Escape Sequences

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 Variables

• Variables
– Location in memory where value can be stored
– Correspond to actual locations in computer's memory
– Every variable has name, type, size and value
Name Value

data type
– Syntax:
data_type variable_name;
int x ;
– When new value placed into variable, overwrites previous
value

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 Cont.
• Variables
– Variable names
• Valid identifier
– Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores)
– Cannot begin with digit
– Neither spaces nor symbols are allowed
– Cannot match any keyword of c++ language such as : if,
for, while, const ….etc
– Case sensitive
Examples of variable names:
1) x
2) student_number
3) X423
4) _m
5) M_
6) Myclass
7) thisis4you

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 C++ data types
Name Description Size Range

char Character or small integer. 1byte signed: -128 to 127

unsigned: 0 to 255
short int Short Integer. 2bytes signed: -32768 to 32767
unsigned: 0 to 65535
int Integer. 4bytes signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647
unsigned: 0 to 4294967295
long int Long integer. 4bytes signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647
unsigned: 0 to 4294967295
bool Boolean value. It can take one of 1byte true or false
two values: true or false.
float Floating point number. 4bytes +/- 3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits)

double Double precision floating point 8bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)
number.
long Long double precision floating 8bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)
double point number.

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 Variable Initialization

1) In the declaration:
int x = 5;
float r = 6.1;
char c = 'a' ;
int x ( 5 ); ➔ constructor initialization
2) After declaration:
int x , y , z;
x = 5;
y = 8;
z = x + y;
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 Variable Initialization
• Correct and wrong assignments:
1) int x = 4, y = 5;
2) int x = y = 4; error
int y; int x=y=4;
3) int x , y , z;
x = y = 2;
x = 2 = y; error
y = ( x = 2);
z = ( x = 2) + 100;
4) char letter = 'ab' ; error
5) float d = 1.2 , d = 4.6; error
6) double d45 = 0.0 ;
6) int float z; error
7) int w-k; error

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 C++ Operators
• Arithmetic calculations
– *
• Multiplication
– /
• Division
• Integer division truncates remainder
– 5 / 2 evaluates to 2
– 5.0 / 2.0 evaluates to 2.5
– Division by zero cause an error
– %
• Modulus operator returns remainder
– 7 % 5 evaluates to 2
– 7.4 % 5.4 ➔ error

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 Constant Variables
• Constants are expressions with a fixed value, they are
treated just like regular variables except that their values
cannot be modified after their definition.
• Example 1

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
const int x = 2;
x = x + 10; Error cannot modify a
constant variable
cout<< x ;
}

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 C++ Operators

1) Arithmetic operators
2) Assignment operators
3) Compound Assignment
4) Relational and Equality operators
5) Logical operators
6) Increment and decrement operators

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 Arithmetic operators

Operator Operation Example

+ Addition X+y

- Subtraction X–y

* Multiplication X*y

/ Division X/y

% Modulus (int type only) X%y

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 Compound Assignment
operator expression Is equivalent to
+= x+=y x=x+y
-= a-=5 a=a-5
/= a/=b a=a/b
*= x*=y x = x* y
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{ Output
int a=5 , b=3; 7
12
cout<<(a+=2) <<endl;
0
cout<<(b*=4) <<endl; 7
cout<<(a/=b) <<endl;
cout<< (a%=b) <<endl;
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 Relational and equality operators

Operator Operation Example ( a=2,b=3,c=6)

== Equal to ( a = = 5) ➔ false
!= Not equal to ( a ! = 2) ➔ false
> Greater than (b+4 > a*c) ➔ false
< Less than ( c < 7) ➔ true
>= Greater than or ( a* b >= c) ➔ true
equal
<= Less than or equal ( c<=6) ➔ true

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 Logical Operators
operator operation example
! NOT ! ( 5= = 5) ➔ false
&& AND (( 5 = = 5) && ( 3 > 6)) ➔false
|| OR (( 5 = = 5) || ( 3 > 6)) ➔ true

A B A&&b A B A || b
True True True True True True
True False False True False True
False True False False True True
False False False False False False
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 Increment / Decrement operators

• The increment operator (++) increases the value of

its variable by one.
• The decrement operator (--) decreases the value
stored in its variable by one.
• a++ is the same as a+=1 or a=a+1
• b-- is the same as b-=1 or b=b-1
• Can be written as :
1) Prefix ➔ ++a , --a
2) Suffix ➔ a++ , a--

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 Operator Precedence
• Rules of operator precedence
– Operators in parentheses evaluated first
• Nested/embedded parentheses
– Operators in innermost pair first
– Operators applied from left to right
operator operations
() Parentheses
! Logical NOT
*,/,% Multiplication , division and modulus
+,- Addition and subtraction
> , < , >= , <= Relational operators
= = , != Equal to , Not equal to
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR
/=, *= , += , -=, %= Compound assignment

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