NSSBIO3E Cross Topic Ex III e

Cross-topic exercise III (Ch 1-18)
questions
Multiple-choice
Level 1
Nervous system, reflex action, muscles
Directions: Questions 1 and 2 refer to the diagram below, which shows the nervous pathway
and the muscles involved in the knee jerk reflex.
Key: direction of nerve

3 impulse transmission
2
muscle X
muscle Y
1 Which of the following correctly identifies the types of neurones?

Neurone 1 Neurone 3
A sensory neurone motor neurone
B interneurone sensory neurone
C motor neurone interneurone
D motor neurone sensory neurone
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

(Third Edition) -1-
Cross-topic exercise Exercise III (Ch 1-18)

(Third Edition) -2-
2 Which of the following combinations correctly indicates the states of muscles X and Y
when bringing about the response of the knee jerk reflex?
Muscle X Muscle Y
A relaxed contracted
B contracted contracted
C relaxed relaxed
D contracted relaxed
Level 2
Digestive system, movement in humans
Directions: Questions 3 to 5 refer to the diagrams below. Diagram I shows a section of a joint.
Diagram II shows a section of a tooth.
R
U
P
S
V
Q
T
Diagram I Diagram II
3 Which of the following combinations is correct?

Type of joint shown in diagram I Example of this type of joint
A ball-and-socket joint hip joint
B hinge joint elbow joint
C ball-and-socket joint elbow joint
D hinge joint shoulder joint

(Third Edition) -3-

(Third Edition) -4-
4 In permanent teeth, the total number of the type of tooth shown in diagram II is
A 1.
B 2.
C 4.
D 8.
5 Which of the following comparisons between part S and part U is correct?

Part S Part U
A made of living cells not made of living cells
B contains calcium and phosphorus contains calcium only
C does not have blood vessels inside has blood vessels inside
D does not have nerves inside has nerves inside
Transport in humans, movement in humans
6 Which of the following descriptions of the ribs in humans is/are correct?

(1) They store phosphorus.
(2) They provide protection to the heart.
(3) They are the site of production of white blood cells.
A (2) only
B (1) and (2) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
Transport in humans, nervous system, movement in humans, homeostasis
7 Which of the following cell types has the lowest density of mitochondria?
A insulin-secreting cells
B sensory neurones
C muscle cells
D red blood cells

(Third Edition) -5-

(Third Edition) -6-
Level 3
Nutrition in plants, growth in plants, phototropism
Directions: Questions 8 and 9 refer to the diagram below, which shows the longitudinal
section of the root of a young seedling.
Q R
unilateral
light
8 Which of the following regions has/have a large number of mitochondria in their cells?
A region P only B regions P and R only
C regions P and S only D regions R and S only
9 Which of the following regions would have the highest auxin concentration after two days?
A region P B region Q
C region R D region S
Digestive system, human reproduction, coordination in humans
10 The diagram below shows the structure of a certain type of gland in humans.

(Third Edition) -7-
blood
vessels
secretion

(Third Edition) -8-
Which of the following is/are example(s) of this type of gland?

(1) Cowper’s gland
(2) pancreas
(3) gall bladder
A (2) only B (1) and (2) only
C (1) and (3) only D (2) and (3) only
questions
Short
Level 1
Cell division, plant reproduction
1 The following is a simplified diagram showing the stages in the life cycle of a cotton plant.
The chromosome numbers of some of the cells at different stages are shown.
zygote 56
parent cells 56 56
II
reproductive cells X Y
III
offspring
Z
a State the type of cell division involved in process I. (1 mark)

(Third Edition) -9-
b What are the numbers of chromosomes in cells X and Z? (1 mark)
c With reference to the above diagram, suggest the type of pollination involved in the
reproduction of the cotton plant. Explain your answer. (2 marks)
Describe the sequence of events after pollination that lead to the formation of cell Z.
d
(3 marks)

(Third Edition) - 10 -
Level 2
Nervous system, initiation of muscle contraction
2 The table below shows the rate of transmission of nerve impulses in different types of nerve
fibres from various animals.
Animal Type of Diameter of axon Rate of transmission of

nerve fibre (μm) nerve impulses (ms-1)
cat myelinated 20 60
crayfish unmyelinated 36 8
crab unmyelinated 30 5
frog myelinated 2 4
frog unmyelinated 2.5 0.3
a With reference to the above data, discuss the effect of myelin sheath in nerve impulse
transmission. (2 marks)
b How does the diameter of nerve fibres affect the rate of transmission of nerve
impulses? Give evidence from the above data to support your answer. (2 marks)
c The nerve impulses that travel along the axon will eventually arrive at the
neuromuscular junction. Complete the following paragraph with suitable word(s) to
show how nerve impulses can be transmitted across the junction and initiate muscle
contraction. (3 marks)
The arrival of nerve impulses at the axon ending triggers the release of a type of
chemicals called i_______________________ into the cleft. The chemicals move
across the cleft by ii___________________ and then bind to the receptors on the
muscle fibre. The muscle fibre generates an iii________________________________,
which spreads along the muscle fibre to trigger muscle contraction.

Carbohydrates, assimilation, homeostasis
3 Scientists carried out an investigation on the potential health effects of overconsumption of

sugary drinks in rats. Three groups of rats were given access to 10% glucose-fructose
mixture, 10% sucrose solution and distilled water respectively, together with an adequate
supply of feed. After 50 weeks, the triglyceride levels in the liver tissue of the rats were
measured. The bar chart below shows the results.
in liver tissue (mg/g)
triglyceride level
glucose-fructose sucrose solution distilled water

mixture
experimental group
a i Compare the effects of the two sugary solutions to the liver triglyceride level in
rats. (1 mark)
ii Suggest an explanation to your answer in part i. (3 marks)
b Suggest two variables that should be kept identical among the three groups of rats in
this investigation to make it a fair test. (2 marks)
c Another investigation found that overconsumption of fructose could cause insulin

insensitivity in humans, which would lead to diabetes mellitus. State the type of
diabetes caused by insulin insensitivity. (1 mark)

questions
Structured
Level 2
Gas exchange in humans, heart, human reproduction
4 The following is a simplified diagram showing the circulatory system of a human foetus.
ductus
arteriosus
lungs
right atrium left atrium
right ventricle left ventricle
body tissues
vessel X vessel Y
placenta
The ductus arteriosus is an extra blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery with the
aorta. As the right ventricular pressure is slightly higher than the left ventricular pressure in
the foetus, the ductus arteriosus allows blood to bypass the fluid-filled lungs. When a
newborn breathes and begins to use the lungs, the ductus arteriosus is no longer needed and
usually closes by itself during the first two days after birth.
a i Name vessels X and Y. (2 marks)
ii Which blood vessel, X or Y, has a higher blood pressure? Explain your answer.

(2 marks)
cont. 

b Draw arrows in the diagram on the previous page to show the pathway by which
carbon dioxide produced by the foetus is transported and eventually removed from the
body. (2 marks)
c If the ductus arteriosus does not close after birth, the baby will suffer from a condition
called patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Fast breathing rate is one of the earliest
symptoms of PDA. Explain how an open ductus arteriosus can give rise to this
symptom. (3 marks)
Digestion, homeostasis
5 Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. The most common cause of pancreatitis is

gallstones blocking the pancreatic duct. Gallstones are pebble-like substances developed
inside the gall bladder after certain substances in bile have hardened. The diagram below
shows part of the human digestive system.
gall bladder
pancreas
a X is the first part of the small intestine. What is X? (1 mark)
b With reference to the diagram above, explain how gallstones can cause pancreatitis.
(4 marks)
c Doctors usually advise patients with pancreatitis to adopt a low-fat diet. Explain the
reason behind the suggestion. (3 marks)
Chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. A form of pancreatic cancer
d
is characterized by an overgrowth of insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas. A common
symptom is dizziness, which can be relieved by eating sweets. Based on the given
information and your biological knowledge, suggest why this form of pancreatic
cancer would cause dizziness in the patients. (4 marks)

Detecting the environment, reflex action, nervous system
6 Strong light shined in one eye normally results in the constriction of both pupils. This is
known as the pupil reflex and it was once used to test for brain death in unconscious or
critically ill patients. Brain death is commonly defined as the irreversible loss of all
functions of the brain, especially the brainstem.
The diagram below shows a section of the human eye.
a Using the letters in the diagram, identify the structure where the receptors of the pupil
reflex are located. (1 mark)
b No matter how large the pupil is, the pupil always appears black when viewed from the
front. Explain why it is so. (2 marks)
c Use a flowchart to show the reflex arc for pupil reflex. (3 marks)
d i Briefly describe how the pupil reflex can be used to assess brain death in
unconscious patients. (2 marks)
(Hint: The medulla oblongata is part of the brainstem.)
ii Nowadays, the test for pupil reflex is only one of the many diagnostic tests for
brain death as physicians found that the pupil reflex alone is not enough to
diagnose brain death. Give two limitations of using the pupil reflex in assessing
brain death. (2 marks)

Level 3
Nutrition, transport, growth in plants
7 An investigation was carried out to study the effect of waterlogging (i.e. flooding the soil
with water) on the growth and transpiration of seedlings of a certain plant species. Two
groups of seedlings were grown in waterlogged soil while another group was grown in
regular soil as the control. The table below shows the dry mass of the leaves and roots
obtained after 20 days.
Experimental group Dry mass of leaves Dry mass of root

per seedling (g) per seedling (g)
Control 28.0 2.8
Partial waterlogging 27.7 1.8
Full waterlogging 27.6 1.4
The bar chart below shows the transpiration rate of the seedlings before and after the
waterlogging treatment.
Key: control partial waterlogging full waterlogging
transpiration rate
(mg min-1)
before treatment after 10 days after 20 days
a How was the dry mass of leaves of the seedling obtained? Briefly describe the
procedure involved. (3 marks)
b Suggest why the transpiration rate of seedlings in the control group at day 20 is higher
than that at the start of the investigation. (2 marks)

cont. 

c Compare the transpiration rate of the seedlings grown in fully waterlogged soil and
that in the control group at day 20. Account for this difference based on the
experimental results and your biological knowledge. (4 marks)
d The leaves of seedlings grown in partially waterlogged and fully waterlogged soil
appeared yellow. How would you explain this? (2 marks)
Essay
Detecting the environment, nervous system
8 Mike was riding a motorcycle and stopped at a traffic light. He then saw the traffic light
turning green and shifted the gear with his hands so that the motorcycle can start moving.
Describe the events that take place in various parts of the nervous system of Mike so that he
can detect stimuli, process information and initiate responses in the incident. (12 marks)

s
Answer
Multiple-choice questions
1 D 2 D 3 B 4 C 5 A
6 D 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 B
Short questions
1 a Mitotic cell division 1
b Cell X: 28; cell Z: 56 1
c Self-pollination 1
as only one individual plant is involved. 1
d After landing on the stigma, the pollen grain germinates to form a pollen tube, which carries the
male gamete. 1
The pollen tube grows along the style towards the ovary to reach the ovule / micropyle. 1
The male gamete is released to fuse with the female gamete in the ovule. 1
2 a In frogs, the rate of transmission of nerve impulses in myelinated nerve fibres (4 ms-1) is much
higher than that in unmyelinated nerve fibres (0.3 ms-1). 1
The myelin sheath can speed up the transmission of nerve impulses. 1
b The rate of transmission of nerve impulses in the nerve fibres of crayfish is 8 ms , which is the
-1
highest among the unmyelinated nerve fibres from various animals. The diameter of the axon in
crayfish is also the largest (36 μm). 1
The larger the diameter of the axon, the faster the transmission of nerve impulses along the
nerve fibre. 1
(or other correct answers)
c i neurotransmitters 1
ii diffusion 1
iii electrical impulse 1
3 a i The increase in the liver triglyceride level in the rats having sucrose solution is larger than
those having glucose-fructose mixture. 1
ii Sucrose solution would cause a larger increase in blood glucose level than glucose-fructose
mixture. 1
In the experimental group with sucrose solution, the larger rise in blood glucose is detected
by the pancreas, which results in the secretion of more insulin into blood. 1
Upon stimulation of insulin, the liver cells take in more glucose from blood. Excess
carbohydrates are converted by the liver into triglyceride for storage. 1
b The type or amount of food available to the rats / the volume of sugary solutions or distilled
water available to the rats / temperature / the level of physical activity allowed
(any 2 or other correct answers) 1×2
c Non-insulin-dependent diabetes / type 2 diabetes 1

Structural questions
4 a i Vessel X: umbilical vein; vessel Y: umbilical artery 2
ii Vessel Y 1
because it receives blood pumped out of the foetal heart. 1
b Correct drawing of arrows to show the following route:
body tissues  right atrium  right ventricle  ductus arteriosus  vessel Y  placenta 2
c After birth, the pressure in the left ventricle becomes higher than that in the right ventricle. 1
Some blood in the aorta returns to the lungs via the open ductus arteriosus and pulmonary
arteries. 1
Less oxygenated blood can be transported to other body parts (e.g. the brain). / The high blood
pressures in the lungs can lead to fluid buildup in the air sacs, thus reducing the efficiency of gas
exchange. The baby responds to the reduced supply of oxygen with rapid breathing. 1
(or other reasonable answers)
5 a Duodenum 1
b As the lower part of the bile duct joins with the pancreatic duct, 1
the gallstones formed in the gall bladder can reach the pancreatic duct and block the duct. 1
This results in the backflow of pancreatic juice into the pancreas. 1
The proteases in the pancreatic juice digest the pancreatic tissues and cause damage to the
pancreas, leading to inflammation. 1
c Some tissues of the pancreas secrete lipase. 1
The lack of lipase would make fat digestion difficult, especially when having a high-fat diet. 1
The undigested fat would cause discomfort / exacerbate symptoms (e.g. diarrhoea). 1
d Due to uncontrolled growth of insulin-secreting cells, this form of pancreatic cancer probably
leads to an excessive secretion of insulin. 1
As insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose from blood and the conversion of glucose into
glycogen by the liver cells and muscle cells / stimulates body cells to consume more glucose for
respiration, excessive insulin secretion would reduce blood glucose to a low level. 2
The patients would feel dizzy as a result of insufficient blood glucose supply to the brain. 1
6 a U 1
b The light rays entering the eye are absorbed by the black pigment in the choroid and/or other
inner parts of the eyeball (e.g. retina). 1
No light is reflected out of the eye through the pupil. 1
c Photoreceptors / light-sensitive cells  sensory neurone / optic nerve  interneurone in brain
 motor neurone  iris muscle 3
d i As the medulla oblongata is the reflex centre for pupil reflex, 1
pupil reflex must be absent in patients who brainstem death has already occurred. 1
ii Some patients may have the cranial nerves involved in the pupil reflex damaged and fail to
produce pupil reflex while the activities of the brain remain normal. 1
The dilation or constriction of the pupils may be affected by other factors, such as drugs
and the psychological states of the patients. 1
(or other reasonable answers)

7 a Remove all the leaves from the shoot. 1

Dry the leaves in an oven at around 100 C o
1
until a constant mass is obtained upon repeated weighing. 1
b As the seedlings continued to grow during the investigation, new leaves emerged on the shoot of
the seedlings / the leaves became larger. 1
Due to the larger number of stomata, more water was lost from the leaves. 1
c At day 20, the transpiration rate of the seedlings grown in the fully waterlogged soil was much
lower than that in the control group. 1
Due to waterlogging, the air content of the soil becomes very low. 1
The root cells do not have enough oxygen for respiration, resulting in poor root growth / causing
root death. 1
As the water absorption function of the root decreases, the seedlings face water stress and the
stomata in the leaves close. / There is less water transported to the leaves for transpiration. 1
d In poorly aerated soil, the root cells of the seedlings do not have enough oxygen for respiration.
Hence, they cannot absorb mineral salts from the soil by active transport. 1
Without enough magnesium / nitrogen, chlorophyll cannot be formed, leaving the leaves yellow.
1
Essay
8 Detection of stimuli:
- The cone cells on the retina of his eyes are stimulated by green traffic light, 1
sending nerve impulses along the optic nerve to the cerebrum. 1
- The sensory hair cells in the semicircular canals are stimulated by the movement of the head
when the motorcycle starts to accelerate and send nerve impulses to the cerebellum. 1
Processing of information:
- The nerve impulses from the retina are interpreted by the visual centre / sensory areas of the
cerebral cortex. 1
- The nerve impulses from the visual centre and other parts of the cerebrum are processed and
integrated in the association areas of the cerebral cortex. 1
- The nerve impulses from the semicircular canals are processed by the cerebellum. 1
Initiation of responses:
- Once the decision is made, the motor areas of the cerebral cortex generate nerve impulses 1
to the muscles of the hands to shift the gear. 1
- The cerebellum sends nerve impulses to other skeletal muscles to maintain body balance. 1
Communication 3


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Cross-topic exercise III (Ch 1-18)

Nervous system, reflex action, muscles

Key: direction of nerve

1 Which of the following correctly identifies the types of neurones?

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

Digestive system, movement in humans

3 Which of the following combinations is correct?

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

5 Which of the following comparisons between part S and part U is correct?

Transport in humans, movement in humans

6 Which of the following descriptions of the ribs in humans is/are correct?

Transport in humans, nervous system, movement in humans, homeostasis

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

Nutrition in plants, growth in plants, phototropism

Digestive system, human reproduction, coordination in humans

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

Which of the following is/are example(s) of this type of gland?

Cell division, plant reproduction

a State the type of cell division involved in process I. (1 mark)

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

b What are the numbers of chromosomes in cells X and Z? (1 mark)

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

Nervous system, initiation of muscle contraction

Animal Type of Diameter of axon Rate of transmission of

chemicals called i_______________________ into the cleft. The chemicals move

muscle fibre. The muscle fibre generates an iii________________________________,

which spreads along the muscle fibre to trigger muscle contraction.

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

Carbohydrates, assimilation, homeostasis

3 Scientists carried out an investigation on the potential health effects of overconsumption of

glucose-fructose sucrose solution distilled water

ii Suggest an explanation to your answer in part i. (3 marks)

c Another investigation found that overconsumption of fructose could cause insulin

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

Gas exchange in humans, heart, human reproduction

right atrium left atrium

right ventricle left ventricle

a i Name vessels X and Y. (2 marks)

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

5 Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. The most common cause of pancreatitis is

a X is the first part of the small intestine. What is X? (1 mark)

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

Detecting the environment, reflex action, nervous system

The diagram below shows a section of the human eye.

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

Nutrition, transport, growth in plants

Experimental group Dry mass of leaves Dry mass of root

Key: control partial waterlogging full waterlogging

before treatment after 10 days after 20 days

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press

Detecting the environment, nervous system

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology  Oxford University Press