Professional Documents
Culture Documents
M4 Eng
M4 Eng
M4 Eng
When the disk loosed free, is starts to roll and move downward, it has a potential
energy due to its height (𝑥 = ℎ𝑥 ) a lineer kinetic energy (𝐸𝐾𝐿 ) due to its movement in vertical
direction (𝑣𝑥 ) and a rotational kinetic energy (𝐸𝐾𝑅 ) due to its rotation (𝑤𝑥 ).
Where m is total mass of disk and shaft. Concisely, the potential energy system had at beginning is
transforming to kinetic energy. Due to isolation of system, total energy should be equal to the initial
conditions and given by;
1 1
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑥 , 𝐸𝐾𝐿 = 2 𝑚𝑣𝑥2 , 𝐸𝐾𝑅 = 2 𝐼𝑤𝑥2 4.2
1 1
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑝 + 𝐸𝐾𝐿 + 𝐸𝐾𝑅 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑥 + 𝑚𝑣𝑥2 + 𝐼𝑤𝑥2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 4.3
2 2
If we investigate the equilibrium position; the height is minimum (𝑥 = 0), lineer and angular
velocities have maximum values. However when disk start to rotate in inverse direction and roll up,
the kinetic energy transforms to potential energy.
1 1
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔0 = 0 , 𝐸𝐾𝐿 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 , 𝐸𝐾𝑅 = 2 𝐼𝑤 2 4.4
1 1
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑝 + 𝐸𝐾𝐿 + 𝐸𝐾𝑅 = 0 + 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝐼𝑤 2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 4.5
2 2
The energy of the system can be given by (4.3) at height x=hx and by (4.1) at height 𝑥 = ℎ. If we
could mesaure the rotational period of the disk at a height of 𝑥 = ℎ𝑥 , equation given in (4.3) would
have rearranged as;
1 1
𝑚𝑣𝑥2 + 𝐼𝑤𝑥2 = 𝑚𝑔(ℎ − ℎ𝑥 ) 4.6
2 2
1 1
ℎ − ℎ𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑚𝑔𝑥 = 2 𝑚𝑣𝑥2 + 2 𝐼𝑤𝑥2 4.7
Where 𝑤 is the angular speed of disk and originated from the rolling/unrolling of the rope on shaft.
Figure 4.1:
Moment of inertia of a system consists of two concentric cylinders is the sum of the moment of inertia
of both cylinders. Radius is the disk R is greater then the radius of 𝑟, for this case the total moment
of inertia can be given by;
1 1 1
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 + 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑙 = 𝑚𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑅 2 + 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑙 𝑟 2 ≅ 𝑚𝑅 2 4.14
2 2 2
m is the total mass of shaft and disk. By using (4.13) and (4.14), speed of the disk passing from x
position can be derived as;
𝑣𝑥2 𝑅2 4.15
𝑔𝑥 = (1 + 2 )
2 2𝑟
2𝑔𝑥
𝑣𝑥 = √ 4.16
𝑅2
(1 + 2 )
2𝑟
For your report, submit beginning from this page by showing calculations in
reserved blank spaces and plotting graphics to the appropriate places.
T.C.
GEBZE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
PHYSICS DEPARTMENT
PHYSICS LABORATORY I
EXPERIMENT REPORT
PREPARED BY
NAME AND SURNAME:
STUDENT NUMBER :
GROUP NO :
Figure 4.2:
1. Prepare the experimental setup as seen in figure. By using a spirit level, check/calibrate the
disk’s parallelism with the ground in fully extended position.
2. Measure the diameters of the disk (R) and the shaft (r) then calculate their radius’.
3. Position the sensor on the highest position possible. Roll the disk at its highest poisition and
measure difference in the height of the disk’s center of mass and sensor’s middle point (𝑥 =
ℎ − ℎ𝑥 ).
4. Press “Start” in the controller and start the experiment. Set the desk free carefully to avoid
initial speed, swing and tilt. Sensor reads the time between the start point of two slits (ΔT).
There are 36 slits on disk so the total period of the disk (T) is 36 times of the period of one
slit. Read (ΔT) and calculate period (T). (P.S.: repeat the measurements for three times and
take the avarage value)
Tablo 4.1
R = ___________ , r = ____________
4
n 𝛥𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑇 = 𝛥𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒 × 36
5. Position the sensor for two different x values and repeat the measurements and calculations.
6. Period the time for a full turn of the disk, and the angular value of a full turn is 2𝜋, so the
mean angular velocity is given by;
2𝜋
𝑤= 4.17
𝑇
The relation between the angular and lineer velocities is given in equation (4.11). By using
these two equations (4.11), (4.17), calculate the lineer velocity of disk for different heights.
2𝜋
n 𝑤= 𝑣𝐷 = 𝑤𝑟
𝑇
4
7. These calculated velocities are experimental values. In theoritical part we derived the equation
(4.16) for the velocity of such system for a given radius and mass. By using these measured
values, calculate the expected velocity values for these three different heights.
2𝑔𝑥
n 𝑣𝑇 = √
𝑅2
(1 + 2 )
2𝑟
4
8. Calculate the relative percent error for 𝑣𝑇 and 𝑣𝐷 values.
|𝑣𝑇 − 𝑣𝐷 |
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥100 4.18
𝑣𝐷
|𝑣𝑇 − 𝑣𝐷 |
n 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥100
𝑣𝐷
Table 4.2
Graphic 4.1
Conclusion, Comment and Discussion:
(Tips: Give detail explanation about what you've learned in the experiment and also explain the
possible errors and their reasons.)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Questions:
1) There are a energy loss due to friction in this experiment. If we would want to calculate this loss
what changes should take place in the given energy formula (see also: theoretical background).
Derive the new formula.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2) For the hydropower plant example in the therotical background, derive the energy formula for the three
states (𝑡 = 0; water body at the top of system, 𝑡 = 𝑡1 ; water at a height below the highest position but far
before to reach the tribunes, and 𝑡 = 𝑡3 ; after water hits the tribunes and makes them rotate).
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________