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Regration Analysis of Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete

with Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag and Fly Ash

Conference Paper · May 2022

DOI: 10.37628/IJCT

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 International Journal of ISSN: 2456-8317
Volume 8, Issue 1, 2022
Concrete Technology DOI (Journal): 10.37628/IJCT

http://civil.journalspub.info/index.php?journal=IJCT&page=index

Research IJCT

Regration Analysis of Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Ground

Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag and Fly Ash

Om Prakash Singh1, Naresh Choudhary2, Rohit Choudhary2, Shailesh Choudhary3

Abstract
In this research work presents the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with
recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) that coming from single source and the results of an investigation
on the influence of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) on compressive strength of recycled concrete are
accessible. Natural aggregates concrete cubes were cured in normal water for 28-days obtain virgin
and RCA. The properties of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) and (RCA) and the compressive strength
property a new concrete made from 60 and 100 percent of RA are analyzed with two cementious
materials. The significant differences were observed between the property of compressive strength of
original and RCA concrete and the results show the necessity of taking contaminations into account.
The research studied to investigation of compressive strength result with partial replacement of
cementious materials. In order to attain the compressive strength variants, 186-cube specimens with
different recycled aggregate concrete (RCA) replacement percentages ratio of 60 and 100 percent
with Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) and fly ash were tested below alike laboratory
conditions. Data used in this study are collected from experimental works of us at RCC lab of
Mugneeram Bangur Memorial (MBM) Engineering College Jodhpur. Along with data sets of
conventional concrete, we have find out properties of GGBS and fly ash which used in concrete and
selected the various data with different mix ID compressive strength experimental results compared
with predicted Regration modal and results comes near to experimental. The research approved with
the model using data exhibition consistent prediction of concrete strength at age of 28-days.

Keywords: Ground Granulated Blast Furness Slag (GGBS), Fly Ash, Cement, Recycled Coarse
Aggregate (RCA), Compressive Strength

INTRODUCTION
In the environmental and economic attentions,
*Author for Correspondence
the usage of RAC in the making of concrete has
Om Prakash Singh progressively enlarged. The usage of RAC in civil
E-mail: cool.op91@gmail.com engineering is a field of study that has risen in
1
PhD Scholar, MBM Engineering College/Jai Narain Vyas present years. One of the most significant
University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
2
properties of RAC in civil engineering applications
ME Scholar, MBM Engineering College/Jai Narain Vyas
University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India is its compressive power [1]. Various studies have
3
Associtate Professor, MBM Engineering College/Jai Narain been carried out to evaluate the compressive
Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
strength of RAC. The compressive strength of
Received Date: February 07, 2022 RAC is approximate 8 to 25 percent lower than
Accepted Date: May 02, 2022 that of normal concrete of a comparable
Published Date: May 23,2022
composition, affording to greatest earlier studies
Citation: Om Prakash Singh, Naresh Choudhary, Rohit [1]. The reduction in compressive strength of RAC
Choudhary, Shailesh Choudhary. Regration Analysis of
Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with due to various factors, that including increased
Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag and Fly Ash. concrete porosity and interfacial transion region. In
International Journal of Concrete Technology. 2022; 8(1):
9–16p.
much other research has been completed on the
effect of many recycled aggregate contents on the
compressive strength. According to the findings, a high recycled aggregate content can have a

© JournalsPub 2022. All Rights Reserved 9

Regration Analysis of Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Singh et al.

significant impact on the compressive strength of RAC. Some of the investigations showed that it was
possible to achieve a desirable compressive strength by adjusting the water/cement ratio and the RCA
replacement percentages [2]. Generally speaking, it can be concluded that the RAC may achieve
sufficiently high compressive strength when the concrete is properly designed and prepared [2]. In
Regration analysis of the compressive strength of RAC was finding out in this research work
experiment and predicted value close each other. Though, in the RAC, this problem is additional
significant but silent not well silent due to the superior distribute in the quality and the arrangement of
the demolished concrete structure [3]. The variation of the compressive strength of RAC was quite
larger, in some cases even up to 20 percent, which implies that the compressive strength of RAC
varies widely, and they recommended that careful consideration and further investigations are
necessary to determine the specified design compressive strength reliably [4].

Due to the effects of the RCA with substandard quality on the strength, the distortion and the
durability of RAC a small percentage of RCA is recommended for structural concrete in guidelines
for the requests of RAC [4]. In this research studied the Regration analysis of the compressive
strength of concrete with different ratios of Natural Coarse Aggregate (NCA) and RAC but with
similar strength can be rarely found in the literature [5]. In this motivation in mind, this study
investigates the Regration analysis of the compressive strength of RAC with different replacement
percentages of RCA with GGBS and fly ash [5]. The results reported in the present work provide
some useful information for the practical applications of RAC in the design of structural elements and
structures in civil engineering. It is normally obtained by continually measuring a concrete cube or
cylinder. Any structure design is based on the concrete strength characteristics [6]. It is generally
measured for a 28-day-cured concrete sample. Crushing tests for regular concrete cubes or cylinders
are used to assess this. Almost all concrete codes and standards recommend concrete strength after 28
days.

The aim of this study is to compare the predicted value with the actual age strength test result in
order to predict concrete strength at 28 days. In various sets of data in different mix ID as shown in
Table 1, we considered the effect of GGBS and fly ash along the general constituents cement (C),
coarse aggregate (CA), RCA, (FA), and water (W).

The regression equation that can predict compressive strength at the age of 28 days was developed
using statistical techniques [6]. We used various concrete compressive strength test results from
MBM Engineering College Jodhpur's RCC Lab. Some experiments were carried out recently in the
lab, and some strength data was taken from previous research papers by researchers who have tested
the strength of concrete in the past in this RCC lab. All of the expected outcomes were near with the
real outcomes, indicating a high level of accuracy.

TEST PROGRAM
Materials
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at 28 day compressive strength of 32.5 MPa was finding in this
examination. The fine aggregate used was river sand (S). The applied coarse aggregates were NCA
and RCA (5–15 mm accounting for 60 percent, and 15–31.5 mm accounting for 40 percent in weight
obtained from waste concrete brought from the runway of a demolished building in Jodhpur. In the
physical properties of the natural coarse aggregate (NCA) and the RCA are shown in Table 1.

Characteristics of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Fly Ash
In the Table 1 and 2 describes the chemical composition of GGBS and fly ash.
Table 1. Chemical Composition of GGBS
S.N. Chemical Name % by Weight

© JournalsPub 2022. All Rights Reserved 10

International Journal of Concrete Technology
Volume 8, Issue 1
ISSN: 2456-8317

1 Silicon Dioxide (SiO₂) 34.26

2 Aluminum Oxide(Al₂O₃) 11.32
3 Ferric Oxide(Fe₂O₃) 0.61
4 Calcium Oxide(CaO) 38.34
5 Magnesium Oxide(MgO) 7.94
6 Sodium Oxide(Na₂O) 0.29
7 Sulphur Tri-Oxide(SO₃) 3.84
8 Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) 0.55
9 Potassium oxide (K2O) 0.32
10 Loss on Ignition 1.52
11 Specific Gravity 2.61
12 Blaine fineness 4550 cm²/g

Table 2. Chemical Composition of fly ash

S.N. Chemical Name % by Weight
1 Silicon Dioxide (SiO₂) 65.53
2 Aluminum Oxide (Al₂O₃) 27.40
3 Ferric Oxide (Fe₂O₃) 3.67
4 Calcium Oxide (CaO) 1.26
5 Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 0.35
6 Sodium Oxide (Na₂O) 0.19
7 Sulphur Tri-Oxide (SO₃) 0.01
8 Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) 1.84
9 Potassium oxide (K₂O) 0.85

Characterization of Aggregates
Figure 1 presents the aggregate size distribution curves of NCA and RCA. In the Table 3 describes
their physical and mechanical properties. The grain size distribution of NCA and RCA are matching,
though RCA than natural fine aggregate (NFA) with a higher proportion of coarse sand but a smaller
share of medium sand [7]. The observations display those RCA offerings an uneven cracked surface
associated to a flatter surface for NCA: this confirms the porosity of RCA [1] Figure 2.

It is possible that due to the attached mortar present on the RCA, the properties of RCA obtained
from one demolition sites are usually different from that of NCA

Sieve Analysis of 10 mm Size Aggregate

Weight of sample taken = 2000 gm

Proportions
To the great water absorption capacity of RCA, the used RCA was presoaked previously
involvement. The water amount used to presoak the RCA was calculated giving to the effective
absorption of RCA [4]. The target design strength of all concretes was 30 MPa, which is the 28 day
characteristic of cube compressive strength [3]. The main difference between these groups is the
water/cement ratio and the RCA replacement percentage, which is 60% and 100%. In the case of an
RCA replacement percentage equaling 0, the concrete is termed as control concrete (CC), which
supported as the reference for calculation resolutions [8]. The mix ratio of the concretes, as given in
Table 3, was determined giving to a previously designated inspection.

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Regration Analysis of Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Singh et al.

120

100 98.2
95.3

80 77.8
% Passing

60
45.8
40

20
11.7
0 3.8
0 1 2 3 4 5
Particle Size in mm
Figure 1. Particle size distribution of natural fine aggregate.

Table 3. Physical Properties of NCA and RCA

Sample Bulk Density Specific Water Impact Value (%)
(kg/m³) Gravity Absorption (%)
NA (20 mm) 1540 1513 2.79 2.80 1.65 1.27 7.89 8.01
1485 2.81 1.01 9.12
2.82 1.14 7.02
NA (10 mm) 1565 1531 2.74 2.80 1.32 1.44 10.75 10.24
1497 2.85 1.52 10.12
2.81 1.47 9.84
R-1 1510 1461 1.94 1.93 4.92 5.02 11.12 11.32
1411 1.92 5.12 11.51
1.93 5.01 11.32

Pretreatment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Block

Breaking Block in pieces by Jaw Crusher

Screen (5–50 mm)

Crush using by Impact Crusher

Screen (5 mm–25 mm)

Recycled Coarse Aggregate

Figure 2. Flow Chart Recycled Aggregate: 1.

© JournalsPub 2022. All Rights Reserved 12

International Journal of Concrete Technology
Volume 8, Issue 1
ISSN: 2456-8317

Detail of Specimen
All the specimens were cast in steel moulds size was 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm and good
compacted. In each concrete mix results were engaged as the consistent of three test specimen
samples. For compressive test the cast specimens were cured and tested at age of 28 day to recognize
the conclusion of age of concrete.

Description of Tests Conducted

The assessing compressive strength of concrete at 28 days of nine concrete cubes of standard size
of 150 mm × 150 mm× 150 mm for every mix were arranged as per IS 516: 1959.

Workability of Concrete
The slump test was used to amount the workability of concrete. The slump test was accepted
available in the laboratory consuming a 16 mm diameter slump cone as per IS 7320: 1974. After
getting fresh concrete, the slump cone was connected upright and three layers of fresh concrete were
poured into the slump cone. In slump cone of each layer of fresh concrete was subjected to 25 blows.
The top surface was hit off by rolling the tamping rod and levelled after considerable the cone with
three layers of fresh concrete. The cone was then gradually elevated in the perpendicular direction and
the disappointment of fresh concrete was eminent. The slump of fresh concrete was designated as a
reduction in the height of concrete.

Compressive Strength of Concrete

In a 200 tons compression testing machine the compressive strength test was slow at 28 day in
suggestion with IS 516: 1959. Table 3 displays the regular formation of a sample for the test. In this
test, a 150 mm cube was placed between the machine's upper and lower plates, and compression
loading at a rate of 14 N/mm²/minute was practical.

Concrete Proportions (kg/m³)

Linear Regression Model for Cube Compressive Strength
To grow the model, linear regression method has been adopted. The polynomial regression
equation is in the method of Y = A + B(X). Where Y is independent variable, X is dependent variable
and A and B are called coefficients of regression. A and B are firm from regression analysis with the
value of least square method. This is called regression of Y on X. The compressive strength is
correlated with proportion of replacement of RCA [7] (7). The proposed equation may be used for
compressive strength at 28 days.
fck = 32.90–0.042 (% RA) + 4.25Vf
Where
fck = 28 days cube compressive strength in N/mm²
RA = Percentage of replacement of recycle concrete aggregate
Vf = Percentage volume of binding materials

The performance of regression model was presented in Table 4-6 and same results were shown in
Figure 3 and figure 4.
• The compressive strength is evaluated for RAC concrete for five places of RCA with
considering the RCA replacement of 60% and 100%. From the consequences the subsequent
thought noticed. For RAC the ratio between experimental and regression model is variable
around 1 to 4 percent. The obtained values are higher than the experimental results.
• For RAC with fiber content of one percent the experimental compressive strengths are
changeable about 3 to 4 percent lower than the actual investigational strengths.
• For RAC with 20 to 30 percent GGBS the compressive strengths are changeable about 3 to 5
percent lower than the experimental control concrete compressive strengths.
• For RAC with 10 to 20 percent fly ash the compressive strengths are changeable about 1 to 3
percent lower than the compressive strengths obtained from the control concrete.

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Regration Analysis of Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Singh et al.

• In general, the model validity is adequate, if the variation is lies less than 10 percent
experimental results. Hence from the present results it is noticed that, the Regression Model is
made good agreement with the experimental results.
fck = 28.90–0.040 (% RA) + 4.25(Vf)

Table 4. Performance of the Regression Model for Compressive Strength at 28-Days

Mix ID Exp. Compressive Regression Model EXP/RM
Strength EXP Compressive Strength (RM)
Control Concrete 28.9 28.9 -
RCA-1-60 25.18 26.5 -1.32
RCA-2-60 25.4 26.5 -1.1
RCA-3-60 25.66 26.5 -0.84
RCA-4-60 26.24 26.5 -0.26
RCA-5-60 25.71 26.5 -0.79
RCA-1-100 24.6 24.9 -0.3
RCA-2-100 25.34 24.9 0.44
RCA-3-100 25.41 24.9 0.51
RCA-4-100 25.59 24.9 0.69
RCA-5-100 25.22 24.9 0.32

29.5
29 y = 1.0637x - 1.5018
Predicted Compressive Strength in

R² = 0.8605
28.5
28
27.5
N/mm²

27
26.5 Predicted Compressive…

26
25.5
25
24.5
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Exp. Compressive Strength in N/mm²
Figure 3. Performance of the Regression Model for experimental and Predicted Compressive
Strength.

Table 5. Performance of the Regression Model for Compressive Strength at 28-Days

Mix ID Exp. Compressive Regression Model EXP/RM
Strength EXP Compressive Strength (RM)
Control Concrete 28.9 28.9 -
RCA-1-60-GGBS-20 27.42 27.35 0.07
RCA-2-60-GGBS-20 26.85 27.35 -0.50
RCA-3-60-GGBS-20 26.78 27.35 -0.57
RCA-4-60-GGBS-20 27.23 27.35 -0.12
RCA-5-60-GGBS-20 27.38 27.35 0.03
RCA-1-100-GGBS-30 26.82 26.18 0.64
RCA-2-100-GGBS-30 26.78 26.18 0.60
RCA-3-100-GGBS-30 25.92 26.18 -0.26
RCA-4-100-GGBS-30 25.94 26.18 -0.24
RCA-5-100-GGBS-30 26.32 26.18 0.14

© JournalsPub 2022. All Rights Reserved 14

International Journal of Concrete Technology
Volume 8, Issue 1
ISSN: 2456-8317

Predicted Compressive Strength

29.5
Predicted Compressive Strength in N/mm²

29 y = 0.9118x + 2.4789
R² = 0.8652
28.5

28

27.5

27

26.5

26

25.5
25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29 29.5
Exp. Compressive Strength in N/mm²
Figure 4. Exp. Compressive Strength and Predicted of Compressive.

Table 6. Exp. Compressive Strength and Regression Model of Compressive Strength

Mix ID Compressive Regression Model EXP/RM
Strength EXP Compressive Strength (RM)
Control Concrete 28.9 28.9 -
RCA-1-60-FA-10 27.02 26.93 0.09
RCA-2-60-FA-10 27.48 26.93 0.55
RCA-3-60-FA-10 25.98 26.93 -0.95
RCA-4-60-FA-10 26.56 26.93 -0.37
RCA-5-60-FA-10 25.98 26.93 -0.95
RCA-1-100-FA-20 24.89 25.75 -0.86
RCA-2-100-FA-20 25.53 25.75 -0.22
RCA-3-100-FA-20 25.42 25.75 -0.33
RCA-4-100-FA-20 24.78 25.75 0.03
RCA-5-100-FA-20 25.24 25.75 0.12

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The scope of this investigation, conclusions of the resulting can be drawn.
(a) The normal and the lognormal distribution models can be valued to fit the compressive strength
results of the RAC at a 95 percent assurance level, though of the RCA replacement ratio.
(b) The coefficient of variant of the cube compressive strength of the RAC is not significantly
altered from that of the NAC below the test circumstances of this investigation, regardless of
the RCA replacement ratio.
(c) The RCA content does not suggestively effect the probabilistic circulation of the compressive
strength of the RAC.
(d) The circulation parameters of normal condition and lognormal distributions for altered
replacement percentages of RCA are recommended, and the typical value of the cube
compressive strength of RAC at a confirming rate of 95 percent is given.

Acknowledgements
We are thankful to MHRD for PhD Assistantship at MBM Engineering College, JNVU Jodhpur,
and Rajasthan under TEQIP-3. The Technical Education Quality Improvement Project (TEQIP III) is
implemented by the MHRD, Government of India with focus on improving the quality of technical
education.

© JournalsPub 2022. All Rights Reserved 15

 Regration Analysis of Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Singh et al.

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