CAUSE OF EARTHQUAKE AND FAULTING

Earthquake - can strike suddenly and without warning. THREE PLATE BOUADRIES
- Is a violent and abrupt shaking of ground. - DIVERGENT BOUNDARIE – 2 plates move away from each other.
- cause by movement of tectonic plates. - CONVERGENT – 2 plates move toward each other.
- TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARIES
PARTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE - 2 plates slide past each other
FAULT - resembling a strike-slip fault.
- EPICENTER
- FOCUS
- PLATES
- SEISMIC WAVES
FAULTING AND SEISMIC ZONES

Seismic Waves - propagation of mechanical energy through the
earth’s layers.
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
- BODY WAVES (P-WAVES AND S-WAVES)
- SURFACE WAVES (RAYLEIGH WAVES AND LOVE WAVES)
Fault - line along which two sections of rock can move against each other.
TYPES OF FAULTS
- NORMAL FAULT – tension forces inside earth cause rock to be pulled apart.
- REVERSE FAULT – compression force inside the earth squeeze rock together.
- STRIKE SLIP FAULT - shear force push on rock in opposite horizontal direction.
NSCP classifies the Philippine archipelago into Zone 2 and Zone 4.
Zone 2 - LOW seismic risk Zone
Zone 4 - HIGH seismic risk zone
3 SEISMOLOGIC SETTING
Over the past 400 years, narrative and instrumented records had
located hundreds of earthquakes with epicenters within the
Philippines that were associated with magnitude of 4.0 or bigger; the
depth of focus for most of them was within 65 km.

Tectonic Plates - large slabs of rock that divide earth’s crust

- move constantly to reshape the earth’s landscape. THE PHILIPPINES IS CONSIST OF FIVE (5) ACTIVE FAULTS T

Ring of Fire - is in the Pacific Ocean 1. MARIKINA VALLEY FAULT LINES

- it is made up of string of volcanoes, deep ocean trenches, 2. WESTERN PHILIPPINE FAULT LINES
and high mountain ranges. 3. EASTERN PHILIPPINE FAULT LINES
Pangaea - hypothetical supercontinent that included all current land 4. SOUTHERN MINDANAO FAULT LINES
masses. 5. CENTRAL PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE.

Oceanic Plates - are much thinner than the continental plates.

Continental Plates – are much thicker than Oceanic plates.
- at the convergent boundaries the continental plates
are pushed upward and gain thickness.
MEASUREMENT OF EARTHQUAKE, MAGNITUDE, AND DENSITY
Measurement Unit of Earthquake
- The amplitude of the earthquake is measured by the Richter scale,
which also assesses other aspects of the quake's magnitude.
USGS - The U.S. Geological Survey is the nation's largest water, earth, and
biological science and civilian mapping agency.
- It collects, monitors, analyzes, and provides scientific understanding of
natural resource conditions, issues, and problems.
PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
How is an Earthquake Measured?
- The primary earthquake measuring tool is a seismograph. The seismic
wave-induced ground motion is captured digitally and graphically by
the seismograph.
SEISMOGRAPH - A seismogram is a graph output by a seismograph
- is a record of the ground motion at a measuring station as a
function of time.
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
- P-WAVES
- S-WAVES
- SURFACE WAVES
Measurement of Magnitude
- A logarithmic scale is used to determine magnitudes (base 10).
- The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the
logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs.
The Difference Between Seismograph and Richter Scale
- The magnitude of an earthquake is measured by an instrument called
seismograph.
- The scale of measure used to calculate the magnitude of an
earthquake is called the Richter Scale.
How does the Magnitude differ from Intensity?
- The magnitude scale, which measures an earthquake's size, is
unaffected by distance from the event. However, intensity reflects
the level of shaking brought on by an earthquake at a specific location
and diminishes with distance from the epicenter.
Measurement of Magnitude Intensity
- Magnitude is determined from measurements on seismographs.
- Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the
earthquake at a certain location.
DYNAMICS OF VIBRATION
VIBRATION - is defined as the oscillating, reciprocating, or other periodic
motion of a rigid or elastic body.
TYPES OF VIBRATION
- Free vibration occurs when a mechanical system is set in motion with
an initial input and allowed to vibrate freely.
- Forced vibration is when a time - varying disturbance is applied to a
mechanical system.
- Damped vibration is when an energy of a vibrating system is
gradually dissipated by friction and other resistances.
SEISMIC VIBRATION - Earthquakes and underground explosions can
release a lot of energy.
- Some of these waves travel forward and back
through the materials.
ATTENUATION - When you throw a pebble in a pond, it makes waves
on the surface that move out from the place where
the pebble entered the water.
SEISMIC ATTENUATION - describes the energy loss experienced by seismic
waves as they propagate.
GEOMETRICAL SPREADING - Seismic wave amplitudes vary as they travel across
the earth.
ANELASTIC ATTENUATION - This is the energy loss due to anelastic processes
or internal friction during wave propagation.
SCATTERING
- Attenuation is frequency-dependent and is strongly affected by
scattering.
- Scattering is an important factor caused by the heterogeneity of the
Earth's crust and mantle and availability of hydrocarbon reservoirs.
 FAULTING AND SEISMIC ZONES
Longest fault line in the Philippines
- The 1,200-km-long Philippine fault zone (PFZ)
- northwestern Luzon to southeastern Mindanao.

Philippine Mobile Belt - is composed of many accretionary blocks and terranes.

Ophiolites - is a section of Earth's oceanic crust and the underlying

upper mantle that has been uplifted and exposed above
sea level.

Zambales Ophiolites - 400km long and 50km wide.

QUALITY FACTOR (Q) - attenuation is measured by dimensionless quality known

as the rock quality factor (Q) or attenuation factor.