g r o u t e d r o c k o r s o i l . T h e y m a y r a n g e f r o m p l a s t i c m o r t a r s , t h i c k o r l i q u i d s u s p e n s i o n s of c e -
m e n t a n d o t h e r c o m p o u n d s a n d a d d i t i v e s i n w a t e r , s o l u t i o n s o f c h e m i c a l s , r e s i n s , artificial f o a m s ,
to h o t b i t u m e n and b i t u m e n emulsions.

(α)

u u
, l
10"6 10"5 10"A 103 102 10" 1
k ,cm/s—-
(b)
gravel sand silt clay

σ 85
\ \ H \ \

50
\
{ iPC.Cl
vP (
\ S i \
N
WV V C MC

\N\H \ MC
\ Δ Δ —\ ΔΥ

S Ni \
λ

60 20 6 2 0.6 0.2 06 0 0.02 0.006 0 0 00 .20 0 1

—— D,mm

Fig. 3.1 Permeability and grain size distribution of injectable soil, (a) permeability, void size and limits
of groutability, (b) grain size distribution and groutability with: PC-Portland cement,
PC,Cl-cement/clay, Si silicates; cement grain size curves: Ν normal, Η high early strength,
C colloidal, M C ultrafine

S u s p e n s i o n s a r e injected i n t o fissured r o c k a n d i n t o g r a n u l a r m e d i a w i t h h i g h p o r o s i t y a n d l a r g e
v o i d s . M o r t a r s w h i c h a r e c o m p o s e d o f fine t o c o a r s e s a n d , c e m e n t a n d s o m e p l a s t i f i e r s , a r e u s e d to
p l u g l a r g e fissures a n d c a v i t i e s . S o l u t i o n s a r e injected i n t o fine g r a i n e d p o r o u s soils i n t o w h i c h s u s -
p e n s i o n s c a n n o t p e n e t r a t e , a n d a g e l o r stiff m a t e r i a l is f o r m e d i n t h e v o i d s . A r e c e n t a d v a n c e is in