ACTIVITY 1: VOCABULARY IMPROVEMENT

Directions: Put a plus sign (+) under the feature related to the word on the left side, put a minus sign (-)
under the feature not related to the word. Be guided by the way such word was used in the main reading
material of this lesson. Scan the text to see these underlined words.

Vocabulary Concrete Trait Abstract Direction Action

Calculate + - - + +

Soothsayer + + - - +

Variance - + + - -

Prowess - + + - -

Fork + - - + +

ACTIVITY 1

Directions: INDIVIDUAL WORK. Answer the following questions intelligently and concisely.

1. Describe a research study that uses statistics.

Answer: Statistical methods and analyses are often used to communicate research findings
and to support hypotheses and give credibility to research methodology and conclusions. For
example, statistics can be used in data collection, analysis, interpretation, explanation, and
presentation.

2. Do non-experimental research methods are statistics, too? Why? Why not?

Answer: Non-experimental research is research that lacks the manipulation of an independent

variable. There are two broad types of non-experimental research. Correlational research
focuses on statistical relationships between variables that are measured but not manipulated,
and observational research in which participants are observed and their behavior is recorded
without the researcher interfering or manipulating any variables.
In general, experimental research is high in internal validity, correlational research is low in
internal validity, and quasi-experimental research is in between.

3. Differentiate the two kinds of statistical methods.

Answer: Two types of statistical methods are used in analyzing data: descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics are used to synopsize data from a sample exercising
the mean or standard deviation. Inferential statistics are used when data is viewed as a
subclass of a specific population.

4. What is the role of hypotheses in inferential statistics?

Answer: Use a hypothesis test to help determine whether the differences between these means
are random error or a real effect.

5. How does bivariate analysis take place?

Answer: Bivariate analysis is one of the simplest forms of quantitative (statistical) analysis. It
involves the analysis of two variables (often denoted as X, Y), for the purpose of determining the
empirical relationship between them. It is the analysis of the relationship between the two
variables.

6. Which research methods fits inferential statistics? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer: Two general categories of statistics are used in inferential studies: parametric and
nonparametric tests. Both of these types of analyses are used to determine whether the results
are likely to be due to chance or to the variables under study.

7. Do you agree that standard deviation can measure variable relationships? Why? Why
not?

Answer: The standard deviation is expressed in the same unit of measurement as the data,
which isn't necessarily the case with the variance. Using the standard deviation, statisticians
may determine if the data has a normal curve or other mathematical relation.

8. Could you possibly do any of the statistical methods you have learned? Explain your
point.

Answer: I have learned that statistics is important because it shows information about how
often or common something is done.

9. Is it correct to say, “To be a quantitative researcher is to know much about statistics”?

Justify your point.

Answer: Quantitative research is a research strategy that focuses on quantifying the collection
and analysis of data. It is formed from a deductive approach where the emphasis is placed on
the testing of theory, shaped by empiricist and positivist philosophies.
 10. Whom could you approach for help with regard to the true experimental research study
you intend to conduct, soon? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer: Experimental research is research conducted with a scientific approach using two sets
of variables.

ACTIVITY 2

Directions: Compare and contrast the following expressions.

1. Univariate, bivariate, multivariate

Answer: Univariate and multivariate represent two approaches to statistical analysis. Univariate
involves the analysis of a single variable while multivariate analysis examines two or more
variables while bivariate compares two variables.

2. Correlation, covariation, variance

Answer: Covariance and Correlation are two mathematical concepts that are quite commonly
used in business statistics. Both of these two determine the relationship and measures the
dependency between two random variables. While the variance is the expectation of the
squared deviation of a random variable from its mean.

3. ANOVA vs. MANCOVA

Answer: ANOVA checks the differences between the means of two sample populations while
MANOVA checks for the differences between multiple sample populations. ANOVA concerns
about two variables, while MANOVA concerns the differences in multiple variables
simultaneously. MANOVA uses a covariance-variance relationship.

4. Spearman’s r vs. Pearson’s r

Answer: The Pearson correlation evaluates the linear relationship between two continuous
variables. The Spearman correlation coefficient is based on the ranked values for each variable
rather than the raw data. Spearman correlation is often used to evaluate relationships involving
ordinal variables.

5. T-test vs. Chi-Square

Answer: T-test allows you to answer the question, are these two groups statistically
different from each other. Chi-Square allows you to test whether there is a relationship
between two variables. But, it does not tell you the direction or the size of the
relationship.

CONCEPT- LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Rate yourself from 50% to 100% based on the extent of your understanding of the concepts
behind each given topic.

1. Meaning of Statistic - 70%

2. Methods of Statistics - 70%
3. Types of Variable Analysis - 60%
4. Methods of Bivariate Analysis - 60%
5. Measurement of Bivariate Analysis - 60%
6. Correlation Coefficient - 60%

CONCEPT ELABORATION

ACTIVITY 1

TOPIC OUTLINE
 In a Topic Outline you list the main ideas to be covered in your writing. These
ideas are stated in words and phrases rather than in sentences. The topic
outline is useful for short essays.

Example:
Subject: The automobile has become the American Nightmare
Main means of transportation
A. Creates dependency
B. Causes congestion and too many roads
Leading source of air pollution
A. Gives huge amount of carbon dioxide
B. Contributes to acid rain and smog problems
Leading cause of death and injury
A. Kills 265,000 and injuries millions annually
B. Adds danger with two developments
1. Large sport utility vehicles
2. Road Rage

ACTIVITY 2

STATISTICAL METHODS
 20% 30% 50%

Main means of transportation Leading source of air pollution Leading cause of death and
injury