Microbiology and Parasitology

● Robert koch (koch's postulates) provides proof by cultivating anthrax bacteria apart from any other type of organism.

Bacteriology - It is a branch of microbiology that involves the identification, classification and characterization of bacterial
species.

Lactobacillus
Examples:
➢ Casel - Yakult
➢ Acidophilus

Taxonomy - An area of biologic science comprising three distinct, but highly interrelated, disciplines that include
classification, nomenclature, and identification.
➢ Classification highlights characteristics that are common among certain groups while providing order to the variety
of living things.
➢ The science of classification is known as taxonomy and Taxon.

Taxon - an alternative expression for a classification category

CLASSIFICATION - EXAMPLE
1. Kingdom - Bacteria
2. Division - Proteobacteria
 3. Class - Gammaproteobacteria
4. Order - Enterobacteriales
5. Family - Enterobacteriaceae
6. Genus - Escherichia
7. Species - Escherichia coli

Classification of living things that was devised

● Robert Whittaker of Cornell University 1969 - the 5 Kingdoms

THE 5 KINGDOMS:
1. Monera - Prokaryotes, such as bacteria and cyanobacteria (formerly, blue-green algae) are in the kingdom
2. Protista - includes protozoa, unicellular algae, and slime molds all of which are eukaryotes and single called.
3. Fungi - are molds, mushrooms, and yeasts. There organisms are eukaryotes the absord simple nutrients from the soil.
4. Plantae - plants
5. Animalia - animals

CLASSIFICATION
● The organization of microorganisms that share similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into specific
groups or taxa
➢ Morphology
- Cocci
- Bacilli
 - Piral (Leptospira, Borrelia, Treponema)
➢ Physiology
➢ Genetic make - up

FORMAL RANK EXAMPLES

1. Kingdom 1. Prokaryotae
2. Division 2. Gracilicutes
3. Class 3. Scotobacteria
4. Order 4. Eubacteriales
5. Family 5. Enterobacteriacease
6. Genus 6. Escherichia
7. Species 7. Coli
8. Escherichia coli 0157:H7

SHAPES OF BATERIA
1. Spherical (Cocci)
2. Rod-Shaped (Bacilli)
3. Spiral-Shaped (and others)
BINARY FISSION
- It reproduce a new bacteria
- Asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies. In the process of binary fission, an organism
duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new
organism receiving one copy of DNA.

MICROSCOPE
- an instrument that is used to magnify small objects. Some microscopes can even be used to observe an object at the
cellular level, allowing scientists to see the shape of a cell, its nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles.

Carl Von Linne - swedish botanist laid down the basic rules for taxonomic categories ( binomial system)

The proper way to write a scientific name is by putting an underline or italicizing it.

NOMENCLATURE
- The naming of microorganisms according to establish rules and guidelines.
- Microorganisms are named based on
● Scientist who discovered
● Disease they cause
● Where the organism was first isolated

IDENTIFICATION
 ● The process of microorganisms key features are delineated.
● Microorganism can be identified based in their biochemical activities
Examples:
➢ Staphylococcus aureus - known to be coagulase positive
➢ Staphylococcus spp. - known to be catalase positive
➢ Enterobacteriacea - fermenter of carbohydrates
Example of bacteria that are lactose fermenters are: E. coli, Enterobacter and Klebsiella
➢ Bacillus sporuates aerobically while clostridium sporulated anaerobically.
➢ Mycobacteria were once classified as fungi (eukaryotic), but now it it is known to be bacteria (prokaryotic)
➢ Pseudoephedrine

GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE

- relate to the organism genetic make up; nature of - based on features beyond the genetic level and
the organisms genes and constitute nucleic acids. include readily observable characteristics and those
characteristics that may require extensive analytic
procedures to be detected.

TERMINOLOGIES
1. Strain - population of organisms that is differentiated from populations within a particular taxonomic category.
2. Biovars- variant prokaryotic strains characterized by biochemical or physiological difference.
3. Morphovars - variant prokaryotic strains which morphologically.
4. Serovars - are strains with distinctive antigenic properties.

PROKARYOTES
➢ Pro means before and karon mean nucleus, but, kernel, or corn.
➢ These are organisms that do not contain a true nucleus surrounded by nuclear

EUKARYOTES
➢ Meaning true nucleus
➢ Organism whose cells have a true nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane within which lie the chromosomes.
➢ Cells of higher plants and animals, fungi and protozoa; morphologically more complex and larger than prokaryotes.
➢ More complex compared with prokaryotes.

Characteristics of Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

➢ Gram strain general rule
➢ All cocci are gram (+), except:
● Neisseria
● Veillonella
● Morexella/Branhmella
➢ All bacilli are gram (-), except:
● BBMACCPELLN(Bacillus, Bifidobacillus, Mycobacteria, Actinomyces, Clostridium, Cornea bacterium,
Propionibacterium, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Listeria monocytogenes, Lactobacillus, Nocardia)
➢ All spiral organism are gram(-).
 CELL WALL
FUNCTIONS
➢ Protection - prevents rupture
➢ Serves as a anchorage for flagella (organs for locomotion)
➢ AKA - peptidogclycan/ murein layer
➢ Composition: disaccharides, nentapeptides
➢ Made up of techoic acid/lipoteichoic acid

Chemical that can destroy the cell wall

➢ Penecillin - inhibits transpeptidation (process of replicating peptidogclycan)
➢ 70% alcohol - contact time: 1 minute
➢ 10% chronox/muriatic acid-ionic charge
➢ Lysol

Gram (+) cell wall

➢ Composes of thick layer peptidogclycan
➢ Consist of a glycan chains of alternating N-acetyl-D-muramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
➢ Techoic acid (found only on G(+) cell wall)-contributes to the negative charge of the G(+) cell wall; regulates cation
➢ Contains exotin
Gram (-) cell wall
➢ Composes of thin layer og peptidogclycan (can be found on the inner part of the cell envelope)
➢ Outer membrane: protein, phospholipid, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

FOR LPS:
➢ Lipid A major constituent; toxic(endotoxin)
➢ Care polysaccharide
➢ Antigenic O - specific polysaccharide for serologic identification

LPS- found only on Gram (-) cell wall; contributes to the negative charge of the G(-) cell wall; regulates cation.
➢ Contains endotoxin
➢ The periplasm is the specific area for transpeptidation (process of replicating peptidogclycan)

Acid fast organisms

➢ Mycobacteria
➢ Nocardia
➢ Coccidians

Atypical microorganisms organisms that have characteristics different from the other organisms
Examples:
➢ Rickets
 ➢ Chlamydia
➢ Mycoplasma
➢ Ureaplasma

No cell wall
➢ They contain steroid in their cell membrane (like fungi)
➢ Mycoplasma
➢ Ureaplasma