Name of formula Formula Symbols

X =¿ MPV
Most Probable Value (MPV) X=
∑x ∑ summation of x
x =
n n=¿ no. of observations
Discrepancy (Disc) Disc=± ¿
Corr=¿ Correction
Disc
Correction (Corr) Corr= Disc=¿ Discrepancy
n n = no. of observations
v=¿ Residual
Residual (v) v=x−X x = measurement
X = MPV
PEs =¿ Probable Error (single
measurement)

√ ∑v
2
± 0.6745=¿ constant (?)
PE s =±0.6745
∑
2
n−1 v = summation of the squares of
residual
Probable Error (PE)
n = no. of observations
(make a table)
PE m=¿ Probable Error (mean)

√
2 ± 0.6745=¿ constant (?)
PE m=± 0.6745
∑v ∑ v = summation of the squares of
2

n (n−1) residual
n = no. of observations
RP m=¿ Relative Precision (mean)
PE m
Relative Precision (RP) RP m= PE m = Probable Error (mean)
X
X = MPV
Weighted Observations
PE s = Probable Error (sum)
Summation of Errors ( PE s ¿ PE s =± √ PE 1 + PE +… PE n
2
2
2 2 2
PE n = Probable Error of each
measurement
PE P = Probable Error (product)
Product of Errors ( PE P ¿ PE P =± √ ¿ ¿ Q1∧Q2= measurements
PE 1∧PE2= PE of measurements
SD = Standard Deviation

√ ∑ v2 ∑ v = summation of the squares of

2
Standard Deviation (SD) SD=
n−1 residual
n = no. of observations
SD SE = Standard Error
Standard Error (SE) SE= SD = Standard Deviation
√n n = no. of observations

Name of formula Formula Symbols

Pace Factor (PF)
Distance by Pacing
Distance by Tachymetry
Stadia Method
Distance by Tachymetry
Subtense Bar Method
KD PF = Pace Factor
PF= KD = Known Distance
no . of paces
HD=¿ Horizontal Distance
HD=PF x no .of paces
PF = Pace factor
HD=¿ Horizontal Distance
k = Stadia interval factor
HD=ks +c s = difference of the upper
and lower stadia
c = stadia constant
a D=¿ Horizontal Distance
D=cot
2 a = angle