Neeraj Verma et al.

/ Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(3),690-694

Review Article
ISSN: 0974-6943 Available online through
www.jpronline.info
Review on wonderful and miraculous Triphala
Neeraj Verma a*, Anil Pratap Singh c, G. Amresh a, P. K. Sahub, Arpita Singha , Neelam Mishrab
a
Goel Institute of Pharmacy & Sciences, Faizabad Road [Near Indira Canal] Lucknow 227105, Uttar Pradesh, India
b
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar 751003, Orissa, India
c
Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical Research Institute [Council of Scientific and Industrial Research], Rana Pratap Marg,
P.O. Box No. 436, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
Received on: 05-10-2010; Revised on: 14-12-2010; Accepted on:09-02-2011

ABSTRACT
Triphala is regarded as an important rasayana in Ayurvedic medicine. Medicines of the rasayana group are believed to promote health, immunity, and longevity. According to Ayurveda, they
strengthen all tissues of the body, prevent aging, promote intellect, and prevent disease. It consists of the dried fruits of three medicinal plants, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica and
Emblica officinalis, also known as the three myrobalans. Triphala means three (tri) fruits (phala). Triphala is used in Ayurvedic medicine in the treatment of a variety of conditions and also
forms part of many other Ayurvedic formulations. The combined effect of three plants in triphala claimed to possess many pharmacological properties. This review mainly focuses on
pharmacological and therapeutic uses of triphala and of its constituents.

Key words:Triphala,Terminalia chebula,Terminalia belerica,Emblica officinalis

INTRODUCTION
Triphala is a tridoshic formula of fruits of Terminalia belerica (Family: Combretaceae),
Terminalia chebula (Family: Combretaceae) and Emblica officinalis (Family: Euphorbiaceae)
[1]
. According to Bhavaprakasha-Nighantu, triphala consists of equal parts of Haritaki, bibhitaka
and amalaki. Sanskrit names for triphala are Phaltrika and vara. It pacifies cough, pitta,
removes anomalies of urinary secretions, leprosy and eye complaints. It is pleasant, appetizer
and nullifies fever of malaria, typhoid and pneumonia. According to Kaiyadevn-Nighantu,
triphala consists of one haritaki, two bibhitaka and four fruits of amalaki [2]. According to
Charak-Samhita, “After having digested previously taken meals, one should take one fruit of
haritaki every morning, two fruits of bibhitaka before taking next meal and four fruits of amalaki
along with honey and ghee after having taken meals. All three fruits should be grinded, mixed
and taken along with honey and ghee. Daily consumption of this triphala Rasayana for one
year makes a person to live for hundred years without any illness and aging”[3]. According to
Sushrut-Samhita, “Triphala is useful in the treatment of cough, pitta, diabetes, ailments of
eyes, skin diseases, intermittent fevers and indigestion”[4].
Therapeutic Uses of Triphala
Research work done on triphala has proved its efficacy as an anti-oxidant, immunomodulator,
rejuvenator, anti-aging, analgesic, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancerous, anti-microbial and blood
purifier. It is used in the treatment of cancer, constipation, indigestion, headache, inflamma-
tion, rheumatism, diabetes, leucorrhoea, ailments of eyes, skin diseases, dyspepsia, and liver
enlargement etc. It removes tridosha and also flushes out harmful toxins from our body. It also
balances cholesterol and removes excess fat from our body [5-13]. Triphala removes all types of
diseases, enhances intelligence, and promotes longevity and memory [14]. In India, it is a
highly esteemed drug which is being consumed from centuries in the treatment of a wide range
of ailments [15].
Description of Individual Ingredients of Triphala
Terminalia chebula (Fam. Combretaceae)
Sanskrit names for Terminalia chebula are abhaya, pathya, kayastha, putna, amrita, haimvati,
avyatha, chetaki, shreyasi, shiva, vyaytha, vijaya, jeevanti and rohini [16].It is known as
Chebulic myrobalan in English; harad and harra in Hindi; haritaki in Bengali; kadukkai and
harakkaj in Tamil; karitaki in Telugu; katukka in Malayalam; hilikha in Assamese; alaklekayi
in Kannada; harida in Oriya and halela in Kashmiri and Urdu [17-19].
Occurrence & Distribution
It belongs to family Combretaceae and is abundant in North India from Kangra and Kumaon
to Bengal and Southwards to the Deccan upto an altitude of 6000 ft. in Travancore, higher
forests of Bombay ghats, Satpuras, Belgaun and Kanara. It is also found in Madya Pradesh,
North India, Gujarat and Maharashtra [20-23].
Botanical Description
It is a middle-sized deciduous tree with dark-brown bark. Leaves are 10-20 cm long, ovate,
*Corresponding author.
Neeraj Verma
Goel Institute of Pharmacy & Sciences,
Faizabad Road (Near Indira Canal)
Lucknow 227105, Uttar Pradesh, India
Tel.: + 91- 522 6568698
Telefax: +91-522 4077041
E-mail:neerajcology@gmail.com
Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 3. March 2011
ovoid, acute, opposite with two small glands near leaf-base. Flowers are dull white in spikes
at the ends of branches. Fruits are intact, yellowish-brown, ovate, 2-4 cm long and 1.5-2.5 cm
broad, drupe having longitudinal wrinkles whereas pericarp is fibrous 3-4 mm thick, non-
adherant to the seed. Flowering takes place between April to August and fruit ripens form
October-January[24-25].
Ethnobotanical Studies
In Gangtok, fruits are consumed as a natural remedy for cold and cough [26]. It is used as an
antidiabetic drug in folklore medicine of Assam and Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh [27]. In
Terai region of Gorakhpur district (U.P.), it is used in the treatment of eye disorders [28]. In
Purulia district of West Bengal, it is used as a traditional medicine for treatment of dysentery
while Irulars of Tamil Nadu (India) use its fruits for treating indigestion [29]. Tribals of Mirzapur
district (U.P.), use its fruit in colic and menstrual complaints [30]. It is used as a purgative in
Chandrapur district of Khed Taluka (Maharashtra), and Dehradun and Siwalik [31-32]. It is used
in the treatment of pneumonia in Abujh-Marh area of Madhya Pradesh [33]. In Upper East
Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, it is used to get relief from sore throat [34]. In Khandala
(Maharashtra), it is used in stomach complaints [35].
Chemical Constituents
Fruits of Terminalia chebula are reported to contain tannins (30-40%), chebulinic acid, gallic
acid, resin, anthraquinones, carbohydrates, glucose, sorbitol, saponins, anthrones, anthranols,
ellagic acid, chebulic acid, beta-D-glucogallin, terchebin, 1,3,6-trigalloylglucose,
pentagalloylglucose, fructose, sucrose, gentiobiose, traces of arabinose, maltose, rhamnose and
xylose, amino acids, phosphoric, succinic, quinic, shikimic, dihydro and dehydroshikimic
acids, esters of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, punicalagin, chebulanin, corilagin, neochebulinic
acid, chebulagic acid and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose [36-42].
Ayurvedic Uses of Haritaki
Haritaki is acidic in nature and pacifies vata, being madhura and tikta, it pacifies pitta and as it
is kasaya and ruchna, it pacifies cough [43].
Therapeutic Uses
It is stomachic, digestive, diuretic, carminative, astringent, laxative, alterative, antioxidant,
photoprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-septic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti-anaphylac-
tic, anti-microbial, anti-cancerous, homeostatic, antitussive, rejuvenator, anthelmintic, ano-
dyne and purgative. It is also useful as blood purifier and is used in the treatment of chronic
ulcers, wounds, stomatitis, bleeding and ulceration of gums, healing of wounds, peptic ulcers,
fever, skin and eye diseases, anaemia, hypertension, heart-diseases, ascites, diarrhea, nausea,
bowel complaints, cough, diarrhea and dysentery, haemorrhoides, hoarseness, asthma, consti-
pation, headache, diabetes, leucoderma, enlarged liver, AIDS, acidity, piles, mumps, vaginal
irritation and inflammations [44-53].
Terminalia belerica (Fam. Combretaceae)
Hindi name of Terminalia belerica is bibhitaka. Kalidrum, kapavriks, samvarta and aksha are
the different other Sanskrit names of bibhitaki [54]. Other Sanskrit names for bibhitaki are
bibhitaka,karshaphal,kalidrum,bhutvasandkaliyugalaya[55]. Beleric myrobalan in English;
bahera in Bengali; akkam and thani in Tamil; tandra and tadi in Telugu; tushan in Malayalam;
hulluch or bhovian in Assamese; taremara in Kannada; bahedan in Gujarati and bahera in
Punjabi [56].
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Occurrence & Distribution
It is found throughout the forests of India, upto and elevation of about 1000 m, except dry and
arid regions of Western India. It is more common in mixed deciduous forests of Punjab,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra [57-61].
Botanical Description
It is large deciduous tree with buttress and bluishor ashy-grey bark. Leaves are large, 10-25 cm
long, broadly elliptic, clustered near ends of branches. Flowers are small, simple, solitary and
pale-green with a bad smell, arranged in simple spikes. Fruits are hard, 2-3 cm long, ovoid,
brownish and densely covered with hairs. Surface of fruit is velvet, irregularly wrinkled
exhibiting five district longitudinal ridges. There is a prominent round scar of pedicel at one
end of the fruit. Stem is straight [62-63].
Ethnobotanical Studies
In Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh, it is traditionally used as laxative and purgative in the
treatment of fever, diarrhea, piles and dropsy [64]. In Dahanu forest division of Maharashtra and
Saurashtra in Gujarat, it is use in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis [65]. It is used as a
coolant and anti-leprotic drug in Lodha medicine in Mindnapur district in West Bengal [66]. In
Abujh-Morh area of Madhya Pradesh, it is used to get relief from constipation [67]. Tribals of
Maharashtra use it to get relief from cough [68]. It is consumed as an anti-diabetic drug in Assam
and Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh [69]. It is considered laxative and purgative in Chandrapur
district of Maharashtra, Saurashtra in Gujarat, Dehradun and Siwalik [70-72]. In Garhwal
Himalayas, it is used in liver complaints, [73] whereas in Khed Taluka (Maharashtra), it is used
in the treatment of intestinal and liver complaints [74]. In Mayurbhanj (Orissa), it is used in
stomachache [75].
Chemical Constituents
Fruits of Terminalia belerica are reported to contain tannins (20-25%), beta-sitosterol, gallic
acid, mannitol, glucose, galactose, fructose, rhamnose and bellericanin. Chebulaginic acid and
saponins are also present. Fixed oil (30-40%) consists of esters of palmitic, stearic, oleic and
linoleic acids [76-77].
Ayurvedic Uses of Bibhitaka
Bibhitaka is pungent, bitter and beneficial in cough, ailments of eyes, jaundice and is sweet and
light in vipaaka. It is purgative, bitter, astringent, light, sweet, dry, cooling, hair nourisher and
is useful in cold and cough, eye diseases, blood related disorders, leprosy, heart diseases and
infestation of worms [78].
Therapeutic Uses
Fruits of bibhitaka are acrid, bitter, astringent, tonic analgesic, laxative, expectorant, anti-
pyretic, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, hepatoprotective, cardiac stimulant,
eye and brain tonic. It is useful in the treatment of cough and cold, piles, dropsy, diarrhea,
leprosy, biliouness, headache, dyspepsia, indigestion, fever, asthma, anorexia, arthritis, consti-
pation, general debility, insomnia, tuberculosis, sore throat. It is also used as a blood purifier
and to spell intestinal worms [79-87].
Emblica officinalis (Fam. Euphorblica Linn)
Sanskrit names of Emblica officinalis are pancharasa, shriphali, dhatrika, shiva, akra,
amritavayatha, vrishya and tishyaphala [88]. According to Bhavaprakasha-Nighantu, other
Sanskrit names for amalaki are vayasya, vrishya, jatiphalrasa, shiva, dhatriphala, sriphala,
amritphal, tishyaphal and amrita. It is known as Embelic myrobaian or Indian Gooseberry in
English; amla in Hindi; amla and amloki in Bengali; nelli and nellikai in Tamil; amalakamu
in Telugu; nelli and amlakam in Malayalam; amlaki and chukna in Assamese; amalaka and
nellikayi in Kannada; aora in Oriya; amla and anvala in Marathi and aamlan in Gujarati [89].
Occurrence & Distribution
It is common in the mixed deciduous forests of India ascending upto 1500 m on the hills, often
cultivated in gardens and homeyards [90].
Botanical Description
It is a medium-sized tree with greenish-grey and smooth bark. Leaves are small, alternate,
simple, entire, 10-13 mm long and 2-3 mm broad, feathery with small oblong pinnately
arranged leaflets. Flowers are pale-green in colour, unisexual, actinomorphic and hypogynous.
Stamens are 3 to 5 in number. Anthers are monothecous, gynoecium is tricarpellary and
syncarpous with a superior and trilocular ovary. One or two collateral, pendulous, anatropous
ovules in each locule with axile placentation. Styles are three, bipartite and free. Fruit is three
chambered, pale-green, 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter, globose, fleshy, 5-6 lobed with fleshy edible
mesocarp and stony endocarp. Seeds are with fleshy endosperm and straight embryo. They are
often with a conspicuous caruncle [91-93].
Ethnobotanical Studies
In Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh, it is used as a remedy for fever, indigestion and nausea [94].
It is used in the treatment of headache, liver complaints and constipation in Purulia district of
West Bengal [95]. Tharus of Kheri district (Uttar Pradesh) use it in constipation [96]. In South
Garhwal, it is considered diuretic, laxative and coolant [97]. In Assam and Arunachal Pradesh
(Tirap district), it is used in the treatment of diabetes [98]. Angami Nagas of Nagaland, tribals
of rural Khasi and Jaintia tribes of Meghalaya and tribals of Mirzapur district (Uttar Pradesh)
Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 3. March 2011
employ it in eye complaints [99-101]. In Dehradun, Siwalik and Chandrapur district of Maharashtra,
it is used in indigestion [102]. In Ktimaon region of Uttaranchal, it is used as a purgative and a
thirst quenching agent [103]. In Hazaribagh district of Bihar, it is used to bring taste to a sick
person [104]. In rural areas in district Rajouri (Jammu), it is used in stomach complaints [105]. It
is used as a tonic by tribals of Madhya Pradesh and South Garhwal [106-107]. It is also used to treat
vaginal complaints in various tribal areas offodia [108].
Chemical Constituents
Fruits of Emblica officinalis are reported to contain vitamin C, tannins, gallic acid, ellagic
acid, phyllembelin, protein, fats, carbohydrates, glucose, fibres, phosphorus, iron and calcium.
Indole acetic acid and auxins al, a3, a4 and a5 were detected in immature fruits [109-110]. Six new
ellagitannins, phyllanemblinins A-F (1-6), were isolated from Phyllanthus emblica, along
with 30 known tannins and related compounds. Their structures were determined by spectral
and chemical methods. Phyllanemblinins A and B were confirmed to be ellagitannins having
a tetrahydroxybenzofuran dicarboxyl group and a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group, respectively,
by chemical synthesis from furosin. Phyllanemblinin C has a new acyl group at the glucose
2,4-positions and is structurally related to chebulagic acid. Phyllanemblinins D, E, and F were
found to be positional isomers of neochebuloyl l (beta)-O-galloylglucose [111].
Ayurvedic uses of Amalaki
Amla is astringent, sour, sweet, cool, light, rejuvenator and removes pitta, daha-vata, anoma-
lies of urinary secretions andshosh. “Amlaki is pungent, bitter, astringent, hair-nourisher,
anti-dysenteric, appetizer and treats dyspepsia, rakta-pitta, urinary disorders, fevers, constipa-
tion, flatulence, inflammations, shosh, and blood-disorders. It flushes out harmful toxins from
our body [112].
Therapeutic Uses
It is astringent, acrid, cooling, refrigerant, diuretic, laxative, anodyne, carminative, laxative,
cyto-protective, immunomodulator, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, anti-tussive, anti-
clastogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-hepatitis, antipyretic and analgesic activities, anti-cancer, anti-
tumor and stomachic and is useful in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, haemorrhages,,
anaemia, jaundice, dyspepsia, liver disorders, diabetes, scurvey, headache, hysteria, eczema,
tuberculosis, asthma, bronchitis, piles, menorrhagia, rheumatism, polyuria, dysuria, heart
diseases (atherosclerosis). It is anti-bacterial, antifungal and antiviral and is a potent hair
nourisher [113-126].The plant extract possesses potent snake venom neutralizing capacity [127].
Pharmacological Studies Done On triphala
As an antidiabetic agent
Methanolic extract (75%) of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica, Emblica officinalis and
their combination (equal proportion of above three plant extracts), were found to inhibit lipid
peroxide formation and to scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in-vitro. Oral adminis-
tration of the extracts reduced the blood sugar level in normal and alloxan diabetic rats
significantly within 4 hours. Continued daily administration of the drug produced a sustained
effect [128].
As radioprotective agent
The effect of aqueous extract of triphala administrered intraperitoneally was studied on the
radiation-induced mortality in mice exposed to 10 Gray of gamma-radiation. Treatment of
mice with different doses of triphala consecutively for five days before irradiation delayed the
onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the
non-drug treated irradiated controls. Toxicity study showed that triphala was non-toxic up to
a dose of 240 mg/kg, where no drug-induced mortality was observed. The LD50 dose i.p. of
triphala was found to be 280 mg/kg b.w. The study demonstrated the ability of triphala as a
good radioprotective agent and the optimum protective dose of triphala was 1/28 of its LD50
dose [129].
As an anti-mutagenic agent
A study to evaluate an antimutagenic potential of water, chloroform and acetone extracts of
triphala was made in an Ames histidine reversion assay using TA 98 and TA 100 tester strains
of Salmonella typhimurium against the direct-acting mutagens, 4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine
(NPD) and sodium azide, and the indirect-acting promutagen, 2-aminofluorene (2AF), in the
presence of phenobarbitone-induced rat hepatic S9. The drug was sequentially extracted with
water, acetone and chloroform at room temperature. The study revealed that water extract was
ineffective in reducing the revertants induced by the mutagens. The results with chloroform and
acetone extracts showed inhibition of mutagenicity induced by both direct and S9-dependent
mutagens. A significant inhibition was observed with acetone extract against the revertants
induced by S9-dependent mutagen, 2AF, in co-incubation mode of treatment. Various spectro-
scopic techniques, namely 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, distortionless enhancement by polariza-
tion transfer (DEPT-90 and DEPT -135), UV and IR are under way to identify the polyphenolic
compounds from an acetone extract [130].
Gentoxic evaluation of extracts from triphala along with three other plants was done employing
the VITOTOX and comet tests which detects DNA damage in prokaryotic and eukaryotic test
systems, respectively. In the VITOTOX test, none of the extracts were identified as genotoxic.
Extract from tripahala significantly increased DNA damage in a concentration above 500 ppm
[131]
.
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Antioxidant activity and Free radical scavenging activity protective effect of Triphala (an Ayurvedic rejuvenating drug) in the mice exposed to gamma-
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one levels were carried out in eight different groups of animals, namely control, triphala, noise- 38. Rastogi RP and Mehrotra BN (1993) Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, vol III, 1985-89,
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cells (SRBC 5 × 10(9) cells/ ml) were used for immunising the animals that belong to ate, CSIR, New Delhi.
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