Chemical Grammar English for MCAT/CA/CSS SALMAN UL WAHEED Teacher/ Teacher Trainer/ Author/ Director PhD Scholar English Linguistics (FUUAST LHR) ROE eben Teteg (ea h tT) Lecturer English Govt. Degree College CS Shaheed Chairman Multan Sufi'ist Council ee Ree eONR CET ean Aa St)Lina Grmar Nowe [contents | CONTENTS Anatomy of the MCAT Paper { Section 1: Sentence (usage of one word affecting the other) LL Grammar and Sentence Comporents 1.2 Subject-Verb Agreement. 1.3 Word-Word combinations 1.4 Tense- Tense Combinations —________— 45 Construction Mistakes ———_________ 1.5 Run-on Sentences. 17 Repetition 18 Redundancy 19 Collocation. z 1.10 Single Word Choice = 4.11 parallelism é Section 2: Parts of S 21 Noun. a2 Pronoun 23 Adie 24 Atte 25 Verb. 25.1 Active Voice 2.5.2 17 Rules for First Yaar students 25.3 Passive Voice 25.4 Narration (Direct & Incirect Speeches) 26 Advero 2.7 Prepasiion 3 | section 3: Vocabulary § | Seetian ds Short: tated Uneabuiary Section 5: Sentence Completion =a M Hassan Sabir |(Section 1 82) Section 1 Section 2 Modern Grammar Classical Grammar More concemed with the communicative approach. ___Aset of elessical rules Bases its studies on the sentence synthesis 1 Parts of Soeech *~ 1. Phrase and Clause~ 2 Tenses 21. Active Voice | 2.2 Passive Voice | 3 Components of a Sentence | 3 Narration | a Functional Types ofa Senterce 3.1 Direct Narration 3.2 Indirect Nerration 4 Punctuation 2 Subject and Predicate™~ 5 Structural Types ofa Sentence | [babs — ALPHAGETS: > WORDS > SENTENCE > CLAUSE [pans Use OE PHRASE CLAUSE 1, Collection of words 1. Collection of words 2. Incomplete meaning 2. Meaningful 2. No FINITE Verb (No Tense) 3. One FINITE Verb = one clause 4, Either Subject OR Predicate 4. Have ‘Subject ‘AND’ Predicate’ both EXAMPLES: y EXAMPLES: In the shy | sawa bird in the shy, ingtoschool—* verb pay tb Alias going to school, Ablue bird na ck able bit flies in the air «Kick the bucket His uncle kicked the bucket last year Cane Tete SUBJECT PREDICATE 4. Noun/ Pronoun about. which we inform 1, Information about the Subject 2, ANoun Phrase 2. AVerb Phrase EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: 1. Bilal killed a stake. 1. He rides a bicycle. 2, Avery brilliant student topped in the class. 2. The people ran fast. 3. The nation of Pakistan daydreams all the time, 3, He playsin the park 4. i the morning, on the grass runs arasshiopoer 4, On the top floor lives Al M Hassan Sabir| | Predicate Subject word Subject-attribute (Essential) (Non-essential) Quaid-s-Azam, — theereatest leader of the muslims fought a.warof logic with the British Ra SUBJECT WORD (SW){Essential component) SUBJECT ATTRIBUTES (SA) (NON-ESSENTIAL) The word about which Verb spazks; therefore, Words appearing as qualities of subject-word directs $-V agreement, You cannot erase a subject-word, Re moo! OST MODIFIERS exampies Comes oo womod Atal 1. Bilal killed 2 snake. (Only SW ‘Bilal’, No SA) 2, Avery brilliant student of intermediate topped the exam SW= STUDENT SA=A very brilliant (PRE MODIFIER) of Intermediate (POST MODIFIER) 3, The nation of Pakistan daydreams all the time. 4. Acool breeze of the spring ameliorates life. (MAIN VERB (MY) Primary /g.u ¥i(Lav = a aise (Recular Verbs | sepals ) 00 {do, does, die} {Nerbed) (Verb + other morpheme)_ (Has [Has, have, had) Play played played | Fitate eaten << Eejey enjoys enjoyed, Tete toot taken conic finefined fined _/ sBuybought bought_ May, Might, Should, Must, M Hassan Sair ——_— lean set S Receive ofthe action target ofthe ect on (Nun Phaseluse| Direct Object (00) srjswhat the verb isbeing done to. . A ect object answers theguestion "what?" orwhem?? ize hi a (What dae repr?) ested Mang tthe pat. (Wham dd Fe te) she Quid ought awarot lone. fought what) a bot, He SoA He ball Awordfahrase/leuse that excoses'the manner, ‘place ane me’ the vero Buri [ ‘Advetbials of manner ‘Adverbials of Place Fast very fst. Inthepark in abeautt sie ‘On the notebook (i the British al wa Sealy in brave mame Cut ofthe couay | ‘Adverbialsof manner | wilt quietly (Normal adverb) | wi sin silence, (Adverbs hrase) | wil siike a monk mediates, (Averbial clause ceiver Sirol” olga Intec obec 10) (“ao ni oy An ndiroct objets the recpiant ofthe did object. Aindret obec arsners the gueston "to wham?" “for whom?" “ior what?" 2 ) \ ke ¢ J us bol! They entra pater wn fo Vt ‘He bought his son a bike. ~ es: ww? Adverbials ef Time In the moran, Dally/ everyday allthe ine wee dun ~X > Sasa La Mate (Gay before yesterdey. jas of Time | Adverbi | Mico itina minute, ‘Allerthe game, the keg and pavn go int tha Dot wait forthe st judgment. takes poe ‘Adverbials of | used to workin fire-hudrant factory You coslc't oark anrwhere neor the place. (Opera ie when 2 guy gets st2bbed in the back and, instead of bleeding, he sing. Belen Award ¢etounof words thet completes a ramenst cl tmp (When Singularity and Plurality of the verb is declared by the First Subject) 6, (Ilk of + $2 + V+0 [The teacher alone with his students is here.)(|as well as he am a doctor) IFS1 and 82 are joined by: off as well s/ together with, and not, but not, besides, with, jn addition to, except, like, along with; Consider 51 For the adjustment of verb. Exomples: Al; like his brothers quarrels / quacral all the time. ‘My friend and not his relat wes wece./ was coming to the ceremony, Al) the students excapt mewas/ were protesting, First Subject M Hassan Sapavn Grea Acces ETE Second Subject™=2>Verb (when singularty and Pluralty of the verb is declared by the Second Subject) r+ $i +nor 59 HV +0 “Vefther Ahmed nor his parents was / were present. Nelthar the directors ror the chairman is/are interested in this plan 8, Either *S1 4 or #52:V + 0 (Either his friends or Ahmed was /avere present) 5. Not only + $1 + but also.+$2+\+ 0 (Not only Ahmed but also his parents was/ were present.) 10. $1 +.0:+ 82+ Verb (Ahmed or Zahra has/ravelost ner/thier notebook, (Ahmed or hs friends lost thelr books] FRACTION of Something: 1. halfofthe 2. Quarter of S.Heapof____¢. Heaps of S.Therest of 6 Mostof_ 7, Alotoi/lotsof 8. Somecf__ Exanples: — (a) Halfof the plete isematy (b) Half ofthe plates are ematy, (c} Aquarter of tis fresh/ A quarterof them are fresh, (0) There isheap oftime before the olan erives. (2) oto sugar has been sold Second Subject Second Subject 11, (No +any + some + every] + (body + one ¢ where + thing) 16 words e.g No hody, No one 16+ (each + either + neither) = 13 words With these 19 words SINGULAR VERB is used (Each of the boys is oresent) Anybody whe comes onte the stage will get a chance ta win a return ticket to the UK. Nothing costs higher than the wastage of imo, 12, Plural Compound Noun referring toa particular quantity fs considered SINGULAR. {2}Four years was/were a long time. (b) Sixty quintals aofis 2 huge weight. (C Fifty rupees is/are not a large amount. (2) Fifteen minutes are/is allowed to each speaker F.3tees wrinihes oxte veammding 13, Relative Pronoun follows its Antecedent in agreeing to ts verb (singular or plural) {e) Yasicwho is my brother willhelp you. (b) Lio am at your service should not be ignored. 14, Oneof the/ None of the + Noun Plural + Verb Singular (One ofthe boys is/are absent) [Name of the candidates is present. 15, Onecof the + Noun Plural + who Verb plural (Hels cne of the boys whos/ are absent.) Ge ofthe stientists who study culture is coming here. 16. Only +One of the + Noun Plural + who + Verb plural (eis only one ofthe boys who is absent) | am only ont ofthe residents who protests 17, A number of/ A majority oft plural + Verb Plural, (e) Anumber of studentsis/ are out ofthe campus. (b) A majority of workers were /-was been paid on Fridays, 18, The number off The majority of + N plural + Verb Singular. {a) The number of students is/ete rising in the college, (6) The majority ofthe students has/have paid thelr fee. 19, The vast/ great majority + Verb Plural. (al The vast majority of candidates has/have arrived (b) The great number of seopleefare joining us. 20, The two third/ 50% majority pf + Verb Singular (al The one third majority of candidates has/Have arr ved (0) The 60% majority of my town ate/is Christian, One of the] peteceded 2 Wolde sellin ora ee hit dae seme uoun utc ic We outan Qohodive Pioveur > Winch, whe show ole, Shel uo Hasse SAR active eowwn =7y/ Following phrases + Noun Plural + Verb SINGULAR A bond of Achain of ‘Arange of A galaxy of ‘Aseries of ‘Ateam of Aherd of Abewy ofiftock) Astop | Acrowd of Aregiment of flock of Aclass 1 A batch of Fist of against the ener ‘sland of singers has performed wel. Aregiment of soloiars was fignting 22. Agteat many + N Plural + Verb Plural + plural possessive ‘great many soldiers 4as/ have participated in the wars to please their gods. A great many miscreants were /was arrested with weapons in hel hanes. 23, Many a +N Singular + Verb Singular Singular possessive. ‘Many a soldier has Phave met his death, Many 2 student is /sre-getting rid of old methods of cramming, 24, Clear Reference: Bilal and Al were going on the road where fe saw an accident. INCORRECT (he's 8 confusing pronoun) Bilal and Ali were going on the road where, ‘ilal/ lif they/ the latter/ the former: saw an accident. 2s. inthe senseofneome, salary or finance the words Wages and Means are PLURAL. (a) His wages are low. — (b) His means of income ars poor 26, Wages + Singular verb [if taken a reward or outcome of something) (a) Wages ofsin isha. (b) Wages of his life long struggle is inspired by sagacly M Hassan SapirBlue! OUISE Tenet) or Fm going to buy either a camera or @ DVD player with this money, aa _— He sin afxelther to stay orto leave Neither Nor Trelther brew nor cared what had happened to him. _ Their house is neither big nor small. Notonly but also Te not only treats well but also behaves well with Fis patien's Ilice im not eniy because of his wistom but also because of his patience. To Too fe negative sentence] He s too weak to walk This question seems too dffcuitto solve, Such AS ‘They lke such pecple as are hones. / He prefers such books as are: casy Ast Adj 8 He sas tall as | am. / This lower ses beautiful asthe floner in your hand Rather Than Think Fi have a cold rink rather than cofee Why edt you ak for help, rather than tring to dc ton your ann? | Weutd rather | Than ‘She would rather ie than five a speech | I would rather drive car than riding bicycle 2nd degree Than He is wiser that his brother / You are more inteligant than him. The 3rd Degree This 6 the biggest shop in our colony. Russia has the longest al tack knowin 2 Tran Siberian track, Not But {didn't come to tke lunch, but | am hare to ask you about your health Both Between Both the baggers divided alms between themselves, all Among All the baggars dived alms amang themselves. whether OF He seemed undecided whether to go or Stay Frm going whether yu lite it ar not “Though she pave no sign yet wos sare she had recognized me Timer Athoigh [Yet ‘Though I'm aocr my heat is ful of sympathy forthe bind. ‘Aithough the sun was shining, 't wasnt very warm [Aithough the sun was shining yeti wasn’ ory warm. Gitte Than ‘don't know any Afghan other than you. | have never known him to behave other than selfishly Nouther Than ‘No other manis more powerful than my father No other anim is more ferocious than a tiger. Than any Other He is taller than any other boy ofthe class ‘This car is more expensive than any other car inthis exhitition, ‘AnyeN Oherthan He Fas any ability other than camming. ‘This carpenter can develop wood into ary design other than screwing. Nesooner Than No sooner had] avived atthe station than the tran came. (1eame first and the train arrived right after me) No sooner hac | closed my eves than| fell asleep. No sooner dé we hear the nose than we rushed to the spot. No sooner ic put the phone down than it ang again, Hardly When Hardly had I reeched the station when the train came. Searcely When Scarcely had | eached the station when the train arrived. —, ‘As son a5 \arrved atthe station the train came. ‘As soon as she finished one project she started working onthe next, M Hassan Sabirsbaneceamn Acconnis ee Fouts Asif /Asthough | Were sae ea iene on She walks as if she were a sup: mocel, (Past Subjunc Ml were a great cardiologist! (Present wish) { would haip the poorif | were aking (Present wish) Asit/As though | had been PTE Ne Aamagh 24 Ye xan Thad been a ng, | would have Felped the poor. (Past wish) He speaks as though he had been a scalar. (Subjanct ve) He waks/ walkec as if he had beena king. (Subjunctive) The same That “This ste same book that! lost inthe park during the game. Lest. should + Vi Tworkchard est you should fll. He doesn't dare eave the hotel lest he shouldbe recognized if if he runs fast, he will in the race, 1 Asifor As though + past subjunctive We enealy use ssi fr comparisons: | |The verb after AS IF Is always in the past sublunciive, no matter of what tense the sentence is ASIF HI He spends money as ithe owned a bank. He looks as fhe knew the answer + porto aphe nals vif he fo0ked cule He acted as if he owned everything around me. b, Ifthe vetb BE directly follows AS IF, we use were! fr all personal pronouns. She walks as if she were a super model. He boarded the alrplane as if he were a seasoned traveler, « Wore 2. Lest to avoid the risk of forthe fear that) Lest + subjunctive mood svt or in en. ‘Work hard lest you should fail. M Hassan aT _ vm acts as if he were important. | Pear a oughihe were important lS anit he wee He spent whole cays in his room, wearing ‘She is ordered to stay at home for three months, lest sne suffer a relapse Ov Lest! means "for the fear that” and is fol lading whee headphones lest he disturb anyone. should + V1. He doesn't dare leave the hotel lest he should be recognized. He didn't dare leave the hotel lest he should be recognized1. Present 2, Future (ford and 2 best option: Present Indefinite + Future defn te) (@)_ Two actions happened at the same time in Ea the past: Past indefinite + Pastindefnitl 4) @ & Time ended a5 soon | finished wr'ting 4 8) Two actions; One in Far Past other in Near AS |__ past: Past Perfect + Past indefinite respectively ree He Fad led the snake when t reached. 3. Past Use: would] should/ could/ might DON'T USE: Will, Shall, Can, May He played well, so newt would win, You said you-ean/ could investigate this matter Tess | Past Present Combination 90% not allowed The combination can be used only for comparison Ho was 2 larwer, but he has changed his job, ; I gave him more candies than | give you. EE eo AL if Sentences: a (BETS Tesi ehell if + Present Indefinite, + Future Indefinite (will/ shall + V1) If he runs fast, he will win the race. This painting will win the first prize if the jury remains disinterested. Eset corsa if + Past Indefinite, + Future Indefinite (would + V1) Ifhe ran fest, he would win the race. He would complete this work if you paid him well. If + Past Perfect, + Future Perfect (would have + V3) If he had run fast, he would heve won. Zero Conditiona’ is used when the result of the condition is always True “IF+ Present Tense, + Present Indefinite If you put iron in the ai, it rusts IF unemployment is rising, people tend to stayin their present jobs. assan Sabie M Hassanif -were (Clause 1), Subject + would + V1(Clause 2) Ihe were a hardworking student, ne would pass the exam. Gin If + had been (Clause 1), Subject + would have +V3 (Clause 2) If he had been a hardworking stucent, he would have 02s5ad the exam. Roa eens a. Past Perfect + when/ before + Past Indefinite The train had gone before/ when the passengers arived atthe station. b. Past Continuous + when/ before + Past Indefinite He was playing when | saw him. «. Future Perfect Tense + when/ before Present Incefinite The patient willhave died before/ when the doctor arrives phe ee Til oese ee un ees roh salle \While | wes working on my assignment, | performed beyand my capacty. 4, Comparison : (Past + Present) ‘2. Clause 1 Past Tense + than + Clause ? Present Indefinite He gave me more books than he gives you. | saved more money for this Eid than | usually do, b. Two actions in two different time frames with a sense of comparison: Clause 1 Past + Clause 2 Present |) anmad graduated fom Oxford University, and now he iz working wt his father in Kara. i Pakistan fed a number of problems atthe time of independence, but unfortunately few of them are still unresolved FS) i @ Hasentence starts wth Whefany wore, HY comes before the subject. Formula: Wh-family ward + HV + Subject + Ver + Object Examoles: Where are you coming from? How did you purchase this car? ©) survwt-fomiy word comesin between wo clauses, HY comes ater the subject, Formula: — Wh-famly word + Subject + H¥ + Verb + Object Exomples: He inquired where twas coming frem. Iwas a great surprise how you purchased this car only after six months of your job, CONSTRUCTION MISTAKES M Hassan Sabirhays iermar Aces ES ARES for, and, nor, but, or, yet, He was playing foctball, and | wes enjoying reading @ novel, 11a tired, yot | completed my work (ER jhowever, —_; therefore, F otherwise, Example: ‘The bad-debt was finally recovered; however, it was not the full amount which I lent 2 year ago. ATTEN] (Iwo indepercent clauses are ioined throuzh followin rules) i), He kicked the bell. He scored a goal. CORRECT ii), He kicked the ball and he scored a goel. INCORRECT il). He kicked the ball, and he scored a goal. © CORRECT iv), He kicked the bell, he scored a goal, INCORRECT vl. Hekicked the bal;he scored agoal. CORRECT vi). He kicked the ball and scored a goal. CORRECT vil, Hekicked the ball, and! scored a goal. CORRECT i), I wasteaching, he watched me INCORRECT ii), | was teaching, He watched me. correct ii), | was teaching; he watched me correct iv). | wasteaching, and he watched me, coRREcT a 77 Repetition Heedless or unintentional repetition s a kind of clutter that may distract or tore a reader, WEEaasiile) Mai ceim rel eawenece ins i), He killed the snake andhe threw it onto the roof ii), We played squash and we enjoyed our holiday. I es iJ. This is the same book that wich | bought yesterday. ii), He inguired me that whom {had paid the money. NN Ce Sere es i], He asked me what was myname? INCORRECT He asked me what my namewas. CORRECT ii, | questioned whether had he completed his assignment. INCORRECT | questioned whether he had completed his assignment. CORRECT cy Tier a ented N eLussccM LEA Lee) ). — Heinguired-that if he would come. Ii), Bilal asked meahatwrhether | would join him in the party. fi), _He inquirec me thathow much money was lft Hassan Sabir =zPRC esaci uence ). ‘Ahmad is mora wi vr than |, ‘The More greater problem lies within self, andit is dul heartedness, “This walls more beautiful than the one saw in the backyard. Gg TN ant a). Re forbade me aot to smoke b). The teacher prohibited the students net to bring their mobiles in the college. ). She hasn't got no any children 6). Lest + Subject + should + V1. Walk slowly lest you should nos fal. Work hard lest you should not Fail @), —Don’tuse NOT with ‘NEITHER My friend has no books and) have notneither. INCORRECT My friend has no books and ihhave not either. — CORRECT fe had completed his ob wher had reached. INCORRECT He had completed his job when Ireeched CORRECT cE CI ee oO ‘will phone you rhe will arrive NCORRECT | will phone you If he erives. CORRECT N ‘The act of using @ word, phrase, ete. that repeats something already conveyed and Common words and phrases most often made redundant mistakenly, Is therefore unnecessery, PRE > PrOprese TPR Tncoreeck rristeke ‘Sateguard-protection | ewinnovation taal ronan Sanger | Advancoresenvations | Fete misstatement ‘Cooperate teaether Riseup Fidded borus | ~atternatve— ‘Transitive (vt) cin ver ties Obit ie, wom, pe, wots, Have PASSIVE FORM ACTION Ven -” Oso? Vester acrons Eat, drink stay, bir, lock, Speat, listen Teen Gee aN ete) MV-+ An action still to happen LINKING VERB/<.cargyyoras, tha Stitt nition All Helping Verbs/ turn seem grow took eel prove appear Remain, smell, taste Intransitive (u.1) er ake. go. ste, wun NO PASSIVE VOICE py understand, ike, love, hate, want, need, prefer, ind, own, agree, sound Imagine, hear, disagree, satisfy, coubthelieve, guess, mean, think (Aun ark dess0 (een) MV-+An action already in progress He wanted to purchase a ear tHe enjoyed going there ‘aree, dee, hesitate, need refuse, appear, demand, hope, | Admit delay. ish permit est, vba, dany ford, ey, saree, deer Ira, tena expect, | Pedpone, sume, pore, detest gt threugh, praia cy] [sere reer di marge eed ek, | Riki, it spn thal enn aay Eonar aeumwin pore racer ropa dtek [eal sept coma, ape reper ete B \, [ewe foes sar a arange bea Conse, exes, mis, Secu, regret, mention, kee Approve of, nsist on, keep on, count on, lock forward to, Dont mind objeto ert abou, thnk abo, et hough [fritter eoedat interested in e 1 : > ia e & oe i waste / were to +¥ (Intention + pas: recommendation) 2 re. 1am to accomalish this tack ‘ar | _____23 "ylpe crt Section 2 Section 3 PTO 2. Has tof Have to will have to + VI "Have to” is used to express certainty, necessity ard obligation, Examples; This answer has to be correct. CERTAINTY. The soup hast be sired continuously to aravent burning. NECESSITY They have te leave e2y, OBLIGATION 3. Goingto / About to / used to+ VI (tis about to rain/ He used to smoke/ The program is going ta start) 4. Exception for ‘used to’: be + used to + Ving (He is used to smoking) (He used to smoke), 5 Wouldather-+VI (would rather drvethe tap) wewhdh sethess obyr2 oem 5, Had better+ V1 | You had better check the schedule) 7, Can't help but + VI (an't help kt wonder) &. Can't helo + Ving You cant help siting) 9, Look forward to + Ving (We look forwrd to seeing you t 9:002.m) 10. He never has and never will take such bold steps. INCORRECT LL. He has never taken and will never take such bold steps. CORRECT 12. Dynamic Verb is followed by Dynamic Preposttion, in/into On/ onto { There is 2 bock on the table) (| placed a book onto tha table) Write five sentences in English Translate five sentences into English 13. | want that you should meet him, INCORRECT 14. I want you to meet him. CORRECT 15, Following verbs are NOT followed by any preposition especially TO’. Pony in achive voice Request, love , hate, tell, question, rare, reach, resemble, attack, obey, ask, order, ray es SRN Senkouce Ae yaieack, GehRng Yen aes CS cores bere subyecy CUERiD Feeachee Stenees i : Inversion means putting the verb before the subjec.Itisa literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed, generally for emahasisor special effect. it makes a sentence sound striking or unusual. It also sounds quite Formal, Sentences with inversion are less common in ordinary Englsh.n a sentence with no special effect or emphasis, the normal order of words is retained Example 1: | have never seen such a beautiful rose, ‘Example 2: Never have | seen such a beautiful rose In evample 2, inversion is used to emphasize the fact that in your whole lifetime you have not seen such a beautiful rose. (nee ee es © Under no circumstances can we accept credit cards. © Inno way can he be held responsible. © Ata time did she say she would come. ‘© Notuntif| heard my neme did | believe | had won the race. (Een aes © Round the comer came the postman. © Onthe doorstep was a bunch of flowers. Hassan Sabira Arn ceomens necouns Te © Seldom have | seen such a beautiful view. © Rarely did he pay anyone a compliment. © Never had | felt o happy. © Little did he imagine how dangerous it would be, ECAC eee ee eMC ns eels neem & Hardly had | begun to speak when | was interrupted, 4 Scarcely had we started our meal when the phone reng. 4 Nosoaner had | arrived than they ll started to argue. EE © Only after the meeting did | realize the importance of the subject. Only when the plane landed safely did he calm down. Not only was the car slow, it was also very uncomfortable. In conditional sentences we ean sometimes replace the ‘if with an inversion: © Had | knovin its difficulty level, | would never have enrolled. WELT ene @ Here comes the winner! @ There goes all our money! Section 3 (For unreal stuatlon/ nfulflled cesre/ Incomplete hope/ wish} Sentence Clause 1 Conjunction ‘Clause 2 (that clause) He said That ‘Ahmed went to study in the college. He insisted. That Ahmed go to study in the college, Section 4 ‘$+ (demand, recommend, desire, request, insist, require, profer, suggest, propose, urge) that +5+Vi+ Object The doctor suggested that he not smoke, Big bed Wok + Cau | recommended that the vote be secret ballot, crud |tis essential that you be honest Besa It's important that he be cured Cree x Wage ake wrgoe hdles make wave Gut Kelp Causetive verbs express an action which is caused to happen. in other words, when | have something done for me I cause it te happen. tn other words, | do not actually do anything, but ask someone else todo for me, This s the sense of causative verbs. ‘The English verbs let, make, have, get, end help are called causative verbs because they cause something else to happen Example: My hair was cut. (Passive) Vhad my hair cut. (Causative) Section 4, THAVE-4 PERSON 4 VERB (base form) HAVE + THING + VERB (WN) ‘Subject + Get + THING + VERE (1) Subject + Get + PERSON + 70 + VERB) Subject ~ HELP + PERSON + TO ~ VERE (|| Subject + HEL? + PERSON + VERB (| HELP The tencher mado the udnis say afer ess, SIE Tay TST VO PRCATIO TNC apHOTRTTETT The businessman had is secretary make coves of the reper. rs ig cur hance parted Ws wooed on going to eve my hele et tomorrow, Biol had his teeth whstened; hssmile looks great ET The Fuse pated Bat wee My anele goths ca” repaired yesterday Tow can we get a the employees to arive en time? | could never get him to wesh the dishes! He Falped ie 3 ary EHS Her brother 2laaysFelps her todo the aun Tie elped me cary the Doves. Her brother always Delps he do the land. seemed 7 \sfamfare ‘Was/ were Been HELPING VERBS Modals (AV= always VI) |—wit |—shall |__Woul <2. Request As the Second form of wind shal «. Probability, Presuppasition 4. Woulé that (An imaginary situatic | —should advice suggestion |_rust_ (Religious Obigation) |_—ught to (ttoralobligcton) |_—tay/ ight a.Permission 4. Pr5y bPosilty © Doubt Wish | —canj could 2.Ablity Capacity Hassan Sabir= NW aac cian oleeta eZ CEN CONES ‘The active and passive quality of the sentence depends upon the rale of doer in the sentence, The sentence would be active if the following two qualities appear. 2). Active Voice means thatthe Doer is active’, and the doer (at any place) cannot be kicked out of the sentence. b]. Doer may come in the start and essentially become es the subject of the sentence, j Aran fast during the annual sports inthe groune. Think of removing ‘A from this sentence] During the years, Pakistan has struggled for peace in Asia {Tink of removing “Pakistan' from this sentence] Inactive voice you cannot get rid of the doe” For the easy understanding of the students following five stens are important Memeo ‘The function of a ‘tense’ isto tell us the TIME of action. SREENELSZamE (and the nomenclature of tenses) Time (3 phases) [ = I 1 ; Present Past Future | ‘We have four aspects of the varb for each time phase. Aspect L T T Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous [DEREAEEITSINNNN" active voice we have twelve tenses. (1 Time phase + 1 Aspect) PRESENT PAST FUTURE Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Future Indefinite Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous ; Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect : Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous1 Gere A050 fia coalsofearner i, To cram the Sentence Structure of each tense (for grammatical evaluations) ii, Toconvert his ideas into English (for composition) i. Indirect Method |Thought into Urdu into English) ji, Direct Method (Thought into English) oi Language Learner (you) —D&t 5 Target anguage (Enaish) S77 Mother Language |ML) i. Identification (the action you want to talk about resembles to which tense) ji, Sentence Structure 5 V O To fuffil the basic function ofa tense (to add time into action) you need to amend only ‘verb! with two ways v 0 Mv Main Verb) (Fors) Primary [> it em singe) co (te, as) (i, stl oaldet) second Far Fast) Wert “ie (a ne) Gore For Prasert Partie) Golng Youare to leern for each tense which HV and what form of the verb is to be used. Ir some Tenses you merely change the form, In some you put only Hv, In some you make both the changes. Ii, Conversion (After identifying and knowing the SS, do the conversion either; a). Thovet into English (Direct) '), Urdu into English Indirect) [present ndetini =! Ma action + Universal truth) Sandesh a Doer + V [s/es) + Obj. .l'sfes wit He, 4 |\PeSmTIve ‘They create jobs forall. He entertains the public as an arts, Doer + dof does + not t Vero 1st + Ob). 2: ae ‘go ror learn my lesson. She does not inspire the spectators. ‘Do/ does ++ Verb Ist = Ooj+? 3 | INTERROGATIVE: Does my hat look good? M HassarSabir - ~barman recone OS mi Rom ame mr enone ees era nas 1| Positive ( The action being continue with the present) Cave a scr ueatUie iunese\ yes 2| NeGarive Itis raining outside, Doe Blow (e+ not + Ving + Od). This manis not creating problems for us, 3 | INTERROGATIVE Isfam/are + doer+ Ving + Objr? ‘Am Looking for a new ides? Saisie yas AZT {The action has just completed) Gay hye sorrel co-ed ase WL 4 | EOSIN: The untrymen hao harvested the cops Doer + has/havet not + Vard~ Obj. 2) LSEGATINE ‘haven't told anyone else yet. Has/ have~ doer+V3rd+ Obj +? 3 | INTERROGATIVE | i155 he achieved his goals? SHE 1} Posmive SUL] (The action started in the past and beir carried out in the present) SENTENCE STRUCTURE WITH EXAMPLE He has bean riding a bicycle since morning 2| NEGATIVE ‘Doer + has/ have + not been + Ving+ Obj + since/for + Time Period. The patient has not been taking the pills for five days. 3] INTERROGATIVE Has/ havet coer +been + Ving+ Obj + since/for + Time Period +? Have the cricketers been playing a test match since Monday? Fast Inciefinite’ Bexar # SENTENCE TYPE 1] Posmive Ses 1e whether the action belonged to near past or far past) SENTENCE STRUCTURE WITHIEKAMPLE Quaid » Azam graduated in law from Lincoln Inn in London. # | NEGATIVE Doer + did + not + Verb Ist + Obj. Wecidnottringourtooksonwelcomepary, | 3 | interrocarive | Did+S+ Verb Ist+ Obj? Did they investigate the matter? ea ly MHassagggabir.SENTENCE TYPE POSITIVE Sata tie enn Ugh Doer+ was/ were + Ving * Obj. {is raining outside NEGATIVE oer + was/ weret not Ving> OD). The administration was pursuing its ennuel goals INTERROGATIVE Was/weret doer + Ving Obj? Were the people abrogating law? (The action completed in the past) # ‘SENTENCE TYPE NTENCESTRUCTURE PFA ots Door = had + V3rd= Obj. i| post ili My neighbors had whitewashed their home before | suggested. 7 Re Door = had + not + VSrd> Obj ‘The pedestrians had damaged the footpath since it was oaved in 1965. 3 [ INTERROGATIVE Had doer #V3rd* Obj? Had you taken tea before the guests arrived? Fates # SENTENCE TYPE 1 | Posmmive (The action started in the past and was continue in the Fast) a uaya=cn atl waipaa,chilgl ‘oer + had + been + Ving* Obj + sincef‘or + Time Period. He had been living in Multan since 1988. 2] NEGATIVE Boer + had + not tbeen + Ving> Obj + sinca/for + Time Period, The nation had not been showing interest in politics for many decades. 3 | INTERROGATIVE Had doer +been + Ving+ Obj + since/for + Time Period +? Had the camel been eating debris since night? SENTENCE TYPE clue whether the action would happen near in the future or fer in the future) FUTURETENSES: S51 escent eh Mar. 1| posmive I shall ry my best to get the highest marks. Doer + will shall + not + + Obj. 2 [SEGRE ‘The local community will not concentrate on health and care issues. 3 | INTERROGATIVE Will/shall +5 + Verb Ist + Obj? Will you return to home in an hour?lena crn Assn BENTENCE TYPE # “Dorr + will shall + be +Ving + Obj. “The country willbe orogressing leaps and bounds. Doer F will shall+ not +he + Ving + Ob. My partiality wll not be affecting the selection of the Will/shall+ doer +be+Ving + 0b)? 3 | INTERROGATIVE | ch we he managing such a large gathering? POSITIVE 2| NEGATIVE seni lity of the completion of action in the future) aie inlse init (EUEEEIEDG] (Probe haver V3rd* 4) POSTIVE matiten will hve developed into a benchmark for other nations ‘Does + will/ shall + not #have + V3rd* Obj | NESAINE The concept of harmony wil have brought the pean together Will? shall = doer +! have +V3rdt “Obj +? 3 | INTERROGATIVE | Shai j have completed my dve task on time? HB (The action started in the past and would continue in the future) Sethe less eterno =n Man seeUl ae 4\| pOskWe Doer + will/ shall + have + heen-+Ving+ bj + since/for + Time Period. He will have been fshing since Bam. You will have been waiting far more than two hours. Doer + will/ shall+not+ haver been + Ving* Obj + since/for + TP. Students will na: have been waiting for the result, He will not have been exercising so hard. ‘Will/ shall+ have+ doer +been + Vina+ Obj + since/for + TP+? Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane sinally arrives? ow long will you have been studying when you graduate? 2) NEGATIVE 3] INTERROGATIVE SINCE/ FOR Since: used with the point in time: Clock time: 9:00 p.m,, 7°0 clock, Quarter to ten, ete. Phases of a day: morning, evening, noon, night, ete. Days of a weeks Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, ete. Months ofa year: June, luly, August, ete Years of a century: 1995 A.D, 2005 CE, 1438 A.H, 10000 B.C, etc. Definite century or age: 15th century, 20th century, The Renaissance For: used with the period intime. For S hours For many days For seven months etc., ete, M Hassari@ebirshen cman recur ATO SATS MOTE UOT Te TD Year English Objective Par N ve My very dear First yaar students of the whole country! These tiwo pages have been added especially for you to achieve {five cut of five marks of tense evaluation CQs in the Objective paper. In all the board-exams of Intermediate Part J in Pokistan, nothing comes beyond these 17 rules. Prepare them well under the kind guidance of your teacher. Whenever yousee 'il ina sentence get conscious and consider the ‘ollowing rules (1 to 5}: If Present Indefinite, + Future Indefinite (will/ shall + V1) if he runs fast, he will win the race. | shall not come ifit rains. een) I=Past Indefinite, + Future Indefinite (would + V1) fhe ran fast, he would win the race. I+ Past Perfect, + Future Perfect (would have + V3), if he had run fast, he would have won, Zerc conditional i used when the result of the condition is always True If + Present Tense, + Present indefinite \F you putiron in the ai, trusts. If unemployment is rising, people tend to stay in their present jos, ‘If As if/ As though/ Would that’ are followed by 'were' for present wish. \Woul that | were & awyer if he were aking, he woule help the poor She walks as if she were a super model RUM e ee Crm erry aate ERSTE Sy He always speaks the truth, | play football daily. He seldom visits the doctor. | go to theatre quite often. Pema me Pe Ae Slow and steady wins the race. ‘The sun rises in the east. Bilal studies with the help of his brother, MELE ae He has not completed his assignment yet. | have not reached the station yet Hassan Sabtr- Ea —CPUS EVE CU He came to meet me yesterday. Last year he completed his graduation, | visited this place ten years ago. He died two days ago. TESTS ee ee ees ‘Work hard lest you should fail Walk slowly lest you should tremble. Toa RETA a sul pst aie He has been ill for to weels. They had been ploughing in the field since Monday. SRV He will come to my village next month. He will return to his native after two years. DON'T USE: Will, Shall, Can, May with past fxomple: ‘He ploughed the field so that he may get gocd crop. INCORRECT He ploughed the field so that he might get good crop. CORRECT | considered that he ean bring chang2 in his schedule. INCORRECT | considered that he could bring change in his schedule. CORRECT ancy Ea Past Perfect + when/ before + Past Indefinite The train had gone before/ when the passerigers arrived atthe station. ‘The patient had died when/ before the doctor arrived. While +Past Continuous, + Past indefinite White | was doing my assignment, | saw him in the library. RMR ee Formula 1: No soaner + past indefinite + than + past indefinite Example: Nosooner did | reach the station than the train arrived. No sooner did we hear the noise than we rushed to :he spot. MECN eee Mu nn Formula2: No sooner past perfect + than + past indefinite ‘Example: No sooner had | reached the station than the train arrived. No sooner had we heard the noise than we rushed to the spot. 7] [itienon cnet Ali will have completed his task till Monday. | shall have finalized my mission by the time you return, M Hassagg@sabirmr Psy (e)te The sentence would be passive if the following two qualities appear a, Passive voice means that ‘the Doeris passive’, and thedoer (at any place) can be kicked ut of the sentence. ', "The receiver of the action’ preferably becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence. © Dor may come in the end and essentially becomes the prepositional object, Example 1: Ali played a cricket match during the annual sports in the ground. ‘The sentence is Active because you don't find any of the three qualities given above, fxample 2: A cricket match was played by Ali during the annual sports in the ground. The sentence is Passive because you find all cf the three qualities given above, Example 3: Acricket match was played during the annual sports in the ground. Removing the doer from the sentence provides us the flexibility to hide the coer in so many cases of daily language use, and the same i the reason for the existence of passive voice. Example 4: He stole my purse. ‘The voice of the sentence is Active. A direct olame may spoil personal relations Example S: My purse was stolen. The voice ofthe sentence is Passive and the doer has been kicked out of the sentence to maintain sobriety. This impersonaiity trait becomas the rain motif behind the pessive voice constructions of any language. A direct blame may be avoldee to maintain personal relations, ntify whether the sentence is Active or Passive. It's none other than vero which helps you identify the voice. Example 1: He goes to school by bus. ‘active Voice Present indefinite / doer inthe stat/ "by 2s an eye catcher Example2: The dog was kicked by a stranger. Passive Voice Past Inde‘nte/ the receiver ofthe action i the subject of this sentence, Here Was is followed by the third form. in Active Voice we know “was' is followed by the present participle Verb Forth form | Example 3: On the grass was running a grasshopper. ‘Active Voice Past continuous [even though the doer isin the end). t's only the verb which identifies the sentence as AV or PY, 'M Hassan SabirIdentify the object of the AV sentence ; Example 2: | bought a book. (Object =a book) Object Is always @ noun OF 8 Pronoun ise noun phrase siosoeh Example 2: He has generated a new philosophy (Object = @ new philosophy) [EERE] Bring that object (the receiver of the action) in tho start (In PV sentence this noun phrase will become the new subject) Example 1: A book was bought by me. Example 2: Anew obilosaphy has been created by him. Apply suitable form of be! (be, is, am, are, was, were, been) Apply Verb 3rd form ‘Add preposition ‘by’ or 'with'(by' for the doer/ ‘with’ Example; A dog was beaten by him. A dog wes beaten with a stick. for instrument) SSE «Add the objective case of the dor Example 1: He kills a snake, (Doer + verb + obj) 1, Objof the AV=A snake 2. HVzis 3, Ver’ 3rd form = killed 4, Preposition= by 5. Agent/ doer= him Asnakeis killed by him, (Receiver of the action + hv+ Vill + by + doer) Example 2: He killed a snake. (Doer + verb + abj) L. Objof the AV =The snake 2. HV=was 3. Verb 3rd form : 5 d }. Preposition= by » Agent/ doer= him A snake was killed by him, (Receiver of the action + hy + Vill + by + doer) From the above examples its clear that four out of five changes are constant while @ student needs to focus on only one change which is change No. 2 addition of Helping Verb as basic condition of PV. The salection of HV in PV depends unon the tense ofthe AV, so one musttate it? account the tense of AV in first look, Te below given table correlatas the AV with fs PY- M Hassar-SabirLine Granrose Accows (Gis ACTIVE VOICE ‘PASSIVE VOICE $+ V Ast(s/as} + Obj (0 +is/am/are + V 3rd+ by +Doer | RAEN ARE TE He manages the stop very well. | The shop is managed by him very wal. $+ V2nd form + 0b) 0+ waslwere + V 3rd + by #Doer fi at) PASTaNDEPRT Ikept my books on the table, | My books were kept ay me onthe table. S +isfam/are+ Ving + 0bj 0 + isfam/are + being + V 3rd +by +Doer 3. | PRESENT CONTINUOUS {am taking lunch, Lunch is being taken by me + was/ were + V-ing was/ were + being as) sasrezeminnous s ware + Wing + Obj + was/ were + being + Vac by+Doer| Iwas doing my assignment. | Myassignment was being done by me. + has/ haves Vitd+ 05) O +has/have + bean + 3:d+ by +Doer 5 | PResci pene? eee Alvhas written a letter. Aletter has been written by Al ‘+ had V 3rd# Ob) O +had/+ been +V 3rdt by +Doer 6 | BSR Theyhad prepared a report. | Areport hed been prepared by them. ‘S + willf shall 4 V 1ST+ Obj 2 +willf shall + be +V 3rd + by +Doer 2 | FOTUBRINESINNTE: She will arrange a farewell Aerewell will be arranged ty her. + willf shall have + V 3rd+0bj | O+will/shallthave+been+¥ 3d+by+Doer 8] FBTURE PERRET ‘We shall have cleaned the docr. | The door will have been cleaned by us. MODAUHELPING VERBS INACTIVE VOICE 1 UAEETATIL (Models alone are always follo Doer + will / shall / would / should / can / could / may / might / must + VI+ Obj. Example: (will /shall/ would should / can / coulé / may / might J rust) treat you as my friend 2 (Modal be Vig) Doer +will / shall / would / should / can / could { may / might / must + be + V-ingt Obj. Example: It {will /-shatt/ would / should / cen / could / may / might / must} be damaging for us. 3 (Miodals + have + vard) Doer will / shall / would / should / can / could / may / might / must + have + V 3rdé Obj, Example : You (will /sha!t/ would / should / can / could / may / might / must) have arrested him. 4 (Modials + have + been + Vsing } Doer twill / shall / would / should / can / could / may / might / must + have + been + Veing+ Obj Examples As (will / would / should / could / may / might / must) have been earning a lot. M Hassan Sabir ISERCO y TEESE SS 2 GETSTEENTSAY (wodals be +V 3rd) bbe-+V 310+ by + doer Sul + will / shal / would / should /eanfcoulé / may / might Jit / must) be treated by me Example: You (will shal / would / should [can / could Jimay as my friend, 2 (Modals + have + heen + V3rd ) = Sub ¢will/ shall / would fshould fean / could /may / might /m ‘ Example : He (will shal! / would / should / can / could / may / mi have + been +V 3rd+by +doer cht / must) have been arrested by you ”AVand PY of MPERATIVE SENTENCES) REQvesT ‘COMMAND ADVICE Open C= Bring a glass of water for me Offer your prayers English imperatives always start with Verb Ist form Vist form + Object. Kindly manage your time. Write five sentences in English. Don't forget my invitation. Don't smoke. Eat your meal. Address the blunders you made, Don't spoil your life in loitering Pley outside the room. Don't misguide your friends, Make your career; achieve your goals. PORTANT NOTE ONITRA Transitive verbs are the verbs that require an object. A transit Method 1: Let + obj + be + V 3rd form +/ by + doer) Let the door be opened. Let a glass of water be brought for me. Let the prayers be offered by you. Let my invitation not be forgotten, The coor should be opened by you. A glass of water should be brought for me| The preyers should be offered by you. My invitation should not be forgotten. TIVE AND INTRANSITIVE iD ive verb expresses an action that someone or something does to something or someone. They alone cant clear the meaning unless the object is attached. Ir AV to PV transformation, earlier mentioned STEP No.2 elves the importance of transi Example 1: verb as it bears an object. He bought a new bock from the bazar. (AV) A new book was bought by him from the bazar. (Pv)alent a i th {ransitive (ut) + obj + Adverbial (AV Construction) ® Buy’ needs an object because ‘buying is an action which requires Something to be bought. Example 2: He ran fast in the ground (av) Doer + Verb intransitive (vi) + Adverbial The verb ‘ran’ requires no object; whatever comes ahead would be an adverbial You can't say ‘running is an action which needs something to be run’. (No Py) Example 3: He runsa factory. (Av) A factory is run by him. FV) Doer + Verbs transitive 1] + obj+ Adverbial (AV Construction] {n this context, the verb 'run' requires an objact. You can say ‘running is an action ‘which needs something to be run’. The verbs that can be transitive and intransi are called 'Ambitransitive’. Example 4: He flies kite on the roof ofhishouse, (AV) Akite is flow by him on the roof of his house, [PV) Doer + Verb transitive (v.t} + obj + Adverbial [AV Construction) The verb fly’ requires an object, You can say ‘lying isan action which needs something to be flown’, Example 5: The birds flyin the air. (AV) (No Py) [MESES oer + Verb intransitive (vi) + Adverbial (AV Construction) In this context, the verb ‘fly’ requires NO object. You can't say ‘ing is an action Which needs something to be flown’, So the ambitransitive verbs depend upon $-V relation for their vt and vi nature. De ueeaeannn Mere Example 6: Ali writes ina beautiful manner (AV) Something is written by Allin a beautiful manner. (PV) Doer + Verb transitive (vit) +ob}+ Adverbial (AV Construction) The verb ‘write’ is by default a transitive verb, so itrequires an abject, You can 3 ‘writing isan action which needs something to be written’. ‘Someone OR something! is used as the subject of PV sentence. The same is the case with PV to AV transformation. Example 7: ‘My purse was stolen. (PV- Past indefinite) Someone stole my purse, (AV: Past Indefinite) Receiver of the action ++1V + Verb transitive [ut] +by-+doer. (PV Construction} In PV to AV transformation you need the doer inthe start. In this case of ‘unavailability of the doer ‘someone OR something! would be used as the subject of AV sentence, M Hassan Sabir =Lovers Accomm TAA ees) ‘Ditransitive Verb is one that ates both adrect object and a nat ol Example 8; He gave her the letter. /He pave the letter to her(AV) The letter was given to her ay him, /She Was given a etter by him. (PY) The letter' is the direct abject (D0); what he gave. ‘her’ is the indirect object (10); the person he gave it to . In AV TO PY transformation it's all a matter of preference. Any of the two objects can become the subject of the PV sentence, EER Change the voice pope ()Amassing wealth oft ruins health (ii) He preferred playing football ta studying his lesson. (ii) Tthank thee, Ahmed, for teaching me that word. (iv) He broke the rules without any intension of doing so. (V) He was unlucky and therefore met with a bad accident on the eve of his examination, (A) Change the voice. So, one evening when I heard fire engines with [cud alarm bells rushing past my house, | quickly ran ‘out and, a few streets away joined a large crowd of people; but we could see the fire only from a Gistance because the rolice was not allowing anyone to go near the building (8) Change the veice Employees will be given five working days to respond to the new contract, After that period, the contract will be signed and submitted for ratification. Because of this brief timeframe, no company- ‘wide discussion will be held. It is hoped by us that the need for swift ratification of the contract and swift return to work is understood by all employees. The cooperation of that person is greatly appreciated by us, ee ees‘Siving an account of something said The words ofo speaker ere conveyed unchanged: 1. He said, “iam ill dey 2. Ahmad said to me, “Will you visit me this evening?” The unchanged utterance becomes a ‘quotation, hence quotation marks are put. But in dialogue format ‘Quotation marks are not used: Al: mill today, Bilal: Did you take your medicine? am not health conscious, Ali (aE He ee lan ENO.1. Replacement of quotation marks by a Conjunction te to invite the principal — cf Pronoun The narrator norretes from his own Perspective and makes four significant changes, 1. He said that he was ill that dey. 2. Ahmad inquired me if! would visit him that evening. No quotation marks are used, Ali said that he was ill that day. Bilal asked whether he had taken his medicine li replied that he was not health conscious. — woh ‘hee the prinipal the < CHANGE NO.3 Change of Tense a of Adverbials| ané demonstrative Adj a) Change No.1 and 2 are permanent. They ate tobe considered for each conversion from Direct into Indirect Narration. 8), Change No, 3 and are nat permanent. They are to be incorporated only when the tense of ‘the reporting clause belongs to ‘past. Example 4: Aslam says to me, “Zoya will top the class exam this yea (DIRECT) Aslam says to me that oya will op the cass exam this year. (INDIRECT) Example 2: Aslam said to me, “Zoya will top the class exam this year” (DIRECT) Aslam said to me that Zoys would top the class exam that year, (INDIRECT) M Hasean Sabir