Module 2: Text, Context, and Subtext

Lesson 1: Content/ Textual Analysis

Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, students must be able to:
 Identify the goals of Content Analysis
 Understand the kinds of Text
 Enumerate the types of Content Analysis

Methods of Data Analysis in Historical Research

1. Content / Textual Analysis. A research method for studying documents and communication artifacts, which can
be texts of various formats, pictures, audio or video.
This is used to quantify patterns in communication, in a replicable and systematic manner. Its key advantage
is to analyze social phenomena in a non-invasive way.

1.1. Goals
According to Klaus Krippendorff, the following questions must be addressed in every content analysis:
a. Which data are analyzed?
b. How are data defined?
c. From what population are data drawn?
d. What is the relevant context?
e. What are the boundaries of the analysis?
f. Which is to be measured?

1.2. Kinds of Texts

a. written text (books, and papers)
b. oral text (speech, and theatrical performance)
c. iconic text (drawings, painting, and icons
d. audio-visual text (TV programs, movies, and videos)
e. hypertexts (texts found in the Internet)

1.3. Types
a. Conceptual Analysis. This pertains to the establishing the existence and frequency of concepts in a
text.
In conceptual analysis, a concept is chosen for examination and the number of its occurrences within
the recorded text. This begins with identifying research questions and choosing a sample/s.
b. Relational Analysis. It builds on conceptual analysis by examining the relationships among concepts in
a text.
Initial choices with regards to what is being studied and/or coded for often determine the possibilities
of that particular study.
It is also important to decide first which concept type/s will be explored in the analysis.

1.4. How to Use Content Analysis?

a. Preparation of a coding schedule. This consists of a table where each row is a unit for which data is
being collected.
b. Production of a coding manual. It is produced to accompany the coding schedule, listing the codes for
each category that are valid for each dimension to ensure reliability and consistency in the coding.

c. Description and organization of elements of the contents. This process is called coding and
particularly if appropriate software is used to aid the process, enables more efficient sorting and
retrieval of data by each category.
 d. Description of the categories that is emerging from the data. The level at which data is analyzed and
findings are reported.

e. Quantitative analysis of the coded content. This is used for the trends, patterns, relationships,
similarities, differences, etc. This may suggest further avenues of inquiry with the use of qualitative
approaches. (University of Sheffield, 2004)

1.5. Advantages of Content Analysis

a. looks directly at communication via texts or transcripts, and hence, gets at the central aspect of social
interaction;
b. can allow for both quantitative (quantity or amount) and qualitative (quality) operations;
c. can provides valuable historical/cultural insights over time through analysis of texts;
d. allows a closeness to text which can alternate between specific categories and relationships and also
statistically analyzes the coded form of the text;
e. can be used to interpret texts for purposes (development of expert systems);
f. is an unobtrusive means of analyzing interactions;
g. provides insight into complex models of human thought and language use; and
h. is considered as a relatively “exact” research method.

1.6. Disadvantages of Contextual Analysis

a. can extremely time consuming;
b. is subject to increased error (when relational analysis is used to attain higher level of interpretation);
c. is often devoid of theoretical base, or attempts too liberally to draw meaningful inferences about the
relationships and impacts implied in a study;
d. is inherently reductive (when dealing with complex texts);
e. tends too often to simply consists of word counts;
f. often disregards the context that produced the text; and
g. can be difficult to automate or computerize.

2. Contextual Analysis. It refers to the analysis of a text in whatever medium that helps us assess that text within the
context of its historical and cultural setting, and also in terms of its textuality.
This combines formal analysis with features of “cultural archeology” (systematic study of social, political,
economic, philosophical, religious, and aesthetic conditions that were assumed in place at the time and place when
the text was created).
It means “situating” the text within the milieu of its times and assessing the roles of the author, readers (both
intended and actual), and “commentators” (critics, both professional and otherwise) in the reception of the text.
(Behrendt, 2008)

2.1. How to Use Contextual Analysis?

a. What does the text reveal about itself as a text?
 Describe the language (words or vocabulary) and the rhetoric (how the words are arranged in order
to achieve some purpose)
b. What does the text tell us about its apparent intended audience/s?
 What sort of reader does the author seem to have envisioned?
 What sort of qualifications does the text appear to require of its intended reader/s? How can we tell?
 What sort of readers appear to be excluded from the text’s intended audiences? How can we tell?
 Is there more than one audience?
c. What seems to have been the author’s intention?
 Why did the author write this text? Why did the author write this text in this particular way, as
opposed to other ways in which the text might have been written?
 The text is the deliberate decisions by the author. So, we need to consider:
a. what the author said (the words that have been selected);
b. what the author did not say (the words that were not selected); and
 c. how the author said it (as opposed to other ways it might or could have been said).
d. What is the occasion for this text? That is, is it written in response to:
 some particular, specific contemporary incident or event?
 some more “general” observation by the author about human affairs and/or experiences?
 some definable set of cultural circumstances?

e. Is the text intended as some sort of call to – or for – action?

 If so, by whom? And why?
 And also, if so, what action/s does the author want the reader/s to take?
f. Is the text intended rather as some sort of call to – or for – reflection or consideration rather than
direct action?
 If so, what does the author seem to wish the reader to think about and to conclude or decide?
 Why does the author wish the readers to do this?
 What is to be gained, and by whom?

g. Can we identify any non-textual circumstances that affected the creation and reception of the
text?
 Such circumstances include historical or political events, economic factors, cultural practices, and
intellectual or aesthetic issues, as well as the particular circumstances of the author’s own life.
(Behrendt, 2008)

Importance of Context in Analysis and Interpretation

Historical context is an important part of life and literature and without it, memories, stories and characters have less
meaning.
But what exactly is the historical context? It’s essentially the details that surround an occurrence. Historical Context
refers to the social, religious, economic, and political conditions that existed during a certain time and place.
A strong understanding of the historical context behind a work’s creation can give us a better understanding of and
appreciation for the narrative. In analyzing historical events, context can help us understand what motives people to
behave as they did.

No work of literature can be fully appreciated or understood without historical context. What may seem nonsensical or
even offensive to contemporary sensibilities, might actually be interpreted in a completely different manner by
considering the era it is form. (Fleming,2010)

Scholars and educators rely on historical context to analyze and interpret works of art, literature, music, dance and
poetry. Architect and builders rely on it when designing new structures and restoring existing buildings. Judges may
use it to interpret need to consider historical context as well.

3. Subtext
The subtext of a document or object refers to its secondary and implied meanings. The subtext embrace the
emotional or intellectual messages embedded in or implied by the document or object.

The epic poem of the ancient Greeks, for instance, which glorify prowess and physical courage in battle,
suggest that such virtues are exclusively male. The state portraits of Napoleon Bonaparte carry the subtext and
unassailable and absolute power.
Module 2: Text, Context, and Subtext
Lesson 2: Identification of the Historical Importance of the Text

Learning Outcomes :
At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:
 Explain the different objectives and functions of these colonial institution and their significance
 Discuss the changes that were brought about by these new colonial institutions

Historical Significance – is the process used to evaluate what was significant about
selected events, people and developments in the past.
Teachers often tell students what is important instead of asking them to consider
what is significant. The key to understand significance is to understand the
distinction between teaching significant history and asking students to make
judgments about significance.

The past consist of everything that ever happened to everyone everywhere, but there
is too much history to remember or to learn. Consequently, at the core of the study
of history are questions about what events and people from the past are important
and why they are important. In other words, when considering historical
significance we and educators must select what and whom to study, decide what
details to include in their descriptions and determine how important these events
and people are in relation to other aspects of the past.

a. Criteria on Assessing the Historical Significance of Sources historians use

that can be applied to establish the significance of events. These criteria are
interrelated with each other.
Relevance Is it important /relevant to people
living at the time?
Is something still relevant to our
president lives even if it had only a
passing importance?
Resonance Who were/have been affected by
the event? Why was it important to
them?
How were people’s lives affected?
Do people like to make analogies
with it?
It is possible to connect with
experiences, beliefs or attitudes
across time and place?
Remarkable Was the event remarked on by
people at the time or since?
Remembered Was the event
Revealing Does it reveal some other aspect of
the past?
Resulting in Change Does it have consequences for the
future?
Durability For how long have people’s lives
been affected? A day, a week a
year, or all their lives?
Quantity How many people were affected?
Did the event affect many,
everyone, or just a few? A whole
barrio, a town, a province, a
country, or the entire race?
Profundity Was the event superficial or deeply
affecting? How deeply people’s
lives were affected? How were
people’s lives affected?

B. Issues on assessing the historical Significance

1. Our views about historical significance are often shaped by contemporary
contexts and can be dependent upon own values, interests and knowledge.
2. History is written by the victor. Historical significance is how we define past
events that the current writer of history deems important/ relevant.
3. Historical significance is relative and varies from location to location, generation
to generation or sometimes to ideological orientation or political affiliation of the
 one doing the evaluation or assessment.

Module 2: Text, Context, and Subtext

Lesson 3: Examination of the Author’s Main Argument and Point of View

The imposition of the Spanish colonial policies in the Philippines met varying reaction from the
Filipinos. Although the natives accepted the foreigners with open arms, we cannot deny the fact that
there is a limitation of Filipinos’ friendly nature and hospitality. One good example was Rajah
Lapu-lapu of Mactan who first rejected the imposition of Spanish rule in 1521.
The alienation felt by the natives became the motivating factor on the existence of sporadic
resistance against Spanish rules. From the time of Lapu-lapu in 1521 down to the early period of
19th century, different resistance movements against the Spaniards emerge due to the changes
imposed not only in politics but also in the cultural orientation.
The resistance range from personal to political reasons. The natives cannot endure the abuses
committed by government officials. The suffering seemed to be common to all that it resulted to the
feeling of disgust against the colonizers. Their glamor against religion, taxation, forced labor and
galleon trade all resulted to violence. These revolts only proved one thing- Filipino were unhappy
about the changes and they wanted the foreigners out of the Philippine soil.

Early Revolts in Luzon

 The revolts in Luzon started as the process of Legazpi’s expansionism in Manila. The
rejection of Raja Sulayman against the imposition of Spanish rule proved that Filipinos
never wanted any foreigner in the Philippines. However, due to the invincibility of Spanish
defense, the force of Sulayman were defeated.
 Sulayman’s descendant Lakandula later on received special privilege of not paying the
tribute and exemption from polo when Lakandula accepted the Spanish rule and cooperated
with them. However, the change in governorship after the death of Legazpi proved to be
impetus to change the administration as well. Gov Lavesarez refused to give the exemption
to Lakandula took arms against the government. The revolt was suppressed after the
intervention of Salcedo and a promise of exemption to Lakandula.
 From 1587 to 1588, Agustin de Legazpi (son of Lakandula) and his first cousi, Martin
pangan together with datus from Bulacan and Pampanga led the well known Conspiracy of
the Maharlikas. He uprising failed because Antonio Susaban of Calamianes and Amarlahagi
 of laguna disclosed the plans of the maharlikas to the Spanish authorities which led to their
capture and death.
 Magalat, a native of Cagayan led a revolt in 1596 because they refused to pay the tributes
and to serve the polo. This revolt failed because its leader was assassinated. Magalat’s
assassination was first in the Philippine history. Another revolt happened in the province in
1625. Miguel Lanab and Alababan beheaded Fr. Alonzo Garcia and Brother Onofre Palao,
both were Dominicans. The uprising was religious in nature. The Isnegs fled to the
mountains but were forced to surrender to the authorities due to starvation in 1620 when the
Spaniards destroy their source of food.
 In Northern Isabela, The Irrays trevolted against abuses of the Spanish authorities. Led by
Dayag andCutabay, the natives killed the encomenderos and retreated to the hills. They were
convinced to surrender by Fr. Sto.Tomas
 People from Pangasinan and Pampangafelt the same needs to revolt and change the system.
Maniago of Pampanga and Malong of Pangasinan resisted the imposition of Spanish rule in
their respected provinces. These two revolts in he 1660 both ended in failure.
 In tuguegarao, another religious revolt occurred in 1718. It was led by Francisco Rivera, a
visionary and a rebel chief who gave himself a title of Papa Rey which means Pope and
King. He instructed his people to return the religious objects to the Dominicab missionaries
in their province. His believers later on decreased due to his irreligious and tyrannical rule.
The revolt was brought to an end by Juan Pablo Orduna.
 In 1762, a more organized and uprising in Ilocos was founded by Diego Silang. Silang was
against the payment of tribute, polo, and the abusive Spanish authorities. The growing
influence of Silang in Ilocos alarmed the Spanish officials and later on decided to assassinate
him. His wife, Gabriela Silang, continued his struggle. Her non- stereotyped behavior of
continuing the struggle of his husband gave her the title Joan of Arc of Ilocos. She was
executed in 1763.
 Racial discrimination became the primary reason for Hermano Pule to lead a revolt against
Spanish friars. Basically denied of priesthood, Apolinario de la Cruz founded Cofradia de
San Jose in 1840. This brotherhood ws declared heretical, thus the cause for such uprising.

Revolts in Visayas
 While the revolt in Hermando Pule can be perceived as religious, the people of Visayas
revolted for the same reason not because they were not allowed to embrace and practice
Christianity, but because they wanted to go back to their own old tradition(animism)
 In 1621, Tamblot, a chieftain of Bohol, used magic and religionto convince the Boholanos to
abandon Christianity and go back to their old religion. The story of uprising in Bohol spread
to the nearby province like Leyte. Inspired by Tamblot, Bankaw led an uprising in
Limasawa in spite of the fact that he was the first to patronize the Spaniards. In Iloilo, a
babaylan priest named Tapar founded a religious cult in 1663. All revolts ended in failure as
they were routed by the combined forces of Spanish soldiers and the Cebuanos.
 Francisco Sumoroy of Samar led a revolt in 1644 in refusal to send able-bodied men to cut
timbet and make galleon ships in Cavite. The order would mean separation of males from
their families and farms. Sumoroy won several battles and repulsed several expedition. His
capture led to the failure on the revolt.
 The most notable among the Visayan revolt took place in the 18th century. Francisco
Dagohoy, a native of Bohol took arms against the government in 1744 due to the refusal of
 Fr. Gaspar Morales of giving a Christian burial to his brother Sagarino who died in duel. The
revolt is considered to be the longest in the Philippine history for it lasted for 85 years

Revolts in Mindanao
 The process of Spanish subjugation of Mindanao Started as early as 1578, however, Spain
found it very difficult to convert the Muslims to Christianity. Muslim were fierce fighters as
proven by the century old conflict between Muslim and Christians
 In1578, The Spanish government sent an expedition to Jolo led by Capt. Esteban Rodriguez
de Figueroa. He captured Jolo after series of fighting. Their stay did not last long. They were
not able to establish a permanent settlement. After exacting tribute, they left Jolo.
 The military operations of Figueroa became the threshold for the Muslims to get even with
the colonizers. The Muslim of Mindanao conducted a series of raids to Visayas and Luzon.
The Muslim of Mindanao burned the churches, took the inhabitants treasure and even took
some captives to become slaves. The Muslim operation came to be known as the Moro Wars.

Failure of the Resistance Movements

The Filipino struggle against Spain was a prof that Filipinos loved their freedom and their
hospitality has its limitations, however love of freedom seemed not enough to win the battle against
the enemies.
1. The Geographical nature of the Philippines seemed to be the main source why most of the
resistance failed. Since the Philippines is an archipelago, therev existed a problem of
communication that hinder a more concrete and strong defense against Spain.
2. There was a problem of national leadership. The revolts were sporadic rather than compact.
They followed their respective leader from their province or region. They never knew that
what is happening in Bohol was also taking place in Leyte. Thus, Spain used the regionalistic
tendencies of Filipinos by employing the inhabitants of other provinces .
3. Spain employed some indios to become assassins to kill leaders of revolts to suppress the
uprising. In addition to this, Spanish technical know –how in warfare contributed to the
Spanish success in quelling the revolts.
4. The absence of national consciousness of the Filipinos hindered all resistance against Spanish
rule. Thus, Filipinos suffered from their own ignorance. The beginning f the 19th century
proved to be very significant in answering this problem.
Module 2: Spanish Colonization of the Philippines
Lesson 4: The Propaganda Movement
Learning Outcomes:
 Explain how the movement contributed to the development of nationalism.
Analyze the writing of Rizal, Pilar , and Jaena

 In order to understand and appreciate the Propaganda Movement, it is important to consider

the Philippine conditions in the 19th century. The opening of Philippine ports to world trade
during the first half of the century had set into motion significant political and socioeconomic
changes.
 The educational reform of 1863 opened institutions of higher-learning in the colony to all
who can afford it.
 Secularization Controversy – the move for secularization started with the efforts of Father
Pelaez against discrimination among the native clergy. The clamor was in line with the
orders given by the Council of Trent to transfer the administration of all parishes to the
secular priest. Using his position as ecclesiastical governor, he criticized the Spanish
authorities for depriving the Filipino clergy the opportunity of administering the parish. The
move was not only a clamor for religious rights but rather a clamor for equality between
Spanish priest and the Filipino secular priest.
  Cavity Mutiny and Execution of GomBurZa – The transition from De La Torre to Izquerdo’s
administration created confusion and conflict among Filipinos. When Izquerdo was
appointed as governor-heneral, he abolished the exemption of native soldiers from payment
of tribute and rendering of forced labor. The act drew resentment among native soldiers in
Cavite.
 On January 20, 1872, 200 soldiers took arms against the government. The mutiny was led by
Sgt. La Madrid. The mutineers were expecting that help will come from 7th infantry of Cavity
and Manila, but no help came in Cavite. Gov. Gen Izquierdo quelled the uprising. Totally
outnumbered, the Filipino soldiers were defeated and surrendered to the Spanish .
 On February 17, 1872, Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were escorted to meet their death. They
were executed publicly by one Fr. Mariano Gomez being the oldest was first, followed by Fr.
Jacinto Zamora and Fr. Jose Burgis. The people who witnessed the execution removed their
hats as a sign of respect. Many knelt down and prayed.

The Propaganda Movement

The limited educational provided by the colony and the abuses committed by the clergy among
the natives became an impetus for the illustrados to send their children to Europe to gain better
education. Since education in Europe was more scientific, nationalism and the passion for reforms
blossomed among the Filipino students. It was in this setting that the Propaganda Movement was
founded.

The members aimed for the following reforms

 The assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain
 The restoration of Filipino representation to Spanish Cortes
 Secularization of parishes
 Equality between Spanish and Filipinos
 Human rights- Freedom of speech and of the press
 Economic development
 Reforms in the government
 Reforms in education- clamor for public school systems
The most prominent among its members were Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Jose
Rizal. Jaena was the first to think of making their own revista – a newspaper that will expose the
real plight of the country, and to work peacefully for economic and social reforms. On December
13, 1888, Jaena established La Solidaridad.
La Solidaridad ( February 15, 1889)
Jaena was the first editor. The newspaper published not only articles and essays about economic,
cultural, political and social conditions of the country, but also current news, both local and foreign,
and speeches of prominent Spanish leaders about the Philippines.
In writing for the newspaper, Filipino propagandist used different used different pen names.
Antonio Luna- Taga-ilog
Jose Ma. Panganiban- Jomapa
Marcelo del Pilar- Plaridel
Mariano Ponce- Tikbalang/ Naning/kalipulako
Jose Rizal- Dimas Alang and Laong Laan.
Rizal was known for his Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Del Pilar wrote La Soberania
Monacal en Filipinas, Dasalan at Tocsohan and edited Diariong Tagalog.
Jaena wrote the Satirical play Fray Botod( Fat Friars). Ponciano on the otherhand contributed
treatise on economics and taxation entitled El Progreso de Filipinas. Pedro Paterno has Ninay ( first
Filipino Novel) and Sampaguita while Antonio Luna wrote Impressiones.

In December 1889, Lopez- Jaena passed the editorship to Marcelo del Pilar, who left his family in
the Philippines. A lawyer by Profession, del Pilar easily became the moving spirit of the reform
movement. He worked indefatigably to secure and greatest possible support for the newspaper.
The newspaper survived through the contributions of propagandista themselves and some foreigners
who sympathized with the Filipinos. No matter how pure the intentions were, funds ran out and
decided not to continue with the newspaper’s publication. La Solidaridad was last published on
November 15, 1895.

La Liga Filipina
When Rizal returned to the Philippines, he founded the La Liga Filipina on July 3, 1892. This was a
peaceful civic association which was composed of councils such as the Supreme Council ( which
represented the whole archipelago), The Spanish authorities were alarmed by this. They arrested
Rizal and dported him to Dapitan which made the association inactive.
Failure of the Reform Movement and the Rise of Radicalism
In general perspective, the Propaganda Movement did not achieve any of its defined objectives.
Worst, no changes were instituted in the system, abuse were still rampant among the clergy as well
as the military.
Filipinos were left with nothing but disillusionment. The advocacy for reforms stopped primarily
due to several factors.
First, the inadequate of funding meant for the publication of the novel. Some conservative members
withdraw their support for the newspaper leading to its demise.
Second, the conflict of opinions and views among the propagandist limited the effectiveness of the
reform movement on its campaign for reforms.
Third, the personal and health problems of Filipinos seemed to aggravate the homesick of the
Filipino in exile.

Although the Propaganda Movement was a failure, it became the avenue for the birth of national
consciousness among the natives as well as the radicalization of the masses. It was through
propaganda Movement that KKK was founded.
Module 2: Spanish Colonization of the Philippines
Lesson 5: The 1896 Philippine Revolution
Learning outcomes: At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
 Understand the complex narrative of the 1896 Philippine Revolution
 Identify the turning points that shaped the totality of the revolution
 Expound on the controversies and intrigues that surrounded the important events and people
of the Philippine Revolution
 Recognize the struggle of the revolutionaries in asserting Philippine independence and self-
government
 Explain how did the Filipinos respond to American intervention

July 7, 1892 Katipunan was established in Tondo, Manila.

Andress Bonifacio with Deodato Arellano, Valentin Diaz, Teodor Plata , Ladislao Diwa, Jose
Dizon, among others formed the Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan or the Katipunan.

The secret society aimed to separate from the Spain, defend the poor and oppressed, promote good
morality, and reject religious fanaticism and obscurantism.
The story of the 1896 Philippine Revolution is usually examined in two phases.
The first phase began with the discovery of the Katipunan on August 19,1896 after Teodoro Patino,
a katipunero, confessed the secrets of the society to Fr. Mariano Gil, an Augustinian friar in Tondo,
Manila.

After the Spanish authorities proved the existence of the society, they conducted mass arrest and
cordoned Manila. Luckily Bonifacio and his men managed to escaped and proceeded to Balintawk.
On August 23, 1896, more than 1000 katipuneros met at the yard of Juan A. Ramos. The son of
Melchora Aquino. It was on that day when the iconic Cry of Pugadlawin transpired. The
revolutionaries tore their cedulas as a sign of taking up arms against the Spaniards.

Katipunan Documents and the first phase of the 1896 Philippine Revolution “Decalogue” or
Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Z.LI.B.
 The “Decalogue” or Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Z.LI.B.” was written the Father of the
Revolution, Andres Bonifacio. The document outliners the duties of the Katipuneros which
include the veneration of God, a high regard for fraternity and patriotism within the society,
and recognition for the need to claim freedom for the country.

Kartilya by Emilio Jacinto

 The Kartilya or teaching of the Katipunan was written by the Brains of the Katipunan, Emilio
Jacinto. This serve as a pamphlet of twelve guiding principles and fourteen teachings. Jacinto
wrote the document beautifully with diction that was pure and crisp and transparent.
Bonifacio realized the superiority of the Kartilya over his Decalogue and chose the former as
a primer for new recruits. By reading the contents of the said document, it aims to expund on
the katipunan’s aspiration and to enumerate the ethical values which were expected from its
members. Furthermore, these teaching conveyed the importance of good morals and
character, equality amidst race and descent, the respect for women, and the defense of the
oppressed.

The Tejeros Convention, March 22, 1897

 It is the most important events that witnessed the factionalism within the Katipunan. Prior to
the affairs at Tejeros, Bonifacio had already been invited several times to visit Cavite in order
to witness the achievements of the revolutionaries there and to mediate between the rival
factions of the province – the Magdiwang and Magdalo.
 When Bonifacio was elected Secretary of Interior, Daniel Tirona contested and argued that a
lawyer should handle the position. Bonifacio felt insulted and demanded an apology from
Tirona. Because of humiliation and anger, Bonifacio declared that all matters convened in
the Tejeros Convention were null and void. Together with his supporters, he left the estate
house.
 The next day, Bonifacio stressed out his reason for invalidating the Tejeros Convention
through a document known as “Acta de Tejeros” signed by his supporters. Meanwhile, the
elected officers of Magdalo held a meeting at Sta. Cruz de Malabon. That night, Aguinaldo
and the other elected officers in Tejeros took their oath of office.
  Bonifacio decided to establish another government independent from that of Aguinaldo in
accordance with the “Naic Pact” enacted by him which signed by his 41 supporters including
two of Aguinaldo’s general. These two generals, however, turned their back on Bonifacio
after a talk with Aguinaldo, pledging loyalty to the latter, instead.
 The Revolutionary Government was established without the customary elections on 17 April
1897 with Aguinaldo completing his Cabinet members through appointment.

MAGDIWANG VS. MAGDALO

 Bad blood erupted between the two Katipunan Councils in Cavite—the Magdalo and
Magdiwang due to lack of respect and territorial competition prompting Mariano
Alvarez to invite Bonifacio to Cavite and intercede. On 17 December 1896, Bonifacio
together with his brothers, wife and troops went to Cavite –the province where the
Supremo met his tragic fate.

 An assembly was held at Imus estate house on December 29 with both Magdalo and
Magdiwang members attending. A disagreement arose between the two councils on the
issue of establishing a revolutionary government to replace the Katipunan. The assembly
ended without the issue being resolved.

Declaration of Independence
With a government in operation, Aguinaldo thought that it was necessary to declare the
independence of the Philippines. He believed that such a move would inspire the people to fight
more eagerly against the Spaniards and at the same time, lead the foreign countries to recognize the
independence of the country. Mabini, who had by now been made Aguinaldo's unofficial adviser,
objected. He based his objection on the fact that it was more important to reorganize the government
in such a manner as to convince the foreign powers of the competence and stability of the new
government than to proclaim Philippine independence at such an early period. Aguinaldo, however,
stood his ground and won.
On June 12, between four and five in the afternoon, Aguinaldo, in the presence of a huge crowd,
proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at Cavite el Viejo (Kawit). For the first time, the
Philippine National Flag, made in Hongkong by Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo, assisted by Lorenza
Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza, was officially hoisted and the Philippine National March played in
public. The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista,
who also read it. A passage in the Declaration reminds one of another passage in the American
Declaration of Independence. The Philippine Declaration was signed by ninety-eight persons,
among them an American army officer who witnessed the proclamation. The proclamation of
Philippine independence was, however, promulgated on August 1 when many towns has already
been organized under the riles laid down by the Dictatorial Government.

Malolos Constitution.
A committee headed by Felipe Calderon and aided by Cayetano Arellano, the constitution was
drafted, for the first time by representatives of the Filipino people and it is the first republican
constitution in Asia. The constitution was inspired by the constitutions of Mexico, Guatemala, Costa
Rica, Brazil, Belgium and France. After some minor revisions (mainly due to the objections of
Apolinario Mabini), the final draft of the constitution was presented to Aguinaldo. This paved the
way to launching the first Philippine Republic. It established a democratic, republication
government with three branches - the Executive, Legislative and the Judicial branches. It called for
the separation of church and state. The executive powers were to be exercise by the president of the
republic with the help of his cabinet. Judicial powers were given to the Supreme.

Module 3
The First Mass Site in the Philippines

Learning Outcomes:
 Demonstrate the ability to formulate arguments in favor or against a particular issue using
primary sources.
Abstraction:
Site of the First Mass in the Philippines: Limasawa

Antonio Pigafetta
 Primo viaggio intomo al mondo (First Voyage Around the World)
- most complete account of the Magellan expedition

 member of the expedition and was the eyewitness of the principal events

 narrated the events from March 16, 1521 (when they sighted the island of the
Philippines) to April 7, 1521 (when the expedition landed in Cebu).

Pigafetta’s Testimony regarding the Route

1. March 16 (Sat). Magellan’s expedition sighted a “high land” named “Zamal”. This is
300 leagues westward of Ladrones (Marianas Islands)
 2. March 17 (Sun). They landed another island which was uninhabited (Homonhon)
located 100 N latitude.

3. Fernando Magallanes named the entire archipelago (Philippine) as Las Islas de San
Lazaro because it was Sunday in the Lenten season when the Gospel assigned for the
Mass and the Liturgical Office was John 11 (raising of Lazarus from the dead)

4. March 18 (Mon). They saw a boat coming with nine (9) men. An exchange of gifts
took place: Magellan asked for food supplies; and men went away (promising to bring
rice and other supplies in 4 days)

5. They saw indications of gold in Homonhon. Magellan renamed the island as Acquada la
di bouni segnialli (Watering Place of Good Omen)

6. March 22 (Fri). Natives returned bringing the food supplies as promised

7. Magellan’s expedition stayed in Homonhon for eight (8) days: March 17 – 25.

8. March 25 (Mon). The expedition left Homonhon. Pigafetta got an accident. He fell into
the water but was immediately rescued.

9. The route they taken after leaving Homonhon was towards west southwest. They left
Homonhon towards Leyte, then followed the Leyte coast southward, passing between
the island of Hibuson (southern tip of Leyte) on their portside and Hiunangan Bay on
their starboard, and then continued southward, then turning westward to Limasawa.

10.March 28 (Thu). They anchored off in Limasawa island where the previous night they
had seen a light or a bonfire.

11.They remained in Limasawa islands for seven (7) days.

12.April 4 (Thu). They left Limasawa bound for Cebu. They were guided thither by the
king of Limasawa who sailed in his own boat.

13.At Gatighan, they sailed westward to the three islands of the Camotes Group.

14.From the Camotes Islands, they sailed southwest towards Cebu.

15.April 7 (Sun). At noon, they entered the harbor of Cebu.

These were the routes of the Magellan expedition as described by Pigafetta.

Magellan Expedition
 On March 16, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition landed on Homonhon island in
the Philippines. He was the first European to reach the islands.
  Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly with Magellan and embraced Christianity, but their
enemy, Lapu-Lapu was not. Humabon wanted Magellan to kill Lapu-Lapu while Magellan
wanted to convert Lapu-Lapu into Christianity.

NOTE:
The first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on Easter Sunday of March 3, 1521
officiated by Father Pedro de Valderrama in the shore of a town islet named Limasawa in
the tip of Southern Leyte. Limasawa is dubbed as the birthplace of the Roman
Catholicism in the Philippines.
 On April 17, 1521, Magellan sailed to Mactan and ensuing battle killed Magellan by the
natives led by Lapu-Lapu. Out of the five (5) ships and more than 300 men who left on the
Magellan expedition in 1519, only ship “Victoria” and 18 men returned to Seville, Spain
on September 6, 1522.

 Magellan’s expedition was considered historic because it marked the first

circumnavigation of the globe and proved that the world was round.

Villalobos Expedition
 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos set sail for the Philippines from Navidad, Mexico on November 1,
1542. He followed the route taken by Magellan and reached Mindanao on February 2,
1543.

 Villalobos is remembered for naming our country as “Las Islas Filipinas”, in honor of
King Charles’ son, Prince Philip, who later became king of Spain.

Legazpi Expedition
 A new expedition headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, accompanied by Andres de
Urdaneta, an Augustinian priest landed in Cebu island on February 13, 1565.

 In Bohol, Legazpi made a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a sign of
friendship.

NOTE:
Spaniards easily conquered the Philippines because the natives lacked unity and a
centralized form of government. Although the barangay already functioned as units of
governance, each one existed independently of the other, and the powers that each Datu
(executive, legislative, judiciary, and commander-in-chief) enjoyed were confined only
to his own barangay. No higher institution united the barangays, and the Spaniards took
advantage of this situation. They used the barangays that were friendly to them in order to
subdue the barangays that were not.

Closure: Congratulations! You’ve made it through! The next lesson of this module will
introduce you to the Cavite Mutiny of 1872.
LESSON 2
The Cavite Mutiny of 1872

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Demonstrate the ability to formulate arguments in favor or against a particular issue using
primary sources.

ABSTRACTION

There are two versions of the Cavite Mutiny that happened in 1872. The first was thought to
be a planned conspiracy against the Spanish regime and the second as a response to injustice
done to the Filipinos at that time. The Cavite Mutiny is an important event in the history because
its occurrence led to the execution of the three martyr Filipino Catholic priests, Fathers Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora who were given the name, GOMBURZA. The three
priests were executed by the Spanish colonial authorities on charges of subversion arising from
the 1872 Cavite mutiny. This execution became a major factor in the awakening of nationalism
among the Filipinos. Jose Rizal even dedicated his second novel entitled, El Filibusterismo, to the
three martyrs.

Many Filipinos became priests, especially by the 19 th century. But they were not given their
own parishes because of the racial prejudice of the Spanish priests. So, many Filipino priests
campaigned for reforms in the Catholic Church. This was called the “secularization controversy”. It
was led by Fathers Pedro Pelaez, Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora and others. Due to
the oppression to the Filipinos by the new governor general, Rafael de Izquerdo, some Filipino
soldiers and workers at the Cavite arsenal mutinied on the night of February 20, 1872 wherein
they killed the Spanish officers and captured the fort. The group was, however, defeated the
following day by Spanish troops. Many mutineers were killed and some patriotic Filipinos were
arrested and tried including the Filipino martyr priests because of their known fight on reforms
inside the Catholic Church. The accusation against them was treason to Spain and were killed by
strangulation at the garrote in Luneta. This execution became a big scandal in the Philippines and
has inspired many Filipinos to fight against the colonizers (Zaide and Zaide, 2011).
The following narrative is from the National Historical Commission of the Philippines written by
Piedad-Pugay (2012):

A. 1872 Cavite Mutiny: Spanish Perspective

  
Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted it
as an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. Meanwhile,
Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s official report magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the
native clergy, which was then active in the call for secularization.  The two accounts complimented
and corroborated with one other, only that the general’s report was more spiteful. Initially, both
Montero and Izquierdo scored out that the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite
arsenal such as non-payment of tributes and exemption from force labor were the main reasons
of the “revolution” as how they called it, however, other causes were enumerated by them
including the Spanish Revolution which overthrew the secular throne, dirty propagandas
proliferated by unrestrained press, democratic, liberal and republican books and pamphlets
reaching the Philippines, and most importantly, the presence of the native clergy who out of
animosity against the Spanish friars, “conspired and supported” the rebels and enemies of Spain. 
In particular, Izquierdo blamed the unruly Spanish Press for “stockpiling” malicious propagandas
grasped by the Filipinos.  He reported to the King of Spain that the “rebels” wanted to overthrow
the Spanish government to install a new “hari” in the likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora.  The
general even added that the native clergy enticed other participants by giving them charismatic
assurance that their fight will not fail because God is with them coupled with handsome promises
of rewards such as employment, wealth, and ranks in the army.  Izquierdo, in his report
lambasted the Indios as gullible and possessed an innate propensity for stealing.

       The two Spaniards deemed that the event of 1872 was planned earlier and was thought of it
as a big conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos, abogadillos or native lawyers, residents of
Manila and Cavite and the native clergy.  They insinuated that the conspirators of Manila and
Cavite planned to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers to be followed by the massacre of the
friars.  The alleged pre-concerted signal among the conspirators of Manila and Cavite was the
firing of rockets from the walls of Intramuros.
According to the accounts of the two, on 20 January 1872, the district of Sampaloc
celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto, unfortunately participants to the feast celebrated the
occasion with the usual fireworks displays.  Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as the
sign for the attack, and just like what was agreed upon, the 200-men contingent headed by
Sergeant Lamadrid launched an attack targeting Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal.
  
When the news reached the iron-fisted Gov. Izquierdo, he readily ordered the
reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt.  The “revolution” was easily
crushed when the expected reinforcement from Manila did not come ashore.  Major instigators
including Sergeant Lamadrid were killed in the skirmish, while the GOMBURZA were tried by a
court-martial and were sentenced to die by strangulation.  Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera,
Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa and other abogadillos were suspended by the Audencia
(High Court) from the practice of law, arrested and were sentenced with life imprisonment at the
Marianas Island.  Furthermore, Gov. Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and
ordered the creation of artillery force to be composed exclusively of the Peninsulares.

        On 17 February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish government and Frailocracia to instill fear
among the Filipinos so that they may never commit such daring act again, the GOMBURZA were
executed.  This event was tragic but served as one of the moving forces that shaped Filipino
nationalism.

B. A Response to Injustice: The Filipino Version of the Incident

        Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher, wrote the
Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite.  In his point of view, the incident was a mere
mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be
dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges.  Indirectly, Tavera blamed Gov. Izquierdo’s cold-
blooded policies such as the abolition of privileges of the workers and native army members of the
arsenal and the prohibition of the founding of school of arts and trades for the Filipinos, which the
general believed as a cover-up for the organization of a political club.

       On 20 January 1872, about 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal, and
residents of Cavite headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms and assassinated the commanding
officer and Spanish officers in sight.  The insurgents were expecting support from the bulk of the
army unfortunately, that didn’t happen.  The news about the mutiny reached authorities in Manila
and Gen. Izquierdo immediately ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite.  After two
days, the mutiny was officially declared subdued.
 Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a powerful
lever by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy involving not only the native army but also
included residents of Cavite and Manila, and more importantly the native clergy to overthrow the
Spanish government in the Philippines.  It is noteworthy that during the time, the Central
Government in Madrid announced its intention to deprive the friars of all the powers of
intervention in matters of civil government and the direction and management of educational
institutions.  This turnout of events was believed by Tavera, prompted the friars to do something
drastic in their dire sedire to maintain power in the Philippines.

Meanwhile, in the intention of installing reforms, the Central Government of Spain

welcomed an educational decree authored by Segismundo Moret promoted the fusion of sectarian
schools run by the friars into a school called Philippine Institute.  The decree proposed to improve
the standard of education in the Philippines by requiring teaching positions in such schools to be
filled by competitive examinations. This improvement was warmly received by most Filipinos in
spite of the native clergy’s zest for secularization.

The friars, fearing that their influence in the Philippines would be a thing of the past, took
advantage of the incident and presented it to the Spanish Government as a vast conspiracy
organized throughout the archipelago with the object of destroying Spanish sovereignty. Tavera
sadly confirmed that the Madrid government came to believe that the scheme was true without
any attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the alleged “revolution” reported by
Izquierdo and the friars.

Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced life imprisonment
while members of the native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were tried and executed by
garrote.  This episode leads to the awakening of nationalism and eventually to the outbreak of
Philippine Revolution of 1896.  The French writer Edmund Plauchut’s account complimented
Tavera’s account by confirming that the event happened due to discontentment of the arsenal
workers and soldiers in Cavite fort.  The Frenchman, however, dwelt more on the execution of the
three martyr priests which he actually witnessed.

Unraveling the Truth

       Considering the four accounts of the 1872 Mutiny, there were some basic facts that remained
to be unvarying:
 1) First, there was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal as well as the members of
the native army after their privileges were drawn back by Gen. Izquierdo;
2) Second, Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that made the Filipinos move and
turn away from Spanish government out of disgust;
3) Third, the Central Government failed to conduct an investigation on what truly transpired
but relied on reports of Izquierdo and the friars and the opinion of the public;
4) Fourth, the happy days of the friars were already numbered in 1872 when the Central
Government in Spain decided to deprive them of the power to intervene in government
affairs as well as in the direction and management of schools prompting them to commit
frantic moves to extend their stay and power;
5) Fifth, the Filipino clergy members actively participated in the secularization movement in
order to allow Filipino priests to take hold of the parishes in the country making them prey
to the rage of the friars;
6) Sixth, Filipinos during the time were active participants, and responded to what they
deemed as injustices; and
7) Lastly, the execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the Spanish government,
for the action severed the ill-feelings of the Filipinos and the event inspired Filipino patriots
to call for reforms and eventually independence.  There may be different versions of the
event, but one thing is certain, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny paved way for a momentous 1898.

LESSON 3
 LIFE, WORKS, and WRITINGS of Dr. JOSE P. RIZAL (R.A. 1425)

ABSTRACTION:

A. Laws Commemorating Rizal

 Decree of December 20, 1898, issued by General Emilio Aguinaldo, declared
December 30 of every year a day of national mourning in honor of Dr. Jose P. Rizal
and other victims of the Philippine Revolution.

 Act No. 137, which organized the politico-military district of Morong into the Province
of Rizal, was the first official step taken by the Taft Commission to honor our greatest
hero and martyr.

 Republic Act 1425 – “An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private
Schools, Colleges and Universities courses on the Life and Works and Writings of Jose
P. Rizal, particularly his novels NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO.”

B. Poems
 Mi Ultimo Adios
- Ang Huling Paalam translated by Andres Bonifacio / My Last Farewell

- written on the day before Rizal’s execution

- was hidden in an alcohol lamp/stove

- was later handed to his family with his few remaining possessions, including
the final letters and his last bequests

 Sa Aking Kabata
- translated as To My Fellow Children

- first poem of Rizal

- written when he was eight years old

- urging love of native language

 A La Juventud Filipina
- translated as Sa Kabataang Pilipino / To the Filipino Youth

- won first prize

- written at the age of 18 when he was in the University of Santo Tomas

 Mi Retiro
- translated as My Retreat
 - written by Rizal in response to a request from his mother, Teodora Alonzo

 Mi Primera Inspiraccion
- translated as My First Inspiration

- written in Ateneo Municipal

- dedicated to his mother

 A Las Flores de Heidelberg

- written when Rizal attended lecture courses in the University of Heidelberg

- the ancient city is a scenic attraction in Europe

C. Essays
 To The Young Women of Malolos (Sa Kababaihang Taga-Malolos)
- written in 1889, Rizal pays homage to the 20 courageous women of the town
for their desire to educate themselves, truly, a liberating action at that time.

- Rizal sees in these women a ray of hope in restoring the Filipino woman’s
dignity and worth, which are being denigrated at that time.

- He emphasizes the importance of the Filipino mothers, as it is in their nurturing

hands where the children’s future lie – whether they be free or enslaved.

- Rizal advices the Filipino women to use reason, to know what a good mother is,
and how to become one.

 The Indolence of the Filipinos

- Rizal admits that indolence does exist among the Filipinos, but it cannot be
attributed to the troubles and backwardness of the country; rather it is the
effect of the backwardness and troubles experienced by the country.

- Filipinos, according to Rizal, are not responsible for their misfortunes, as they
are not their own masters. The Spanish government has not encouraged labor
and trade, which ceased after the government treated the country’s
neighboring trade partners with great suspicion.

- According to Rizal, all the causes of indolence can be reduced to two factors:
1. Limited training and education Filipino natives receive; and
2. Lack of a national sentiment of unity among them.

 The Philippines a Century Hence

- presents a radical prophesy of Rizal on how the Philippines would be through
the century.

- Rizal presented a clear idea of how our Motherland will end up centuries later
proposing that our country will end up in either of the three ways:
1. that the Philippines will remain to be a colony of Spain but will be in good
terms with its captors;
2. that the Philippines will try to cut the ties of our Fatherland from its captors
through violent means; and
 3. that we will be colonized by another country.

D. Novels
1. Noli Me Tangere
 Translation: “Touch Me Not” taken from the Bible John 20:17 “…TOUCH ME NOT
for I am not yet ascended to my Father…” - King James Version
- translated by Pascual Poblete in Filipino

 dedicated to My Fatherland (A Mi Patria)

 WRITING:
- Purpose: Expose the abuses of the Spanish friars and government officials

- Claim: “It was a fictitious description of the oppressed condition of his

countrymen.”

- Rizal started writing in Madrid, Spain

- Rizal finished about half in Paris

- Rizal finished writing in Leipzig, Germany

- Maximo Viola lent Php 300 to Jose Rizal for the first printing of the Noli
Me Tangere

- 2000 copies were printed

- published in Berlin, Germany in 1887

 Rizal also presents the positive qualities of his countrymen. Family devotion is seen in
the relations of Crisostomo Ibarra, Maria Clara, and others like the schoolteacher, with
their parents, and guardians.

 By presenting different sides of the national situation, Rizal fulfilled his intent of
presenting a “bold and impartial account” of Philippine life.

 In doing so, the novel not only exposed the sufferings of the Philippine natives but
took steps towards defining the national identity

 A member of the Spanish in the Spanish Cortes assailed the novel as “anti-Catholic,
Protestant, socialistic.”
- Father Vicente Garcia, a Catholic theologian of the Manila Cathedral
- staunch defender of Rizal
-
- wrote a very scholarly defense of the Noli Me Tangere

 Composed of 64 chapters

2. El Filibusterismo
 Translation: Treason
  dedicated to the secular priests Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora
(GOMBURZA) who were implicated by the Spanish authorities in the Cavite
Mutiny
- executed by garrote in Luneta (Bagumbayan) on February 17, 1872

 WRITING:
- Purpose: Ideal means of achieving social reform

- published in Ghent, Belgium in 1891.

 A number of chapters have long dialogues that seem like debates, pitting Rizal’s
fading hopes for reform against this long-held aversion to revolution

 Composed of 38 chapters

 Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo have similarities in terms of aim and purpose.
Both aim to enlighten the Filipinos on what is happening in the country. They want the
people to fight for their country and have the total freedom.

Noli Me Tangere El Filibusterismo

A socio-historical novel A political novel
Romantic novel, work of the heart Book of thought, work of the head
A passionate expose of about the evils Predicted the coming of the
of the Spanish friars revolution
Crisostomo Ibarra: for reformation Simon: for revolution

E. TRIVIA ABOUT RIZAL

 Full Name: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

 Birthdate: born on June 19, 1861, approximately 35 years old before the fateful day

 seventh (7th) of the eleven children born to a relatively well-off family

 Birthplace: Calamba, Laguna

 Parents
- Father: Francisco Mercado Rizal, a productive farmer of Biñan, Laguna

- Mother: Teodora Alonzo y Quintos, an educated and highly cultured woman from
Sta. Cruz, Manila

 EDUCATION
 First Teacher: mother, where he learned to read, and consequently to value
reading as a means for learning and spending one’s time meaningfully.

 Elementary: Biñan, Laguna

- under the tutelage of Justiniano Aquino Cruz
  Secondary Education: Ateneo Municipal (Ateneo de Manila University)

 Tertiary Education: Bachelor’s degree (excellent)

- Philosophy and Letters (University of Santo Tomas, 1877)

- Land Surveying (Ateneo Municipal, 1877)

- passed the licensing exam in May 1878
- the licensed was granted to him only in 1881 when he reached the age
of majority.

 Medicine: first go for his degree at the University of Santo Tomas (1878)
- Rizal’s greatest resentment during his student days that motivated him to work
harder was the racial discrimination

- Rizal discontinue his medical schooling in UST because of the

prevailing racial discrimination by the Dominican friars against
Filipino students

 Medicine: finished at Universidad Central de Madrid

- Rizal took ophthalmology (eye doctor) because Rizal wanted to cure his
mother’s advancing blindness
- finished his eye specialization in Heidelberg, Germany

- Rizal was not awarded for his diploma in Medicine because:

1. He was not able to submit the thesis required for graduation; and

2. He was not able to pay the corresponding fees.

 ROMANCE:
- His first romance was Segunda Katigbak when Rizal was about 16 years old

- Rizal got married to Josephine Bracken

- in his prison cell in Fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila

- leave a book (The Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis) as gift before

he was executed

 WRITINGS:
- In March 1887, he published in Berlin his first controversial novel, the Noli Me
Tangere, which revealed the tyranny and arrogance of the Spanish clergy and
officials in the Philippines.

- He annotated and reprinted in Paris Morga’s Successos De Las Islas Filipinas to bring
to light that the Filipinos had an impressive civilization even long before the Spanish
colonization.
- On September 18, 1891, Rizal’s more militant novel, El Filibusterismo was printed in
Ghent, Belgium.

 WORKS
- one of the leaders of the literacy and cultural organization Propaganda Movement, the
patriotic society Asociacion La Solidaridad (Solidaridad Association)
- Graciano Lopez Jaena (founder and editor of La Solidaridad)
 - Fray Butod – a narrative where he exposed the extreme greed, laziness,
and cruelty, and lust of the friars

- Diego Laura (penname when he went back to the Philippines to solicit

more aid for the Propaganda Movement)

- Marcelo H. del Pilar (assumed editorship of the La Solidaridad, after Graciano

Lopez Jaena)

- became the leader of Propagandists in Spain

- Diaryong Tagalog – first bilingual newspaper which he established

- it published observations and criticisms on how the Spanish
government in the Philippines was misruled

- Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat (pennames)

- founded the La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that subsequently gave birth to the
Katipunan

- AIMS of La Liga Filipina

1. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and
homogenous body;

2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity;

3. Defense against all violence and injustice;

4. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and

5. Study and application of reforms.

 imprisoned in Fort Santiago (July 6 - July 15, 1892) on a trump-up charge that anti-priest
leaflets were found in the pillow cases of his sister Lucia who arrived with him from Hong
Kong

 exiled to Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte

- Governor – General Eulogio Despujol ordered his deportation to Dapitan

- Rizal’s deportation to Dapitan triggered the founding of the Katipunan

- engaged in agriculture, fishing, and commerce while operating a hospital and

maintaining a school for boys

- did scientific researches, collected specimens of rare species, corresponded with

scholars abroad, and led construction of water dam and a relief map of Mindanao.
 July 30, 1896, he received permission from Governor General Ramon Blanco to
become a volunteer military physician in the revolution in Cuba, which was at the time also
raged by yellow fever

 August 26, 1896, ‘Katipunan’ started the Philippine Revolution

- powerful people whose animosity Rizal had provoked took the opportunity to implicate
him to the rebellion

- after a trial in a kangaroo court, he was convicted of rebellion and sentenced to death
by firing squad at Bagumbayan Field (now Luneta).

 TRIAL:
- December 20, 1896, Rizal together with his counsel, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade of
the Spanish Artillery, prepared for his defense

- December 25, Rizal was informed that on the following day, at 10:00 am, the
Council of War would convene.
- Rizal wrote to his counsel Taviel, asking for a conference prior to appearing
before the Council.
- However, it was not known whether such pre-trial conference between Rizal
and his counsel took place.

- December 26, at the Cuartel General de Espana, a soldier’s dormitory was converted
into an improvised courtroom.
- the trial proceeded with the reading of the accusations against Rizal “as
principal organizer” and “moving spirit of the Philippine insurrection, founder of
societies, of newspapers and [who] has written books designed to foment and
propagate ideas of rebellion and sedition among the people, as well as the
principal leader of the anti-government in the country.”

- Taviel de Andrade argued that in the law applying the Penal Code of Spain in
the Philippines, none exists to establish the guilt of the accused; he likewise
challenged the veracity and impartiality of those who had given statements
incriminating Rizal; he closed his defense requesting the court to reject the
images of war, for they could only provoke ideas of vengeance, and that judges
should not be vengeful but fair and just.

- after giving Rizal an opportunity to speak in his defense, the Court after
deliberations rendered its decision finding Rizal the author of rebellion and
sentenced him to death.

- December 28, Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja approved the sentence

and execution of Rizal

- December 29, Judge Dominguez went to Fort Santiago to notify Rizal officially of the
sentence.
- Rizal read the report or verdict but refused to sign it, stating that he was
innocent

 EXECUTION:
- December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan (now Luneta)
 - 6:30 a.m
- Rizal was dressed in black coat and trousers and a white shirt and waistcoat

- Rizal was tied elbow to elbow, but held up his head in a chistera or bowler hat

- He walked from Fort Santiago, where he was incarcerated and walked along the
Paseo Maria Cristina (now Bonifacio Drive)

- He walked between two Jesuits: Father Estanislao March and Father Jose
Villaclara.

- Behind him was the brother of his former bodyguard (Don Jose Taviel de
Andrade), Lieutenant Luis Taviel de Andrade, who had vainly defended him
in a farce masquerading as a trial.

- When everyone was in place, there was a slight delay because Rizal refused the
customary blindfold, and asked to face the firing squad (denied).

- The Spanish captain who had guided Rizal to the site insisted that he be shot in
the back as ordered, because he was a traitor to Spain.
- Rizal declared that he had never been a traitor to the country of his birth or to
Spain.

- After some coaxing, Rizal finally turned his back, but again refused the blindfold,
and furthermore refused to kneel.

- Rizal made one last request: that the executioners spare his head, and shoot
him in the back towards the heart (granted)

- A Spanish military doctor felt Rizal’s pulse, and was surprised to find it regular
and normal.

- The Jesuits raised the crucifix to his face and lips, but Rizal turned his head away
and silently prepared to meet death.

- When the captain finally brought down the order to fire – “FUEGO!” – Rizal shouted
the last two words of the crucified Christ: “CONSUMMATUM EST!” (It is done!)

- The shots rang out, and Rizal executed that carefully choreographed twist that he had
practiced years before, which made him fall faced up on the ground
- Rizal was given the tiro de gracia, one last merciful shot in the head at close
range to make sure he was really dead

- 7:03 a.m., The show was over. Rizal was declared dead.

 BURIAL SITE:
- After the execution, Rizal’s body was placed in a van and with utmost secrecy

- Rizal was buried in the old Paco Cemetery in Manila

- Teodora Alonzo, wanted to comply with the last wish of Rizal that the family
take charge of his remains
 - Civil Governor Manuel Luengo agreed to her petition

- However, when the funeral coach left, they had already secretly taken
the body away, and Rizal's sister, Narcisa, went to all the cemeteries of
Manila looking for the remains in vain

1. Jose Rizal was buried in unconsecrated ground between the outer and inner wall of
Paco cemetery.

2. Jose Rizal was laid to earth bare, without a coffin.

3. Jose Rizal’s grave was initially unmarked.

 PENNAMES: Laong-Laan and Dimasalang

The Retraction of Rizal

from the National Historical Commission of the Philippines

The document of the retraction of Jose Rizal, too, is being hotly debated as to its
authenticity.

It was supposed to have been signed by Jose Rizal moments before his death. There
were many witnesses, most of them Jesuits. The document only surfaced for public viewing on
May 13, 1935. It was found by Fr. Manuel A. Gracia at the Catholic hierarchy’s archive in Manila.
But the original document was never shown to the public, only reproductions of it.

However, Fr. Pio Pi, a Spanish Jesuit, reported that as early as 1907, the retraction of
Rizal was copied verbatim and published in Spain, and reprinted in Manila. Fr. Gracia, who found
the original document, also copied it verbatim.

In both reproductions, there were conflicting versions of the text. Add to this the date of
the signing was very clear in the original Spanish document which Rizal supposedly signed. The
date was “December 29, 1890.”

Later, another supposedly original document surfaced, it bears the date “December 29,
189C”. The number “0” was evidently altered to make it look like a letter C. Then still later,
another supposedly original version came up. It has the date “December 29, 1896”. This time, the
“0” became a “6”.

So which is which?

Those who strongly believed the faking of the Rizal retraction document, reported that the
forger of Rizal’s signature was Roman Roque, the man who also forged the signature of Urbano
Lacuna, which was used to capture Aguinaldo. The mastermind, they say, in both Lacuna’s and
Rizal’s signature forging was Lazaro Segovia. They were approached by Spanish friars during the
final day of the Filipino-American war to forge Rizal’s signature.
 This story was revealed by Antonio K. Abad, who heard the tale from Roman Roque
himself, them being neighbours.

To this day, the retraction issue is still raging like a wild fire in the forest of the night.

Others would like to believe that the purported retraction of Rizal was invented by the friars
to deflect the heroism of Rizal which was centered on the friar abuses.

Incidentally, Fr. Pio Pi, who copied verbatim Rizal’s retraction, also figured prominently
during the revolution. It was him, Andres Bonifacio reported, who had intimated to Aguinaldo the
cessation of agitation in exchange of pardon.

There are also not a few people who believe that the autobiography of Josephine
Bracken, written on February 22, 1897 is also forged and forged badly. The document supposedly
written by Josephine herself supported the fact that they were married under the Catholic rites.
But upon closer look, there is a glaring difference between the penmanship of the document, and
other letters written by Josephine to Rizal.

Surely, we must put the question of retraction to rest, though Rizal is a hero, whether he
retracted or not, we must investigate if he really did a turn-around. If he did not, and the
documents were forgeries, then somebody has to pay for trying to deceive a nation.

SOURCE:

Uckung, J. V. (2012, September 19). The retraction of Rizal and other cases. Retrieved from
http://nhcp.gov.ph/the-rizal-retraction-and-other-cases/

Analysis of Rizal’s Retraction

from the Jose Rizal University

At least four texts of Rizal’s retraction have surfaced. The fourth text appeared in El
Imparcial on the day after Rizal’s execution; it is the short formula of the retraction.

The first text was published in La Voz Española and Diaro de Manila on the very day of
Rizal’s execution, Dec. 30, 1896. The second text appeared in Barcelona, Spain, on February 14,
1897, in the fortnightly magazine in La Juventud; it came from an anonymous writer who revealed
himself fourteen years later as Fr. Balaguer. The "original" text was discovered in the
archdiocesan archives on May 18, 1935, after it disappeared for thirty-nine years from the
afternoon of the day when Rizal was shot.

We know not that reproductions of the lost original had been made by a copyist who could
imitate Rizal’s handwriting. This fact is revealed by Fr. Balaguer himself who, in his letter to his
former superior Fr. Pio Pi in 1910, said that he had received "an exact copy of the retraction
written and signed by Rizal. The handwriting of this copy I don’t know nor do I remember whose
it is..." He proceeded: "I even suspect that it might have been written by Rizal himself. I am
sending it to you that you may...verify whether it might be of Rizal himself. …" Fr. Pi was not able
to verify it in his sworn statement.

This "exact" copy had been received by Fr. Balaguer in the evening immediately preceding
Rizal’s execution, Rizal y su Obra, and was followed by Sr. W. Retana in his biography of Rizal,
Vida y Escritos del Jose Rizal with the addition of the names of the witnesses taken from the texts
of the retraction in the Manila newspapers. Fr. Pi’s copy of Rizal’s retraction has the same text as
that of Fr. Balaguer’s "exact" copy but follows the paragraphing of the texts of Rizal’s retraction in
the Manila newspapers.

Regarding the "original" text, no one claimed to have seen it, except the publishers of La
Voz Espanola. That newspaper reported: "Still more; we have seen and read his (Rizal’s) own
hand-written retraction which he sent to our dear and venerable Archbishop…" On the other hand,
Manila pharmacist F. Stahl wrote in a letter: "besides, nobody has seen this written declaration, in
spite of the fact that quite a number of people would want to see it. "For example, not only Rizal’s
family but also the correspondents in Manila of the newspapers in Madrid, Don Manuel Alhama of
El Imparcial and Sr. Santiago Mataix of El Heraldo, were not able to see the hand-written
retraction.

Neither Fr. Pi nor His Grace the Archbishop ascertained whether Rizal himself was the one
who wrote and signed the retraction. (Ascertaining the document was necessary because it was
possible for one who could imitate Rizal’s handwriting aforesaid holograph; and keeping a copy of
the same for our archives, I myself delivered it personally that the same morning to His Grace
Archbishop… His Grace testified: At once the undersigned entrusted this holograph to Rev.
Thomas Gonzales Feijoo, secretary of the Chancery." After that, the documents could not be seen
by those who wanted to examine it and was finally considered lost after efforts to look for it
proved futile.

On May 18, 1935, the lost "original" document of Rizal’s retraction was discovered by the
archdeocean archivist Fr. Manuel Garcia, C.M. The discovery, instead of ending doubts about
Rizal’s retraction, has in fact encouraged it because the newly discovered text retraction differs
significantly from the text found in the Jesuits’ and the Archbishop’s copies. And, the fact that the
texts of the retraction which appeared in the Manila newspapers could be shown to be the exact
copies of the "original" but only imitations of it. This means that the friars who controlled the
press in Manila (for example, La Voz Española) had the "original" while the Jesuits had only the
imitations.

We now proceed to show the significant differences between the "original" and the Manila
newspapers texts of the retraction on the one hand and the text s of the copies of Fr. Balaguer
and F5r. Pio Pi on the other hand.

First, instead of the words "mi cualidad" (with "u") which appear in the original and the
newspaper texts, the Jesuits’ copies have "mi calidad" (with "u").

Second, the Jesuits’ copies of the retraction omit the word "Catolica" after the first
"Iglesias" which are found in the original and the newspaper texts.

Third, the Jesuits’ copies of the retraction add before the third "Iglesias" the word "misma"
which is not found in the original and the newspaper texts of the retraction.

Fourth, with regards to paragraphing which immediately strikes the eye of the critical
reader, Fr. Balaguer’s text does not begin the second paragraph until the fifth sentences while the
original and the newspaper copies start the second paragraph immediately with the second
sentences.

Fifth, whereas the texts of the retraction in the original and in the manila newspapers have
only four commas, the text of Fr. Balaguer’s copy has eleven commas.
 Sixth, the most important of all, Fr. Balaguer’s copy did not have the names of the
witnesses from the texts of the newspapers in Manila.

In his notarized testimony twenty years later, Fr. Balaguer finally named the witnesses. He
said "This . . .retraction was signed together with Dr. Rizal by Señor Fresno, Chief of the Picket,
and Señor Moure, Adjutant of the Plaza." However, the proceeding quotation only proves itself to
be an addition to the original. Moreover, in his letter to Fr. Pi in 1910, Fr. Balaguer said that he
had the "exact" copy of the retraction, which was signed by Rizal, but her made no mention of the
witnesses. In his accounts too, no witnesses signed the retraction.

How did Fr. Balaguer obtain his copy of Rizal’s retraction? Fr. Balaguer never alluded to
having himself made a copy of the retraction although he claimed that the Archbishop prepared a
long formula of the retraction and Fr. Pi a short formula. In Fr. Balaguer’s earliest account, it is
not yet clear whether Fr. Balaguer was using the long formula of nor no formula in dictating to
Rizal what to write. According to Fr. Pi, in his own account of Rizal’s conversion in 1909, Fr.
Balaguer dictated from Fr. Pi’s short formula previously approved by the Archbishop. In his letter
to Fr. Pi in 1910, Fr. Balaguer admitted that he dictated to Rizal the short formula prepared by Fr.
Pi; however; he contradicts himself when he revealed that the "exact" copy came from the
Archbishop. The only copy, which Fr. Balaguer wrote, is the one that appeared on his earliest
account of Rizal’s retraction.

Where did Fr. Balaguer’s "exact" copy come from? We do not need long arguments to
answer this question, because Fr. Balaguer himself has unwittingly answered this question. He
said in his letter to Fr. Pi in 1910:

"…I preserved in my keeping and am sending to you the original texts of the two formulas
of retraction, which they (You) gave me; that from you and that of the Archbishop, and the first
with the changes which they (that is, you) made; and the other the exact copy of the retraction
written and signed by Rizal. The handwriting of this copy I don’t know nor do I remember whose
it is, and I even suspect that it might have been written by Rizal himself."

In his own word quoted above, Fr. Balaguer said that he received two original texts of the
retraction. The first, which came from Fr. Pi, contained "the changes which You (Fr. Pi) made";
the other, which is "that of the Archbishop" was "the exact copy of the retraction written and
signed by Rizal" (underscoring supplied). Fr. Balaguer said that the "exact copy" was "written and
signed by Rizal" but he did not say "written and signed by Rizal and himself" (the absence of the
reflexive pronoun "himself" could mean that another person-the copyist-did not). He only
"suspected" that "Rizal himself" much as Fr. Balaguer did "not know nor ... remember" whose
handwriting it was.

Thus, according to Fr. Balaguer, the "exact copy" came from the Archbishop! He called it
"exact" because, not having seen the original himself, he was made to believe that it was the one
that faithfully reproduced the original in comparison to that of Fr. Pi in which "changes" (that is,
where deviated from the "exact" copy) had been made. Actually, the difference between that of
the Archbishop (the "exact" copy) and that of Fr. Pi (with "changes") is that the latter was
"shorter" be cause it omitted certain phrases found in the former so that, as Fr. Pi had fervently
hoped, Rizal would sign it.

According to Fr. Pi, Rizal rejected the long formula so that Fr. Balaguer had to dictate from
the short formula of Fr. Pi. Allegedly, Rizal wrote down what was dictated to him but he insisted
on adding the phrases "in which I was born and educated" and "[Masonary]" as the enemy that is
of the Church" – the first of which Rizal would have regarded as unnecessary and the second as
downright contrary to his spirit. However, what actually would have happened, if we are to believe
the fictitious account, was that Rizal’s addition of the phrases was the retoration of the phrases
found in the original which had been omitted in Fr. Pi’s short formula.

The "exact" copy was shown to the military men guarding in Fort Santiago to convince
them that Rizal had retracted. Someone read it aloud in the hearing of Capt. Dominguez, who
claimed in his "Notes’ that Rizal read aloud his retraction. However, his copy of the retraction
proved him wrong because its text (with "u") and omits the word "Catolica" as in Fr. Balaguer’s
copy but which are not the case in the original. Capt. Dominguez never claimed to have seen the
retraction: he only "heard".

The truth is that, almost two years before his execution, Rizal had written a retraction in
Dapitan. Very early in 1895, Josephine Bracken came to Dapitan with her adopted father who
wanted to be cured of his blindness by Dr. Rizal; their guide was Manuela Orlac, who was agent
and a mistress of a friar. Rizal fell in love with Josephine and wanted to marry her canonically but
he was required to sign a profession of faith and to write retraction, which had to be approved by
the Bishop of Cebu. "Spanish law had established civil marriage in the Philippines," Prof. Craig
wrote, but the local government had not provided any way for people to avail themselves of the
right..."

In order to marry Josephine, Rizal wrote with the help of a priest a form of retraction to be
approved by the Bishop of Cebu. This incident was revealed by Fr. Antonio Obach to his friend
Prof. Austin Craig who wrote down in 1912 what the priest had told him; "The document (the
retraction), inclosed with the priest’s letter, was ready for the mail when Rizal came hurrying I to
reclaim it." Rizal realized (perhaps, rather late) that he had written and given to a priest what the
friars had been trying by all means to get from him.

Neither the Archbishop nor Fr. Pi saw the original document of retraction. What they was
saw a copy done by one who could imitate Rizal’s handwriting while the original (almost eaten by
termites) was kept by some friars. Both the Archbishop and Fr. Pi acted innocently because they
did not distinguish between the genuine and the imitation of Rizal’s handwriting.
Lesson 4
ABSTRACTION:

In Focus: Balintawak: The Cry for a Nationwide Revolution

June 06, 2003
MILAGROS C. GUERRERO
EMMANUEL N. ENCARNACION
RAMON N. VILLEGAS
Nineteenth-century journalists used the phrase “el grito de rebelion” or “the Cry of Rebellion” to
describe the momentous events sweeping the Spanish colonies; in Mexico it was the “Cry of
Dolores” (16 September 1810), Brazil the “City of Ypiraga” (7 September 1822), and in Cuba the
“Cry of Matanza” (24 February 1895). In August 1896, northeast of Manila, Filipinos similarly
declared their rebellion against the Spanish colonial government. It was Manuel Sastron, the
Spanish historian, who institutionalized the phrased for the Philippines in his 1897 book, La
Insurreccion en Filipinas. All these “Cries” were milestones in the several colonial-to-nationalist
histories of the world.

Raging controversy

If the expression is taken literally –the Cry as the shouting of nationalistic slogans in mass
assemblies –then there were scores of such Cries. Some writers refer to a Cry of Montalban on
April 1895, in the Pamitinan Caves where a group of Katipunan members wrote on the cave walls,
“Viva la indepencia Filipina!” long before the Katipunan decided to launch a nationwide revolution.

The historian Teodoro Agoncillo chose to emphasize Bonifacio’s tearing of the cedula (tax receipt)
before a crowd of Katipuneros who then broke out in cheers. However, Guardia Civil Manuel Sityar
never mentioned in his memoirs (1896-1898) the tearing or inspection of the cedula, but did note
the pacto de sangre (blood pact) mark on every single Filipino he met in August 1896 on his
reconnaissance missions around Balintawak.

Some writers consider the first military engagement with the enemy as the defining moment of
the Cry. To commemorate this martial event upon his return from exile in Hong Kong, Emilio
Aguinaldo commissioned a “Himno de Balintawak” to herald renewed fighting after the failed
peace of the pact of Biyak na Bato.
On 3 September 1911, a monument to the Heroes of 1896 was erected in what is now the
intersection of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue and Andres Bonifacio Drive –North Doversion Road.
From that time on until 1962, the Cry of Balintawak was officially celebrated every 26 August.

It is not clear why the 1911 monument was erected there. It could not have been to mark the site
of Apolonio Samson’s house in barrio Kangkong; Katipuneros marked that site on Kaingin Road,
between Balintawak and San Francisco del Monte Avenue.

Neither could the 1911 monument have been erected to mark the site of the first armed
encounter which, incidentally, the Katipuneros fought and won. A contemporary map of 1896
shows that the August battle between the Katipunan rebels and the Spanish forces led by Lt. Ros
of the Civil Guards took place at sitio Banlat, North of Pasong Tamo Road far from Balintawak.
The site has its own marker.

It is quite clear that first, eyewitnesses cited Balintawak as the better-known reference point for a
larger area. Second, while Katipunan may have been massing in Kangkong, the revolution was
formally launched elsewhere. Moreover, eyewitnesses and therefore historians, disagreed on the
site and date of the Cry.

But the issue did not rest there. In 1970, the historian Pedro A. Gagelonia pointed out:

The controversy among historians continues to the present day. The “Cry of Pugad Lawin”
(August 23, 1896) cannot be accepted as historically accurate. It lacks positive documentation and
supporting evidence from the witness. The testimony of only one eyewitness (Dr. Pio Valenzuela)
is not enough to authenticate and verify a controversial issue in history. Historians and their living
participants, not politicians and their sycophants, should settle this controversy.

Conflicting accounts

Pio Valenzuela had several versions of the Cry. Only after they are compared and reconciled with
the other accounts will it be possible to determined what really happened.

Was there a meeting at Pugad Lawin on 23 August 1896, after the meeting at Apolonio Samson’s
residence in Hong Kong? Where were the cedulas torn, at Kangkong or Pugad Lawin?
In September 1896, Valenzuela stated before the Olive Court, which was charged with
investigating persons involved in the rebellion, only that Katipunan meetings took place from
Sunday to Tuesday or 23 to 25 August at Balintawak.

In 1911, Valenzuela averred that the Katipunan began meeting on 22 August while the Cry took
place on 23 August at Apolonio Samson’s house in Balintawak.

From 1928 to 1940, Valenzuela maintained that the Cry happened on 24 August at the house of
Tandang Sora (Melchora Aquino) in Pugad Lawin, which he now situated near Pasong Tamo Road.
A photograph of Bonifacio’s widow Gregoria de Jesus and Katipunan members Valenzuela, Briccio
Brigido Pantas, Alfonso and Cipriano Pacheco, published in La Opinion in 1928 and 1930, was
captioned both times as having been taken at the site of the Cry on 24 August 1896 at the house
of Tandang Sora at Pasong Tamo Road.

In 1935 Valenzuela, Pantas and Pacheco proclaimed “na hindi sa Balintawak nangyari ang unang
sigaw ng paghihimagsik na kinalalagian ngayon ng bantayog, kung di sa pook na kilala sa tawag
na Pugad Lawin.” (The first Cry of the revolution did not happen in Balintawak where the
monument is, but in a place called Pugad Lawin.)

In 1940, a research team of the Philippines Historical Committee (a forerunner of the National
Historical Institute or NHI), which included Pio Valenzuela, identified the precise spot of Pugad
Lawin as part of sitio Gulod, Banlat, Kalookan City. In 1964, the NHI’s Minutes of the Katipunan
referred to the place of the Cry as Tandang Sora’s and not as Juan Ramos’ house, and the date as
23 August.

Valenzuela memoirs (1964, 1978) averred that the Cry took place on 23 August at the house of
Juan Ramos at Pugad Lawin. The NHI was obviously influenced by Valenzuela’s memoirs. In 1963,
upon the NHI endorsement, President Diosdado Macapagal ordered that the Cry be celebrated on
23 August and that Pugad Lawin be recognized as its site.

John N. Schrumacher, S.J, of the Ateneo de Manila University was to comment on Pio Valenzuela’s
credibility:

I would certainly give much less credence to all accounts coming from Pio Valezuela, and to the
interpretations Agoncillo got from him verbally, since Valenzuela gave so many versions from the
time he surrendered to the Spanish authorities and made various statements not always
compatible with one another up to the time when as an old man he was interviewed by Agoncillo.
Pio Valenzuela backtracked on yet another point. In 1896, Valenzuela testified that when the
Katipunan consulted Jose Rizal on whether the time had come to revolt, Rizal was vehemently
against the revolution. Later, in Agoncillo’s Revolt of the masses, Valenzuela retracted and claimed
that Rizal was actually for the uprising, if certain prerequisites were met. Agoncillo reasoned that
Valenzuela had lied to save Rizal.

The Pugad Lawin marker

The prevalent account of the Cry is that of Teodoro Agoncillo in Revolt of the masses (1956):

It was in Pugad Lawin, where they proceeded upon leaving Samson’s place in the afternoon of the
22nd, that the more than 1,000 members of the Katipunan met in the yard of Juan A. Ramos, son
of Melchora Aquino,…in the morning of August 23rd. Considerable discussion arose whether the
revolt against the Spanish government should be started on the 29th. Only one man protested…
But he was overruled in his stand… Bonifacio then announced the decision and shouted:
“Brothers, it was agreed to continue with the plan of revolt. My brothers, do you swear to
repudiate the government that oppresses us?” And the rebels, shouting as one man replied: “Yes,
sir!” “That being the case,” Bonifacio added, “bring out your cedulas and tear them to pieces to
symbolize our determination to take arms!” .. . Amidst the ceremony, the rebels, tear-stained
eyes, shouted: “Long live the Philippines! Long live the Katipunan!

Agoncillo used his considerable influenced and campaigned for a change in the recognized site to
Pugad Lawin and the date 23 August 1896. In 1963, the National Heroes Commission (a
forerunner of the NHI), without formal consultations or recommendations to President Macapagal.

Consequently, Macapagal ordered that the Cry of Balintawak be called the “Cry of Pugad Lawin,”
and that it be celebrated on 23 August instead of 26 August. The 1911 monument in Balintawak
was later removed to a highway. Student groups moved to save the discarded monument, and it
was installed in front of Vinzons Hall in the Diliman campus of the University of the Philippines on
29 November 1968.

In 1962, Teodoro Agoncillo, together with the UP Student Council, placed a marker at the Pugad
Lawin site. According to Agoncillo, the house of Juan Ramos stood there in 1896, while the house
of Tandang Sora was located at Pasong Tamo.

On 30 June 1983, Quezon City Mayor Adelina S. Rodriguez created the Pugad Lawin Historical
Committee to determine the location of Juan Ramos’s 1896 residence at Pugad Lawin.

The NHI files on the committee’s findings show the following:

a. In August 1983, Pugad Lawin in barangay Bahay Toro was inhabited by squatter colonies.
 • The NHI believed that it was correct in looking for the house of Juan Ramos and not of
Tandang Sora. However, the former residence of Juan Ramos was clearly defined.
• There was an old dap-dap tree at the site when the NHI conducted its survey I 1983.
Teodoro Agoncillo, Gregorio Zaide and Pio Valenzuela do not mention a dap-dap tree in their
books.
b. Pio Valenzuela, the main proponent of the “Pugad Lawin” version, was dead by the time the
committee conducted its research.

c. Teodoro Agoncillo tried to locate the marker installed in August 1962 by the UP Student
Council. However, was no longer extant in 1983.

In spite of the above findings and in the absence of any clear evidence, the NHI disregarded its
own 1964 report that the Philippine Historical Committee had determined in 1940 that the Pugad
Lawin residence was Tandang Sora’s and not Juan Ramos’s and that the specific site of Pugad
Lawin was Gulod in Banlat.

The presence of the dap-dap tree in the Pugad Lawin site determined by Agoncillo and the NHI is
irrelevant, since none of the principals like Pio Valenzuela, Santiago Alvarez, and others, nor
historians like Zaide- and even Agoncillo himself before that instance- mentioned such a tree.

On the basis of the 1983 committee’s findings, the NHI placed a marker on 23 August 1984 on
Seminary Road in barangay Bahay Toro behind Toro Hills High School, the Quezon City General
Hospital and the San Jose Seminary. It reads:

Ang Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin (1896)

Sa paligid ng pook na ito, si Andres Bonifacio at mga isang libong Katipunero at nagpulong noong
umaga ng ika-23 Agosto 1896, at ipinasyang maghimagsik laban sa Kastila sa Pilipinas. Bilang
patunay ay pinag-pupunit ang kanilang mga sedula na naging tanda ng pagkaalipin ng mga
Pilpino. Ito ang kaunaunahang sigaw ng Bayang Api laban sa bansang Espanya na pinatibayan sa
pamamagitan ng paggamit ng sandata.

(On this site Andres Bonifacio and one thousand Katipuneros met in the morning of 23 August
1896 and decided to revolt against the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines. As an
affirmation of their resolve, they tore up their tax receipts which were symbols of oppression of
the Filipinos. This was very first Cry of the Oppressed Nation against Spain which was enforced
with use of arms.)
The place name “Pugad Lawin “, however, is problematic. In History of the Katipunan (1939),
Zaide records Valenzuela’s mention of the site in a footnote and not in the body of text,
suggesting that the Historian regarded the matter as unresolved.

Cartographic changes

Was there a Pugad Lawin in maps or literature of the period?

A rough sketch or croquis de las operaciones practicadas in El Español showed the movements of
Lt. Ros against the Katipunan on 25, 26, and 27 August 1896. The map defined each place name
as sitio “Baclac” (sic: Banlat). In 1897, the Spanish historian Sastron mentioned Kalookan,
Balintawak, Banlat and Pasong Tamo. The names mentioned in some revolutionary sources and
interpretations- Daang Malalim, Kangkong and Pugad Lawin- were not identified as barrios. Even
detailed Spanish and American maps mark only Kalookan and Balintawak.

In 1943 map of Manila marks Balintawak separately from Kalookan and Diliman. The sites where
revolutionary events took place are within the ambit of Balintawak.

Government maps issued in 1956, 1987, and 1990, confirm the existence of barangays Bahay
Toro, but do not define their boundaries. Pugad Lawin is not on any of these maps.

According to the government, Balintawak is no longer on the of Quezon City but has been
replaced by several barangays. Barrio Banlat is now divided into barangays Tandang Sora and
Pasong Tamo. Only bahay Toro remains intact.

Writer and linguist Sofronio Calderon, conducting research in the late 1920s on the toponym
“Pugad Lawin,” went through the municipal records and the Census of 1903 and 1918, could not
find the name, and concluded that “Isang…pagkakamali… ang sabihing mayroong Pugad Lawin sa
Kalookan.” (It would be a mistake to say that there is such as Pugad Lawin in Kalookan.)

What can we conclude from all this?

First, that “Pugad Lawin” was never officially recognized as a place name on any Philippine map
before Second World War. Second, “Pugad Lawin “ appeared in historiography only from 1928, or
some 32 years after the events took place. And third, the revolution was always traditionally held
to have occurred in the area of Balintawak, which was distinct from Kalookan and Diliman.

Therefore, while the toponym “Pugad Lawin” is more romantic, it is more accurate to stick to the
original “Cry of Balintawak.”
Determining the date

The official stand of NHI is that the Cry took place on 23 August 1896. That date, however, is
debatable.

The later accounts of Pio Valenzuela and Guillermo Masangkay on the tearing of cedulas on 23
August are basically in agreement, but conflict with each other on the location. Valenzuela points
to the house of Juan Ramos in Pugad Lawin, while Masangkay refers to Apolonio Samson’s in
Kangkong. Masangkay’s final statement has more weight as it is was corroborated by many
eyewitnesses who were photographed in 1917, when the earliest 23 August marker was installed.
Valenzuela’s date (23 August ) in his memoirs conflict with 1928 and 1930 photographs of the
surveys with several Katipunan officers, published in La Opinion, which claim that the Cry took
place on the 24th.

The turning point

What occurred during those last days of August 1896? Eyewitness accounts mention captures,
escapes, recaptures, killings of Katipunan members; the interrogation of Chinese spies; the arrival
of arms in Meycauyan, Bulacan; the debate with Teodoro Plata and others; the decision to go
war; the shouting of slogan; tearing of cedulas; the sending of letters presidents of Sanggunian
and balangay councils; the arrival of civil guard; the loss of Katipunan funds during the skirmish.
All these events, and many others, constitute the beginning of nationwide revolution.

The Cry, however, must be defined as that turning point when the Filipinos finally rejected
Spanish colonial dominion over the Philippine Islands, by formally constituting their own national
government, and by investing a set of leaders with authority to initiate and guide the revolution
towards the establishment of sovereign nation.

Where did this take place?

The introduction to the original Tagalog text of the Biyak na Bato Constitution states:

Ang paghiwalay ng Filipinas sa kahariang España sa patatag ng isang bayang may sariling
pamamahala’t kapangyarihan na pangangalang “Republika ng Filipinas” ay siyang layong inadhika
niyaring Paghihimagsik na kasalukuyan, simula pa ng ika- 24 ng Agosto ng taong 1896…

The Spanish text also states:

La separacion de Filipinas de la Monarquia Española, constituyendose en Estado Independiente y
soberano con Gobierno propuio, con el nombre de Repulica de Filipinas, es en su Guerra actual,
iniciada en 24 de Agosto de 1896…

(The separation of the Philippines from the Spanish Monarchu, constituting an independent state
and with a proper sovereign government, named the Republic of the Philippines, was the end
pursued by the revolution through the present hostilities, initiated on 24 August 1896…)

These lines- in a legal document at that – are persuasive proof that in so far as the leaders of the
revolution are concerned, revolution began on 24 August 1896. The document was written only
one and a half years after the event and signed by over 50 Katipunan members, among them
Emilio Aguinaldo , Artemio Ricarte and Valentin Diaz.

Emilio Aguinaldo’s memoirs, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan (1964), refer to two letters from Andres
Bonifacio dated 22 and 24 August. They pinpoint the date and place of the crucial Cry meeting
when the decision to attack Manila was made:

Noong ika-22 ng Agosto, 1896, ang Sangguniang Magdalo ay tumanggap ng isang lihim na sulat
mula sa Supremo Andres Bonifacio, sa Balintawak , na nagsasaad na isamng mahalagang
pulong ang kanilang idinaos sa ika-24 ng nasabing buwan, at lubhang kailangan na kame ay
mapadala roon ng dalawang kinatawan o delegado sa ngalan ng Sanggunian. Ang pulong aniya’y
itataon sa kaarawan ng kapistahan ng San Bartolome sa Malabon, Tambobong. kapagkarakang
matanggap ang nasabing paanyaya, an gaming Pangulo na si G. Baldomero Aguinaldo, ay
tumawag ng pulong sa tribunal ng Cavite el Viejo… Nagkaroon kami ng pag-aalinlangan sa
pagpapadala roon ng aming kinatawan dahil sa kaselanang pagdararanang mga pook at totoong
mahigpit at abot-abot ang panghuli ng mag Guardia Civil at Veterana sa mga naglalakad lalung-
lalo na sa mag pinaghihinalaang mga mason at Katipunan. Gayon pa man ay aming hinirang at
pinagkaisahang ipadalang tanging Sugo ang matapang na kapatid naming si G. Domingo Orcullo…
Ang aming Sugo ay nakarating ng maluwalhati sa kanyang paroonan at nagbalik din na wala
naming sakuna, na taglay ang sulat ng Supremo na may petsang 24 ng Agosto. Doon ay
wala naming sinasabing kautusan, maliban sa patalastas na kagugulat-gulat na kanilang lulusubin
ang Maynila, sa Sabado ng gabi, ika-29 ng Agosto, at ang hudyat ay ang pagpatay ng ilaw sa
Luneta. Saka idinugtong pa na marami diumano ang nahuli at napatay ng Guardia Civil at
Veterana sa kanyang mga kasamahan sa lugar ng Gulod …

(On 22 August 1896, the Magdalo Council received a secret letter from Supremo Andres Bonifacio,
in Balintawak, which stated that the Katipunan will hold an important meeting on the 24th of the
said month, and that it was extremely necessary to send two representatives or delegates in the
name of the said Council. The meeting would be timed to coincide with the feast day of Saint
Bartolomew in Malabon, Tambobong. Upon receiving the said invitation, our President, Mr.
Baldomero Aguinaldo, called a meeting at Tribunal of Cavite el Viejo…We were apprehensive
about sending representatives because the areas they would have pass through were dangerous
and was a fact that the Civil Guard and Veterans were arresting travelers, especially those
suspected of being freemasons and members of Katipunan. Nevertheless, we agreed and
nominated to send a single representative in the person of our brave brother, Mr. Domingo
Orcullo… Our representative arrived safely at his destination and also returned unharmed,
bearing a letter from the Supremo dated 24 August. It contained no orders but the
shocking announcement that the Katipunan would attack Manila at night on Saturday, 29 August,
the signal for which would be the putting out of the lamps in Luneta. He added that many of his
comrade had been captured and killed by the Civil Guard and Veterans in Gulod…)

The first monument to mark the Cry was erected in 1903 on Ylaya Street in Tondo, in front of the
house were Liga Filipina was founded. The tablet cites Andre Bonifacio as a founding member,
and as “ Supreme Head of the Katipunan, which gave the first battle Cry against tyranny on
August 24, 1896.”

The above facts render unacceptable the official stand that the turning point of the revolution was
the tearing of cedulas in the “Cry of Pugad Lawin” on 23 August 1896, in the Juan Ramos’s house
in “Pugad Lawin” Bahay Toro, Kalookan.

The events of 17-26 August 1896 occurred closer to Balintawak than to Kalookan. Traditionally,
people referred to the “Cry of Balintawak” since that barrio was a better known reference point
than Banlat.

In any case, “Pugad Lawin” is not historiographically verifiable outside of the statements of Pio
Valenzuela in the 1930s and after. In Philippine Historical Association round-table discussion in
February this year, a great granddaughter of Tandang Sora protested the use of toponym “Pugad
Lawin” which, she said, referred to a hawks nest on top of a tall sampaloc tree at Gulod, the
highest elevated area near Balintawak. This certainly negates the NHI’s premise that “Pugad
Lawin” is on Seminary Road in Project 8.

What we should celebrate is the establishment of a revolutionary or the facto government that
was republican in aspiration, the designation of Bonifacio as the Kataastaasang Pangulo (Supreme
Presiddent), the election of the members of his cabinet ministers and Sanggunian and Balangay
heads which authorized these moves met in Tandang Sora’s barn near Pasong Tamo Road, in sitio
Gulod, barrio Banlat then under the jurisdiction of the municipality of Kalookan. This took place at
around noon of Monday, 24 August 1896.

It is clear that the so-called Cry of Pugad Lawin of 23 August is an imposition and erroneous
interpretation, contrary to indisputable and numerous historical facts.

The centennial of the Cry of Balintawak should be celebrated on 24 August 1996 at the site of the
barn and house of Tandang Sora in Gulod, now barangay Banlat, Quezon City.

That was when and where the Filipino nation state was born.
 Cry of Pugadlawin
by Pio Valenzuela

The news of the discovery of the Katipunans spread throughout Manila and the suburbs.
Bonifacio, informed of the discovery, secretly instructed his runners to summon all the leaders of
the society to a general assembly to be held on August 24. They were to meet at Balintawak to
discuss the steps to be taken to meet the crisis. That same night of August 19, Bonifacio,
accompanied by his brother Procopio, Emilio Jacinto, Teodoro Plata, and Auguedo del Rosario,
slipped through the cordon of Spanish sentries and reached Balintawak before midnight. Pio
Valenzuela followed them the next day. On the 21 st, Bonifacio changed the Katipunan code
because the Spanish authorities had already deciphered it. In the afternoon at the same day, the
rebels, numbering about 500, left Balintawak for Kangkong, where Apolinario Samson, a
Katipunero, gave them food and shelter. In the afternoon of August 22, they proceeded to
Pugadlawin. The following day, in the yard of Juan A. Ramos, the son of Melchora Aquino who
was later called “Mother of the Katipunan,” Bonifacio asked his men whether they were prepared
to fight to the bitter end. Despite the objection of his brother-in-law, Teodoro Plata, all assembled
agreed to fight to the last. “That being the case,” Bonifacio said, “bring out your cedulas and tear
them to pieces to symbolize our determination to take up arms!” The men obediently tore up their
cedulas, shouting “long Live the Philippines!” This event marked the so called “Cry of Balintawak,”
which actually happened in Pugadlawin.

Cry of Balintawak
by Guillero Masangkay

In the midst of this dramatic scene, some Katipuneros who just arrived from Manila and
Kalookan shouted “Dong Andres! The civil guards are almost behind us, and will reconnoiter the
mountains.” Bonifacio at once ordered his men to get ready for the expected attack of the
Spaniards. Since they had inferior arms the rebels decided, instead to retreat. Under cover of
darkness, the rebels marched towards Pasong Tamo, and the next day, August 24, they arrived at
the yard of Melchora Aquino, known as Tandang Sora. It was decided that all the rebels in the
sorrounding towns be notified of the general attack on Manila on the night of August 29, 1896.

At ten in the morning of August 25, some women came rushing in and notified Bonifacio that
the civil guards and some infantrymen were coming. Soon after, a burst of fire came from the
approaching Spaniards. The rebels deployed and prepared for the enemy. In the skirmish that
followed, the rebels lost two men and the enemy one. Because of their inferior weapons, which
considered mostly of bolos and a few guns the rebels decided to retreat. On the other hand, the
Spaniards, finding themselves greatly outnumbered, also decided to retreat. So, both camps
retreated and thus prevented a bloody encounter. This was the first skirmish fought in the
struggle for national emancipation.
On August 26, Spanish reinforcement were dispatched to Pasong Tirad to drive away the
rebels. But the later, who were going to or were already in Balara, could not be found. The
Spaniards, frustrated in their attempt to contact the Filipino contingent, shot instead, two innocent
farmers who were leisurely going on their way home. Returning to Manila, the Spanish soldiers
boasted that a great flight has taken place at Pasong Tamo, and that they had driven the rebels to
the interior. This was the origin of the so-called “Cry of Balintawak,” which neither happened on
August 26 nor in Balintawak.

Meanwhile, the rebels, skirting the mountain trails day and night, finally arrived in Mariquina.
Later in the day, however, they abandoned it and proceeded to Hangdang Bato on August 27. the
following day, Bonifacio issued a manifesto inciting the people to take up the Filipino cause and
get set for a concerted attack on the Spaniards on August 29.

CHAPTER 4
SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL Issues IN THE PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
LESSON 1: AGRARIAN REFORM POLICIES

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this module the students were able to:

  Effectively communicate, using various techniques and genres, historical analysis of a particular event that
could help others understand the chosen topic
 Propose recommendation or solutions to present day problems based on their understanding of root cause,
and their anticipation of future scenarios.
 Display the ability to work in a multi- disciplinary team and contribute to a group endeavor.

ABSTRACTION:

What is RA 6657 or CARP - Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program?

CARP, or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, is the redistribution of public and private agricultural
lands to farmers and farm workers who are landless, irrespective of tenurial arrangement. CARP’s vision is to have an
equitable land ownership with empowered agrarian reform beneficiaries who can effectively manage their economic
and social development to have a better quality of life. (Department of Agrarian Reform, n.d.)

One of the major programs of CARP is Land Tenure Improvement, which seeks to hasten distribution of lands to
landless framers. Similarly, the Department offers Support Services to the beneficiaries such as infrastructure
facilities, marketing assistance program, and technical support programs. Furthermore, the department seeks to
facilitate, resolve cases and deliver Agrarian Justice. (Department of Agrarian Reform, n.d.)

The legal basis for CARP is the Republic Act No. 6657 otherwise known as Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Law (CARL) signed by President Corazon C. Aquino on June 10, 1988. It is an act which aims to promote social
justice and industrialization, providing the mechanism for its implementation, and for other purposes. (Department of
Agrarian Reform, n.d.)

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6657

(June 10, 1988)
AN ACT INSTITUTING A COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM TO PROMOTE SOCIAL
JUSTICE AND INDUSTRIALIZATION, PROVIDING THE MECHANISM FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION, AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES

* A copy of the original document can be searched at this site:

http://www.dar.gov.ph/ra-6657-what-is-carp-comprehensive-agrarian-reform-program

1. What is CARP? What is CARPER?

CARP stands for the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, a government initiative that aims to grant
landless farmers and farmworkers ownership of agricultural lands. It was signed into law by President Corazon C.
Aquino on June 10, 1988, and was scheduled to have been completed in 1998. On the year of its deadline,
Congress enacted a law (Republic Act No. 8532) appropriating additional funds for the program and extending
the automatic appropriation of ill-gotten wealth recovered by the Presidential Commission on Good Governance
(PCGG) for CARP until 2008.

CARPER, or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms, is the amendatory law
that extends yet again the deadline of distributing agricultural lands to farmers for five years. It also amends other
provisions stated in CARP. CARPER was signed into law on August 7, 2009. (Department of Agrarian Reform,
n.d.)

2. Who are the beneficiaries of CARP?

 Landless farmers, including agricultural lessees, tenants, as well as regular, seasonal and other farmworkers.
The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) identifies and screens potential beneficiaries and validates their
qualifications. For example, to qualify, you must be at least 15 years old, be a resident of the barangay where the
land holding is located, and own no more than 3 hectares of agricultural land. (Department of Agrarian Reform,
n.d.)

3. What are the government offices involved in the program?

Many agencies are involved in the implementation of CARP. The lead agencies are the Department of
Agrarian Reform (DAR), and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). They are incharge
of the identification and distribution of covered land, and is commonly referred to as CARPable land.
(Department of Agrarian Reform, n.d.)

4. How much land is subject to land reform?

An estimated 7.8 million hectares of land is covered by CARP. (Department of Agrarian Reform, n.d.)

5. How much land has been acquired and distributed so far?

As of December 31, 2013, the government has acquired and distributed 6.9 million hectares of land,
equivalent to 88% of the total land subject to CARP. (Department of Agrarian Reform, n.d.)

6. How much land was distributed to beneficiaries under this administration?

As of December 31, 2013, the administration has distributed a total of 751,514 hectares, or 45% of the total
landholdings to be distributed to the farmer beneficiaries left under this administration.
From this, DAR has distributed 412,782 hectares and DENR has already distributed 338,732 hectares.
(Department of Agrarian Reform, n.d.)

*As of the current administration of President Duterte, due to bureaucratic processes, lawsuits and
problems on farmers’ registry, among others, there is still more than 600,000 hectares of land waiting to be
turned over.
According to Agrarian Reform Secretary John Castriciones, he was positive that the mandate of President
Duterte to finish land distribution by 2022 will be achieved. (business.inquirer.net)

7. How much land does the government still need to acquire for distribution from 2014
to 2016?
DAR still needs to acquire771,795 hectares, while the DENR still needs to acquire 134,857 hectares – a total
of 906,652 hectares. (Department of Agrarian Reform, n.d.)

8. How will the government acquire the landholdings?

There are different modes of acquiring and distributing public and private agricultural lands. For private
lands under compulsory acquisition, the DAR will issue Notices of Coverage to the original owners of the
landholdings. Notices of Coverage will be issued to most of the landholdings by June 30, 2014. (Department of
Agrarian Reform, n.d.)

9. What is a Notice of Coverage?

A Notice of Coverage (NOC) is a letter informing a landowner that his/her land is covered by CARP, and is
subject to acquisition and distribution to beneficiaries. It likewise informs the landowner of his/her rights under
the law, including the right to retain 5 hectares. (Department of Agrarian Reform, n.d.)
10. After the period of time allotted for CARPER by law is passed (August7, 2009 to
June 30, 2014), how will the remaining landholdings, which are subject to compulsory
acquisition, be distributed to the beneficiaries?

As long as Notices of Coverage are issued on or before June 30, 2014, land distribution to the beneficiaries
shall continue until completion, according to Section 30 of CARPER (R.A. No. 9700). Meaning, even after
CARPER’s deadline, the law itself mandates the concerned agencies to finish distributing lands to the
beneficiaries up to the very last hectares. This assures to the farmers that the process for receiving their land will
continue (e.g., beneficiary identification, survey, generation, and registration of land titles to beneficiaries).
(Department of Agrarian Reform, n.d.)

11. How does DAR intend to deal with the remaining landholdings (771,795 hectares) to
be distributed?
DAR projects that it will be distributing 187,686 hectares in 2014; 198,631 hectares in 2015; and 385,478
hectares in 2016.

Of the remaining CARPable landholdings to be distributed, 551,275 hectares are considered workable, while
220,520 hectares are tagged as problematic. Solutions for problematic landholdings will be worked out.
(Department of Agrarian Reform, n.d.)

12. What were the challenges encountered in the course of acquiring and distributing
private lands?
There were numerous problems in implementing the land reform program:

In some cases, technical descriptions in the land titles (which determine the boundaries of the land) were
found to be erroneous and had to be corrected. Some titles were destroyed, and therefore, had to be reissued by
undergoing a court process, similar to filing a case. Potential beneficiaries argued among themselves on who
should or should not be qualified as beneficiaries; these disputes had to be mediated or resolved by the
government. In other cases, landowners may petition that their lands be exempted or excluded from CARP
coverage, and some of these petitions have gone up to the Supreme Court.

Smaller parcels of land (5 hectares to 10 hectares) were only processed in the last year of
implementation of CARPER (July 1, 2013 to June 30, 2014). Past efforts focused on bigger parcels of land,
which involved more paperwork to process. Now that efforts are focused on smaller but more numerous cuts of
land, there are more claim folders to process and distribute. (Department of Agrarian Reform, n.d.)
Lesson 2 The Philippine Constitution

ANALYSIS:

What is constitution?

What is the fundamental objective of the constitution?

ABSTRACTION:

THE CONSTITUTIONS
- the fundamental law of the land, which establishes the character and basic principles of the government.

- the basic political principles on which a state is governed, making clear the rights of the individual and limiting
powers of the government.

THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONS

A. MALOLOS CONSTITUTION (1899)

- following the declaration of independence from Spain (1898) by the Revolutionary Government, a Congress was held in
Malolos, Bulacan in 1899 to draw up a Constitution
- it was the First Republican Constitution in Asia. The document states that the people have exclusive sovereignty.
- it states basic civil rights, separated from the church and state, and called for the creation of an Assembly of
Representatives which would act as the legislative body
- it also calls for a Presidential form of government with the president elected for a term of four years by a majority of the
Assembly
- was written by Felipe Calderon and Felipe Buencamino

El Heraldo de la Revolucion
 - the official newspaper of the Malolos Republic.
September 15, 1898. The Malolos Congress convened in Barasoain Church and Pedro Paterno was elected as its
president.
January 21, 1899. The Malolos Constitution drafted by a committee headed by Felipe Calderon was proclaimed
transforming the government into what is known today as the First Philippine Republic.
January 23,1899. Inauguration of the First Philippine Republic popularly known as the Malolos Republic amidst
colorful ceremonies at the Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan with Aguinaldo as its president.

Acts of the United States Congress

- the Philippines was under the jurisdiction of the federal government of the United States during this period
(December 10, 1898 to March 24, 1934)
1. Philippine Bill of 1902 (Cooper Act)
- it provided for the creation of a popularly elected Philippine Assembly, and specified that legislative power
would be vested in a bicameral legislature composed of the Philippine Commission (upper house) and the
Philippine Assembly (lower house).

- its key provisions included a bill of rights for the Filipinos and the appointment of two non-voting Filipino
resident commissioners to represent the Philippines in the United States Congress.
- United States Congressman Henry Allen Cooper sponsored the Philippine Bill of 1902. The bill proposed the
creation and administration of a civil government in the Philippines. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed it
into law in July 2,1902.
2. Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 (Jones Law)
- it modified the structure of the Philippine government by removing the Philippine Commission as the
legislative upper house replacing it with a Senate elected by Filipino voters.

- this act also explicitly stated that it was and had always been the purpose of the people of the United States to
withdraw their sovereignty over the Philippine islands and to recognize Philippine independence as soon as a
stable government can be established therein.

3. Tydings-McDuffie Act
- in 1934, the Tydings McDuffie Act (essentially the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act, as modified by Manuel L.
Quezon) was passed by the U.S. Congress signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

- the bill mandated a ten-year transition period to independence in 1944. The first step would be to
establish the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935.
- the commonwealth would have its own constitution and would be self-governing, although foreign policy
would be the responsibility of the U.S. Laws passed by the Philippine legislature affecting immigration,
foreign trade, and the currency system had to be approved by the American President. The United States
would retain only a single naval base and fueling stations.
- the Philippines would soon become a Commonwealth partner of the United States.

B. 1935 Constitution (Commonwealth Government)

- The original 1935 Constitution provided for unicameral National Assembly and the President was elected to a six-
year term without re-election.

- it was amended in 1940 to have a bicameral Congress composed of a Senate and House of Representatives, as well
the creation of an independent electoral commission.
- the Constitution granted the President a four-year term with a maximum of two consecutive terms in office
- a Constitutional Convention was held in 1971 to rewrite the 1935 Constitution
Claro M. Recto – unanimously elected as the Chairman of the 1934 Constitutional Convention.

C. 1943 Constitution (Second Republic)

- drafted by a committee appointed by the Philippine Executive Commission, the body established by the Japanese
to administer the Philippines in lieu of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which had established a government
in exile.
 - KALIBAPI (Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) was also organized, designed to be the sole and
exclusive political organization in the Philippines.
- the legislature consisted of a unicameral National Assembly and only those considered as anti-US could stand for
election. Although in practice, most legislators were appointed rather than elected.

D. 1973 Constitution (New Society)

- Chairman of the 1971 ConCon – Former President Carlos P. Garcia and Diosdado Macapagal.

- it was promulgated after Marcos’ declaration of Martial Law (Proclamation Decree 1081 on
September 21, 1972), introduced to a parliamentary style of government.

- Legislative power was vested in a National Assembly whose members were elected for six-years term
- the president was elected as the symbolic head of the state from the members of the National Assembly for a six-
year term and could be re-elected to an unlimited number of terms. Upon elections, the President cased to be a
member of the National Assembly.
1. The 1976 Amendments: An Interim Batasang Pambansa (IBP) substituting for the Interim National Assembly. The
President would also become the Prime Minister and he would continue to exercise legislative powers until such
time as martial law was lifted.

2. In the 1980 amendment, the retirement age of the members of the judiciary was extended to 70 years.
3. In the 1981 amendments, the parliamentary system was modified: Executive power was restored to the President
and direct elections of the President was restored.
PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION
 Political Science – is the study of the polis (Greek word for city, which is tantamount to today’s state). It is a specialized
study of state, its government and politics.
State and Nation
State – has some degree of permanence; political concept
Nation - it is racial in nature, bound by a common race or language as well as customs and traditions
Elements of State
1. People – inhabitants or the population of the state that comprises its citizens
2. Territory – definite geographic area occupied by the people
3. Government – agency or instrumentality through which the will of the people is formulated, expressed and
realized.
4. Sovereignty – supreme power of the state to rule over its citizens within its territory and be free from control of
foreign states.
Theories of the Evolution of State
1. Natural Theory – the formation of the state results from man’s natural inclination to associate and interact.
2. Divine Theory – holds the view that the state is of divine creation and its rules are of God’s chosen ones.
3. Force Theory – asserts that the state emerged as consequences of invasion, force or coercion.
4. Patriarchal Theory – state evolves from families
5. Social Contract Theory – explains that states were formed by deliberate and voluntary agreement among the
people.

Branches of Government
1. Executive – law implementing body (President)

2. Legislative – law-making body (Congress)

3. Judicial – law-interpreting body (Court system)

Inherent Powers of the state

1. Police power – the power of the state to enact laws or regulations in relation to persons and property for the promotion of
public health, morals, safety and general welfare.

2. Taxation – power of the state to impose proportional charges upon persons, property of rights, for the use and support of
the government and to enable it to discharge a legitimate function.
3. Eminent Domain – right or power of the state to take private property for public use upon payment of just
compensation.

What is government?
- an institution that has the power to make laws and enforce those certain territories, people and other organizations

- derived from the Latin word qubemaculum which means a rudder used to steer, control, or direct.

Systems of Government:
1. Unitary
- system of political organization in which most or all of the governing powers resides in a centralized government.

- The centralized government commonly delegates authority to subnational units and channels policy decisions
when down to them for implementation.
Example: Philippines
- Advantage: There is a clear hierarchical authority.
- Disadvantage: For the reason that the loyalty of the citizens is focused on the governmental authority, citizens tend
to identify with the country as a whole rather than with regional authorities.

2. Federalism
- mode of political organization that unites separate states or other polities within an overarching political system in
such a way as to allow each to maintain its own fundamental political integrity

- in contrast to a unitary state, there is an explicit sharing of power among levels of government in a federation, and
no level has legal power to dominate any other level in policy domains
Example: USA
- Advantage: Central or local government is independent in its sphere of jurisdiction.
- Disadvantage: There is a duplication of offices and personnel in central and local government, and to maintain this
would be a heavy financial burden to the government.

Forms of Governments

A. Rule by One Person

1. Monarchy
- a government that has a single person who is generally considered the ruler by the title and birthright.

- These titles include: Czar, King, Queen, Emperor, Caesar, etc.

- power is absolute and is either taken through conquest or passed down to family members without
regard for ability or appropriateness.

Types of Monarchy:
a. Absolute Monarchy – the monarch exercises absolute power and wields executive, legislative, and judicial
powers.
Example: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

b. Limited or Constitutional Monarchy

- The monarch delegates powers. For example, the legislative body, judicial power by the court and
exercise power by the King / Queen exercise legislative power. They rule according to their Constitution.
Examples: UK, Belgium, Spain, Japan, The Netherlands
2. Dictatorship
- a type of government controlled by a single individual, typically a person who rules by threat or force, and
giving the people little or no individual freedom. This can be applicable during a period of chaos or
discontent when the leader seeks emergency powers to implement policies.
B. Rule by the Few
1. Aristocracy – a government by the “best members of the community”
- aristocrats are presumably men of the highest intelligence and integrity and they belong to the elite in society
- their status, wealth, and political power are inherited.

2. Oligarchy – government of a wealthy few but they do not come from nobility like aristocrats.
 - it is unlikely that oligarchy could serve the interest of the masses since they use their positions in the
government for their personal benefits.

- they build economic empires for themselves and for their family.
C. Rule by the Many
1. Democracy – it means rule by the people. Abraham Lincoln aptly puts it “Democracy is the government of the
people, by the people and for the people”
- a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly
through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections.
a. Direct Democracy – citizens themselves vote for or against specific proposals or laws.
b.
c. Indirect Democracy – citizens elect representatives to make laws on their behalf

Essential Features of Democracy

1. Majority Rule – the majority of citizens choose their leaders who then have the mandate to govern and make public
policies; and

2. Minority Rights – this is ensured so long as the minority of citizens openly attempts to win majority support for leaders
and policies without loss of individual rights just as the majority enjoy these rights.

E. 1987 Constitution
- Chairman of the 1986 ConCon – Cecilla Munoz Palma
- Approved by Filipino People (Feb. 02, 1987)
- Approved by Constitutional Commission
- the constitution establishes the Philippines as “Democratic and Republican” state
- doctrine of the separation of powers

Basic Principle of the 1987 Constitution

1. Recognition of the aid of Almighty God
2. Sovereignty of the people
3. Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy
4. Separation of the church and state
5. Supremacy of the civilian authority over military
6. Recognition of the importance of the family as basic social institution and of the vital role of the youth in nation-
building
7. Guarantee of human rights
8. Separation of powers
9. Government through suffrage
10. Guarantee of local autonomy
11. Independence of the judiciary
12. High sense of public service morality and accountability of public officers
13. Nationalization of natural resources and certain private enterprises affected with public interest
14. Government of laws and not for men
15. Non-suability of the state
16. Rule of the majority – Democracy/indirect or republican

The Constitution addresses itself to the following concerns:

Preamble – prelude to the Constitution

“We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and
establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop
our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of
law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.”

 Article I – National Territory

 Article II – Declaration of Principles and State Policies
 Article III – Bill of Rights
 Article IV – Citizenship
  Article V – Suffrage
 Article VI – The Legislative Department
 Article VII – Executive Department
 Article VIII - Judicial Department
 Article IX – Constitutional Commissions
 Article X – Local Government
 Article XI – Accountability of Public Office
 Article XII – National Economy and Patrimony
 Article XIII – Social Justice and Human Rights
 Article XIV – Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports
 Article XV – The Family
 Article XVI – General Provisions
 Article XVII – Amendments or Revisions
 Article XVIII – Transitory Provisions

How can a constitution be changed?

Constituent Assembly – the congress may convene itself into a constituent assembly by a simple vote of majority, though it
would require the vote of three-fourths of its members to affect amendments.

Constitutional Convention- the congress may call for a constitutional by the vote of two-thirds of all its members

People’s Initiative- the people may directly propose changes to the constitution upon the petition of at least 12% of all the
registered voters, represented by at least 3% of all registered voters in every legislative body.

IV. Citizenship – a term denoting membership of a citizen in political society, which membership implies, reciprocally, a duty
of allegiance on the part of the member and duty of protection on the part of the state.

General Ways of Acquiring Citizenship

1. Involuntary Method – by birth because blood of relationship or place of birth
Citizenship of Birth
1. Jus Sanguinis – relationship by blood is the basis of the acquisition of citizenship under this rule. The children
follows the citizenship of both of the parents or one of them. This is the predominating principle in the Philippines.
2. Jus Soli or Jus Loci – place birth as the basis for acquiring citizenship under this rule.
2. Voluntary Method – by naturalization, except in case of collective naturalization of the inhabitants of a territory which
takes place when it is ceded by one to another as a result of conquest or treaty.
Ways of acquiring citizenship through Naturalization
1. By the judgement of the Court – the foreigner who wants to become a Filipino citizen must first apply for
naturalization with proper regional trial court. He must have all the qualifications a provided by law and must
comply with all he procedures and conditions prescribed.
2. By direct act of Congress – in this case, Congress simply legislate a law granting citizenship to a foreigner.

V. Suffrage
- it is the right and obligation to vote in the election of the government officers and in the decision of public question
submitted to the people.
SECTION 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines (1) not otherwise disqualified by law, (2) who are at
least eighteen years of age, and (3) who shall have resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in the place wherein
they propose to vote for at least six months immediately preceding the election.
No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.

Elections – refers to the selection, by which people serves as the electorate, of persons as candidate for a fixed period.
Recall- it is a means by which local officials may be removed from office even before the expiration of their term of office by a
votes of the residents.
Plebiscite- it is a type of election wherein the people render decisions to accept or reject certain amendments to the Constitution.
Initiative- it is the process whereby the people are given the opportunity to directly propose or enact laws.

VI. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

- Section 2. The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators…

- Section 4. The term of office of the Senators shall be six years…

- Section 5. (1) The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than two hundred and fifty members,
unless otherwise fixed by law…
 (2) The party list representatives shall constitute twenty percent of the total number of representatives including those
under the party list…
- Section 7. The Members of the House of Representatives shall be elected for a term of three years…

- Section 8. Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election of the Senators and the Members of the House of
Representatives shall be held on the second Monday of May.

- Section 17. The Senate and the House of Representatives shall each have an Electoral Tribunal which shall be the sole
judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of their respective Members. Each Electoral
Tribunal shall be composed of nine Members, three of whom shall be Justices of the Supreme Court to be designated by
the Chief Justice, and the remaining six shall be Members of the Senate or the House of Representatives…

- Section 18. There shall be a Commission on Appointments consisting of the President of the Senate, as ex officio
Chairman, twelve Senators and twelve Members of the House of Representatives…

- Section 23. (1) The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses in joint session assembled, voting separately, shall
have the sole power to declare the existence of a state of war.

- Section 24. All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase of the public debt, bills of local application,
and private bills shall originate exclusively in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with
amendments.

- Section 28. (1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. The Congress shall evolve a progressive system of
taxation.

VII. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

- Section 4. The President and the Vice-President shall be elected by direct vote of the people for a term of six years… No
Vice-President shall serve for more than two consecutive terms.
- The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and
qualifications of the President or Vice- President, and may promulgate its rules for the purpose…

- Section 15. Two months immediately before the next presidential elections and up to the end of his term, a President or
Acting President shall not make appointments, except temporary appointments to executive positions when continued
vacancies therein will prejudice public service or endanger public safety.

- Section 18. The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines and whenever it
becomes necessary, he may call out such armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion. In
case of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it, he may, for a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend
the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof under martial law...

- A state of martial law does not suspend the operation of the Constitution, nor supplant the functioning of the civil
courts or legislative assemblies, nor authorize the conferment of jurisdiction on military courts and agencies over civilians
where civil courts are able to function, nor automatically suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus.

- Crimes Against national security

1. Espionage: the practice of spying or of using spies, typically by governments to obtain political and military
information.

2. Treason: the crime of betraying one’s country, especially by attempting to kill the sovereign or overthrew the
government.
- Section 23. The President shall address the Congress at the opening of its regular session. He may also appear before it
at any other time.

Power of the President

1. Power of Appointment – the president appoints members of the constitutional commissions, ambassadors, the
public ministers and consuls or officers of AFP.
2. Power of Executive Clemency – the power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons.
3. Pardon – an act of grace proceeding from the president that exempts the individual on whom it is bestowed form the
punishment the law inflicts for a crime he has committed.
4. Reprieve – the postponement of the sentence imposed to a lesser punishment
5. Commutation- the reduction of the sentence imposed to a lesser punishment
 6. Amnesty – an act of mercy from the president with the consent of congress granted to certain classes of persons who
have committed crimes.

VIII. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

- Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of various courts
but may not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases enumerated in Section 5 hereof.

- Section 4. (1) The Supreme Court shall be composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen Associate Justices. It may sit en
banc or in its discretion, in divisions of three, five, or seven Members. Any vacancy shall be filled within ninety days from
the occurrence thereof.

SPECIAL COURTS
1. Court of Tax Appeals – has the exclusive jurisdiction over taxes cases appealed by private citizens and commercial
firms
2. The Sandiganbayan – a special anti-graft court, it decides cases involving graft and corruption by government officials
and employees
3. The Ombudsman (Tanodbayan)- investigates cases of graft and corruption in government; it acts as prosecutor in
bringing graft cases before the Sandiganbayan.

IX. Constitutional Commission

- Section 1. The Constitutional Commissions, which shall be independent, are the Civil Service Commission, the
Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit.
1. Commission of Civil Service
- the central personal agency of the government whose primary goal is to professionalize the Philippines service
system by setting standards and enforcing laws and rules governing the selection, utilization, training and discipline
of civil service.
2. Commission of Audit
- has the responsibility of ensuring transparency and accountability in government service, particularly in the use of
public funds.
3. Commission on Elections
- created for the purpose of ensuring free and honest elections and protecting the popular will of the people as
expressed in the ballot.

X. LOCAL GOVERNMENT
- Section 1. The territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines are the provinces, cities,
municipalities, and barangays. There shall be autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras as
hereinafter provided.
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM): The Corazon C. Aquino government sought the creation of the
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao by providing the 1987 Constitution and directly ordered to convene the Ad hoc
Council of the Regional Consultative Council, the body tasked to drafted the Organic Act that would serve as the
operations manual of the ARMM. The Organic Act was signed into law as RA 6734, by President Corazon C. Aquino on
August 1, 1989 and a plebiscite was conducted in the proposed area of ARMM on November 17, 1989. Of the 13 proposed
provinces, only four: Maguindanao, Lanao del Sur, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi joined the ARMM.

The ratification of RA 9054, an act to strengthen and expand the Organic Act for the ARMM amending for the purpose RA
6734, entitled “An Act Providing for the ARMM” as amended in September 2001 plebiscite paved the way for the
expansion of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao to include the province of Basilan and City of Marawi.

- Section 5. Each local government unit shall have the power to create its own sources of revenues and to levy taxes, fees,
and charges…
- Section 6. Local government units shall have a just share, as determined by law, in the national taxes which shall be
automatically released to them.

- Section 7. Local governments shall be entitled to an equitable share in the proceeds of the utilization and development
of the national wealth within their respective areas…
Aquilino “Nene” Pimentel Jr.
- Father of the Local Government Code (RA 7160).
APPLICATION:
Answer the following questions
1. It is a primarily a set of written rules and principles specifying how a country should be governed, how
power is distributed and controlled
2. Is an introductory statement, a preliminary explanation. The term is particularly applied to the opening
paragraph
3. Article I in the 1987 Philippine Constitution is
4. Article III in the 1987 Philippine Constitution is
5. Article VII in the 1987 Philippine Constitution is
6. Article V in the 1987 Philippine Constitution is
7. It shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall consist of a Senate and a House of
Representatives.
8. It shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.
9. It shall be vested in the President of the Philippines.
10. The right of a person to vote.
11. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
12. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform
any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship.
13. The term of office of the Senators shall be ___ years and shall commence, unless otherwise provided by
law.
14. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people.
15. Under what administrative does the 1987 Constitution was proclaimed?

Lesson 3
ANALYSIS:
When you encounter the word tax what comes in your mind?
ABSTRACTION
I. What is “Taxation”?
- refers to the compulsory or conceive money collection or enforced proportional
contribution levied by the law-making body of the state to support the indispensable and all the
necessary expenses of the government
- to generate funds to defray expenses incurred by the government in promoting the general
welfare of its citizenry (PRIMARY)
- it is a means by which government finance their expenditure by imposing charges on citizens
and corporate entities.
- refers to the practice of a government collecting money from its citizens to pay for public
services.
- to equitably contribute to the wealth of the nation, to protect new industries, and to protect local
producers

II. Principles of Taxation

- The Benefit Principle. This principle holds that individuals should be taxed in proportion to the
benefits they receive from the government and that taxes should be paid by those who receive
the direct benefit of the government programs and projects cut of the taxes paid.
- The Ability-to-Pay Principle. This principle states that taxes should relate with the citizens’
income or the ability to pay.
- The Equal-Distribution Principle. This principle holds that income, wealth, and transaction
should be taxed at a fixed percentage; that is, citizens who earn more and buy more should pay
more taxes, but will not pay a higher rate of taxes.

III. Philippine Taxation

- according to the Department of Finance, taxes are mandatory contributions of everyone to
raise revenue for nation-building.
- the government collects taxes to provide basic services such as education, health,
infrastructure, and other social services.
- taxes are used to pay for our doctors, teachers, soldiers and other government personnel
and officials.

- these are also used to build schools, hospitals, roads and industrial and agricultural
facilities.
- part of taxes gets directly transferred to the poorest such as 4Ps (Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program), pension to qualified senior citizens, allowance for PWDs, PhilHealth and
etc.
- we all pay taxes, either directly or indirectly. We pay taxes according to our income and level
of consumption.

IV. Legal Basis of Taxation

a. Constitution
Article VI, Section 28 of the 1987 Constitution states that:
- the rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable;
- The Congress shall involve a progressive system of taxation;
- Charitable institutions shall be exempted from taxation; and
- No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of a majority of all
the Members of the Congress.
b. National Law
 1. National Internal Revenue Code – enacted as Republic Act. No 8424 or the Tax Reform
Act of 1997
2. Subsequently amended by Republic by Republic Act No. 10963 or the Tax Reform for
Acceleration and Inclusion Act of 2017
3. Republic Act No. 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991 , and those sourced from
the proceeds collected by virtue of a local ordinance.
Taxes imposed at the national level are collected by the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR),
while those imposed at the local level like provincial, city, municipal, barangay are collected by a
Local Treasurer’s Office.

The power and duties of Bureau of Internal Revenues are:

1. Reduction and collection of all internal revenue taxes, fees and charges;
2. Enforcement of all forfeitures, penalties and fines connected therewith, including the
execution of judgements in all cases decided in its favor by the Court of Tax Appeals and the
ordinary courts; and
3. It shall also give effect to the administer supervisory and police powers conferred to it by the
National Internal Revenue Code and special laws.

V. Classification of Tax System (According to Rate)

1. Progressive Taxation – it is a type of tax system that is designed to put the greatest tax burden
on those who make the most money. The higher the income the higher the tax rate.
2. Regressive Taxation – where those rate increases as the payer’s income decreases. The
higher the income the lower the tax.
3. Proportional Taxation – takes the same percentage of everyone’s income, wealth or
expenditure, but the rich pay a larger amount in total. Tax rate is constant and unaffected by
the level of income.
VI. Characteristics of a Sound Tax System
1. Adequacy – the taxes should be just enough to generate revenue required for provision of
essential public services like health, education and national defense and police protection.
2. Efficiency – must generated revenue greater than the amount of money the government must
spend to collect taxes.
3. Equity – individual and groups belonging to the same bracket must be taxed equally while
belonging to different income groups must be taxed differently.
4. Convenience – to set up measures and procedures that will make it more convenient for
taxpayers to pay.
5. Neutrality – taxes should not favor any one group or sector over another, and should not be
designed to interfere with or influence individual decision making.

VII. Kinds of Taxes

1. Direct Taxes – those that are paid from your income and properties. Example; personal and
corporate income taxes, property and capital taxes.
a. Income Tax – refers to the tax on all yearly profits arising from property, profession, trades or
offices or as a tax on a person’s income, emoluments, profits and the like. It is based on the
ability-to-pay principle wherein people with higher income should pay more.
a.1. Compensation Income – salaries, wages, taxable bonuses, fringe
benefits, and other allowances
a.2. Business Income – practice of profession, trades, gains from sale of
assets and other income not covered by compensation
a.3. Passive Income – tax on deposits, royalties, and dividends

Compensation and self-employment income

 - Individuals earning compensation income are taxed based only on the income tax schedule
for individuals. On the other hand, self-employed individuals and professionals are taxed
based on the income tax.

Income Tax Schedule for Individuals effective SY 2018 until SY 2022

Annual (yearly) taxable income Tax to pay
Over But not Over
P0 P250,000 0%
P250,000 P400,000 20% of the excess over
P250,000
P400,000 P800,000 P30,000 + 25% of the excess
over P400,000
P800,000 P2,000,000 P130,000 + 30% of the excess
over P800,000
P2,000,00 P8,000,000 P490,000 + 32% of the excess
0 over P2,000,000
P8,000,00 P2,410,000 + 35% of the excess
0 over P8,000,000

Interest, royalties, prizes and other winnings

- Interest income from bank deposits, deposit substitutes, trust funds, and other similar
products (except for its long-term variants) is taxed at the rate of 20%.
- Royalties excepts books, literacy works and musical compositions, are taxed at the rate of
10%.
- Prizes and winnings from Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO) Lotto in the
excess of 10,000 are taxed the rate of 20%.
- Interest Income from a depository bank under the expanded foreign currency deposit
system is taxed at the rate of 15%.
- Income from long-term deposits and investment , when pre-terminated in less than three
years after making such deposit or investment is taxed at the rate of 20%; less than four
years, 12%; and less than five years, 5%.
Dividends
- Cash and property dividends are taxed at the rate of 10%.

Income tax for corporations

- The income tax rate for corporations is 30%.
b. Withholding Tax on Compensation – is the tax withheld from individuals receiving purely
compensation income.

c. Estate Tax – is a tax on the right of the deceased person to transmit his/her estate to his/her
lawful heirs and beneficiaries at the time of death and on certain transfers which are made by
law as equivalent to testamentary disposition.

d. Property Tax – is charged on properties like land and buildings and is used for maintaining
public services like the police and fire departments, schools and libraries, as well as roads.
e. Donor’s Tax – is a tax on a donation or gift, and is imposed on the gratuitous transfer of
property between two or more persons who are living at the time of transfer.
f. Capital Gains Tax – such type of tax is charged when an individual sells assets such as
stocks, real estate, or business. The tax is computed by determining the difference between
the acquisition amount and the selling amount. Capital gains from the sale or shared of
 stock not traded in stock exchange are taxed at the rate of 15%. Capital gains from the
sale or real property are taxed at the rate of 6%, except when such proceeds would be
used to construct a new property within eighteen months after the sale had occurred.

2. Indirect Taxes – collected based on consumption. Example; excise taxes, VAT, percentage
tax, and documentary stamp tax (DST)
a. Consumption Taxes – these are taxes that are based on the amount of goods and
services utilized such that the more you consume, the higher the tax you pay.
a.1. Value- Added Tax (VAT) – is a business tax imposed and collected from the seller in the
course of trade or business on every sale of properties (real or personal), lease of goods or
properties (real or personal) or vendors of services. It is an indirect tax, thus, it can be passed
on the buyer. The VAT rate since 2006 is 12%.

b. Percentage Tax – a business tax imposed on persons or entities/transaction; who sell or

lease goods, properties or services in the course of trade or business.
c. Excise Tax – is a tax on the production, sale or consumption of a commodity in a country. It
is an indirect tax on selected goods that have negative externalities and are non-
essentials. Example; Sin products (alcohol and tobacco), petroleum, miscellaneous articles
(automobile, jewelry, perfume, and toilet waters, yachts, and other vessels intended for
pleasure or sports), and mineral products.
Types of Excise Tax:
1. Specific Tax – refers to the excise tax imposed which is based weight, volume
capacity, or any physical unit of measurement
2. Ad Valorem Tax (literally meaning “according to the value”) – refers to the excise tax
which is based on selling price or other specified value. This is a measure to discourage
too much consumption of scarce resources and limit the bad effects of some
products.
d. Documentary Stamp Tax – is a tax on documents, instruments, loan agreements and
papers evidencing the acceptance, assignment, sale or transfer of an obligation, rights, or
property incident thereto.

VIII. National Taxes

- taxes are imposed by the national government of the Philippines like Income tax (compensation,
business, passive), Estate tax, Donor’s tax, Value Added Tax, Percentage tax, Excise Tax,
Documentary Stamp Tax.

IX. Local Taxes

- one of the main sources of revenues of the local government units is the real property tax, which
is a tax imposed on all imposed on all types of real properties including lands, buildings,
improvements, and machinery. Another source of revenue is local ordinance such as parking
fees.
 Brief History of Philippine Taxation
Spanish Era
17th and 18th centuries
- The Contador de’ Resultas served as the Chief Royal Accountant whose functions were
similar to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue today.
- Taxes that were collected from the inhabitants varied from tribute or head tax of one gold
maiz annually; tax on value of jewelries and gold trinkets; indirect taxes on tobacco, wine,
cockpits, burlas and powder

1521 to 1821
- The Spanish treasury had to subsidize the Philippines in the amount of p 250,000,00 per
annum due to the poor financial condition of the country, which can be primarily attributed to
the poor revenue collection system.

American Era
1898 to 1901
- The country was ruled by American military governors.

1902
- The first civil government was established under William H. Taft. However, it was only during
the term of second civil governor Luke E. Wright that the Bureau of Internal Revenue
(BIR) was created in July 2, 1904.

August 1, 1904
- The BIR was formally organized and made operational under the Secretary of Finance,
Henry Ide (author of Internal Revenue Law of 1904), with John S. Hord as the first
collector.
- The second American Collector was Ellis Cromwell (1909-1912)
- The third American collector was William T. Holting (1909-1912). During his term,
collections by the Real Estate and License Divisions were confined to revenue accruing
to the City of Manila.
- The fourth American collector was James J. Rafferty (1914-1918)
- In line with the Filipinization policy of then US President Mckinley, Filipino Collectors were
appointed. The first three (3) BIR Collectors were: Wenceslao Trinidad (1918-1922);
Juan Posadas, Jr. (1922-1934) and Alfredo Yatao (1934-1938).

1937
- The Secretary of Finance reorganized the Provincial Inspection Districts and maintained in
each province an Internal Revenue office supervised by a Provincial Agent.

Japanese Era
1942-1945
- The Bureau was combined with the Customs Office and was headed by a Director of
Customs and Internal Revenue.
Post-War Era
July 04, 1946
- when the Philippines gained its independence from the United State, the Bureau was
eventually re-established separately. The country was divided into 31 inspection units, each
of which was under a Provincial Revenue Agent and City Revenue Agent in distilleries
and tobacco factories.

1951
- the withholding tax system was adopted by Republic Act (RA) 690. This method of
collecting income tax upon receipt of the income resulted to the collection of approximately
25% of the total income tax collected.

1954 to 1957
- major reorganizations took place in the Bureau which created various offices, including the
setting up of regional offices in Cebu and Davao in 1955.

January 1957
- the position title of the head of the Bureau was changed from Collector to Commissioner.
The last Collector and the Commissioner of the BIR was Jose Aranas.

1958
- Tax Census Division was established to consolidate all statements of assets, incomes and
liabilities of all individual and resident corporations in the Philippines into a National Tax
Census.

June 19, 1959

- The Reward Law (RA No. 233) was passed to strictly enforce the payment of taxes and
to further discourage tax evasion, whereby informers were rewarded the 25%
equivalent of the revenue collected from the tax evader.

1964
- The Philippines was sub-divided again into 15 regions and 72 inspection districts.
- The tobacco Inspection Board and Accountable Forms Committee were also created
directly under the Office of the Commissioner.

Marcos Administration
1965
- Commissioner Misael Vera implemented the “Blue Master Program” to curb the abuses
of both the taxpayers and BIR personnel; and the “Voluntary Tax Compliance Program”
to encourage professionals in the private and government sectors to report their
income and to pay the correct amount of taxes.

1970
- Each taxpayer was provided with a permanent Tax Account Number (TAN) which resulted
into faster verification of tax records.
- During Martial Law years, several tax amnesty decrees were issued by the President to
enable erring taxpayers to start anew.
1976
- The Bureau’s National Office was transferred from the Finance Building in Manila to its
own building in Quezon City.

1977
 - President Marcos promulgated the National Internal Revenue Code of 1977, which
updated the 1934 Tax Code.

1980
- Commissioner Ruben Achenta further reorganized the Bureau.

Aquino Administration
February 1986
- After the EDSA Revolution, “Operation: Walang Lagay” was launched to promote the
efficient and honest collection of taxes.

January 30, 1987

- Commissioner Beinvenido Tan, Jr reorganized the Bureau.

1988
- The value-added tax (VAT) was introduced.
- The adoption of the VAT system was one of the structural reforms provided for in the 1986
Tax Reform Program.

1989
- Commissioner Jose Ong improved tax collection and simplified tax administration.
- The Tax Account Number (TAN) was replaced by the Taxpayer Identification Number
(TIN) and adopted the New Payment Control System and Simplified Net Income Taxation
Scheme.

Ramos Administration
1993
- Commissioner Liwayway Vinzons-Chato implemented the Action- Centered
Transformation Program (ACTS) to realign and direct the entire organization towards the
fulfillment of its vision and mission.

1994
- A five-year Tax Computerization Project (TCP) was undertaken which involved the
establishment of a modern and computerized Integrated Tax System and Internal
Administration System.

July 1997
- The BIR was further streamlined to support the implementation of the computerized
Integrated Tax System.

Estrada Administration
- Commissioner Beethoven Rualo enhanced the voluntary compliance and implemented the
Economic Recovery Assistance Payment (ERAP) Program.

1999
- The raffle promo “Humingi ng Resibo, Mananlo ng Libo-Libo” was institutionalized to
encourage consumers to demand sales invoice and receipts.

2000
- Commissioner Dakila Fonacier implemented the full utilization of tax computerization in the
Bureau’s operations
Arroyo Administration
2001
- Commissioner, Atty. Rene G. Bañez implemented changes that made the tax system
simpler and suited to the Philippine culture, more efficient and transparent.
- He also implemented the Voluntary Assessment Program and Compromise Settlement
Program and expansion of coverage of the creditable withholding tax system. A
technology-based system that promotes the paperless filing of tax returns and payment of
taxes was also adopted through the Electronic Filing and Payment System (eFPS)

2002
- Commissioner Guillermo L. Parayno, Jr. offered a Voluntary Assessment and Abatement
Program (VAAP) to taxpayers with under-declared sales/receipts/income.
- He adopted the Reconciliation of Listings for Enforcement or RELIEF System to detect
under-declarations of taxable income by taxpayers and the electronic broadcasting system to
enhance the security of tax payments.

2006
- Commissioner Jose Mario C. Buñag expanded the RATE Program to the Regional
Offices; inclusion of new payment gateways, such as the Efficient Service Machines and the
G-Cash and SMART Money facilities; implementation of the Benchmarking Method and
installation of the Bureau’s e-Complaint System, a new e-Service that allows taxpayer to log
their complaints against erring revenues through the BIR website.

2007
- The National Program Support for Tax Administration Reforms (NPSTAR), a program
funded by various international development agencies, was launched to improve BIR
efficiency in various areas tax administration like taxpayer compliance, tax enforcement and
control)
- Commissioner Lilian B. Hefti embarked on data matching on income payments of
withholding agents the reported income of the concerned recipients.

2008
- Commissioner Sixto S. Esquivas IV closed erring business establishments under the
“Oplan Kandado” Program.

2009
- Commissioner Joel L. Tan-Torres pursued a high visibility public awareness campaign on
the Bureau’s enforcement and taxpayers’ service programs. He institutionalized several
programs to improve revenue collections.

Aquino Administration
- Under Commissioner Kim S. Jacinto-Henares, the BIR focused on the filing of tax evasion
cases. The BIR was able to collect more than one-half of the total revenues of the
government.

Duterte Administration
- Rodrigo Roa Duterte signed the Republic Act 10963 or the Tax Reform for Acceleration
and Inclusion (TRAIN) Act of 2017, which lowered personal income tax rates but increased
taxes on certain goods, leading to a net increase in revenue. This excess revenue will be
used to fund the major expansion in public infrastructure in the country.
 TAX REFORM PROGRAM
(Republic Act No. 10963)
TAX REFORM FOR ACCELERATION AND INCLUSION

X. What is “TRAIN LAW”?

- TRAIN stands for Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion under the Republic Act No.
10963
- The Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) is the first package of the
comprehensive tax reform program (CTRP) envisioned by President Duterte’s
administration, which seeks to correct a number of deficiencies in the tax system to make it
simpler, fairer, and more efficient.
- The goal of the first package of the Comprehensive Tax Reform Program (CTRP) or TRAIN is to
create a more just, simple, and more effective system of tax collection, as per the
constitution, where the rich will have a bigger contribution and the poor will benefit more
from the government’s program and services.
- The tax reform program aims to provide the needed additional revenues that would fund our
country’s investment needs, promoting better lives for Filipinos.

XI. Tax Reform Fund

1. EDUCATION
- The tax reform will be able to fund investments in education, achieving a more conducive
learning environment with the ideal teacher-to-students ratio and classroom-to-student
ratio:
1.1. Achieve the 100% enrollment and completion rates;
1.2. Build 113,553 more classrooms; and
1.3. Hire 181, 980 more teachers between 2017 and 2020

2. HEALTHCARE SERVICES
- with the tax reform, we can invest in our country’s healthcare by providing better services
and facilities:
2.1 Upgrade 704 local hospitals and establish 25 local hospitals;
2.2 Achieve 100% PhilHealth coverage at higher quality of services;
2.3 Build 15,988 new barangay health stations;
2.4 Build 2,424 new rural health units and urban health centers; and
2.5 Between 2017 and 2022, hire an additional 2,424 doctor, 29,466 nurses, 1,114 dentist, 3,288
pharmacist, 2, 682 medical technologies, 911 public health associates, and 2,497 UHC
implementors.

3. INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAMS
- The additional revenue raised by the reform will be used to fund the infrastructure program
of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), which consist of major
highways, expressways, and flood control projects.
- Funding these major infrastructure projects is possible with tax reform for our country to
sustain high and inclusive growth.

XII. Major Features of the TRAIN

1. Lowering the Personal Income Tax (PIT)

 - RA 10963 lowers personal income tax (PIT) for all taxpayers except the richest. Under TRAIN,
those with annual taxable income below 250,000 are exempt from paying PIT. While the rest of
the taxpayers except the richest will see lower tax rates ranging from 15% to 39% by 2023.
- RA 10963 restructures the personal income tax (PIT) schedule, with separate schedules for compensation
income earners (CIEs), purely self-employed individuals and/or professionals (SEPs) whose gross sales or
gross receipts and other non-operating income do not exceed the Value-Added Tax (VAT) threshold of P3
million and mixed income earners.

OLD TAX RATES

For Compensation Income Earners and
Self-Employed and Professionals
NET Taxable Income TAX Rate
Over But not Over
0 10,000 5%
10,000 30,000 500 + 10% of excess over 10,000
30,000 70,000 2,500+15% of excess over 30,000
70,000 140,000 8,500+20% of excess over 140,000
140,000 250,000 22,500+25% of excess over 250,000
250,000 500,000 50,000+30% of excess over 500,000
500,000 125,000+32% of excess over 500,000

NEW TAX RATES

For Compensation Income Earners
Effective January 1, 2018
NET Taxable Income TAX Rate
Over But not Over
0 250,000 0%
250,000 400,000 20% of excess over 250,000
400,000 800,000 30,000+25% of excess over 400,000
800,000 2,000,000 130,000+30% of excess over 800,000
2,000,000 8,000,000 490,000+32% of excess over 2,000,000
8,000,000 2,410,000+35% of excess over 8,000,00

Effective January 1, 2023 and Onwards

NET Taxable Income TAX Rate
Over But not Over
0 250,000 0%
250,000 400,000 15% of excess over 250,000
400,000 800,000 22,500+20% of excess over 400,000
800,000 2,000,000 102,500+25% of excess over 800,000
2,000,000 8,000,000 402,500+30% of excess over 2,000,000
8,000,000 2,202,500+35% of excess over 8,000,00

For Self-employed and Professionals

Effective January 1, 2018
Gross Sales/ Receipts TAX Rate
Option 1: Regular PIT Rates or
 Not exceeding 3 million Option 2: 8% of gross sales/receipts in excess of
250,000
Above 3 million Regular PIT Rates

2. Simplifying the Estate and Donor’s Tax

A. Estate Tax
- Instead of having a complicated tax schedule with different rates, TRAIN reduces and
restructures the estate tax to a low and single tax rate of 6% based on the net value of the
estate with a standard deduction of 5 million and exemption for the first 10 million for the family
income.
- Ra 10963 simplifies the estate schedule, form a six-bracket schedule with rates ranging from 5%
to 20%, to a single rate of 6% based on the value of net estate:

OLD TAX RATES

Net Estate Bracket Tax Rate
Over But not Over`
200,000 Exempt
200,000 500,000 5% of excess over 500,000
500,000 2,000,000 15,000+11% of excess over 2,000,000
2,000,000 5,000,000 135,000+11% of excess over 2,000,000
5,000,000 10,000,000 465,000+15% of excess over 5,000,000
10,000,000 1,215,000+20% of excess over 10,000,000

NEW TAX RATES

Tax Base Tax Rate
Value of Net State 6%

B. Donor’s Tax
- RA 10963 simplifies the donor’s tax schedule from an eight-bracket schedule with rates ranging
from 2% to 15% to a single rate of 6% of total gifts in excess of 250,000.
- 6% tax rate likewise applies if the done is a stranger.

OLD TAX RATES

Net Estate Bracket Tax Rate
Over But not
Over`
100,000 Exempt
100,000 200,000 2% of excess over 100,000
200,000 500,000 2,000+4% of excess over 200,000
500,000 1,000,000 14,000+6% of excess over 500,000
1,000,000 3,000,000 44,000+8% of excess over 1,000,000
3,000,000 5,000,000 204,000+10% of excess over 3,000,000
5,000,000 10,000,000 404,000+12% of excess over 5,000,000
10,000,000 1,004,000+15% of excess over 10,000,000
 NEW TAX RATES
Tax Base Tax Rate
Total gifts not exceeding 250,000 Exempt
In excess of 250,000 6%

3. Expanding the Value-Added Tax (VAT)

- RA 10963 repeals 54 provision on VAT exemption and zero-rating under special laws to broaden
the VAT base.
- It also includes electric cooperatives in the definition of sale or exchange of services subject to
VAT
- RA 10963 removes foreign currency denominated sales from VAT zero-rating and subjects to the
VAT indirect exporters and agents only upon the establishment and implementation of an
enhanced VAT refund system.

Retention of VAT Exemptions

- RA 10963 retains the VAT-excepts status of the following:
1. Raw Agriculture and Marine Products;
2. Education Services;
3. Senior Citizens;
4. Health Services;
5. Cooperatives; and
6. Person with Disabilities

Inclusion to VAT-Exempt Transactions

- RA 10963 includes the following transactions to the list of VAT exempt transactions under section
109 of the NIRC of 1997:
1. Sale of gold to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.
1. Sale of drugs and medicines [prescribed for diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension,
beginning January 1, 2019.
2. Association dues, membership fees, and other assessment and charges collected by
homeowners’’ association and condominium corporation.
3. Transfer of property in pursuance of a plan of merger or consolidation.

Adjustment to VAT-Exempt Thresholds

1. Increases the VAT-exempt threshold from 1,919,500 to 3 million which is to be adjusted to
inflation not later than January 31, 2021 and every 3 years thereafter.
2. Increase the present VAT-exempt threshold on lease of residential unit with a monthly rental of
12,8000 to 15,000.
3. Reduces the VAT-exempt threshold from 3,199,200 to 2,000,00 on sale of house and lot and
other residential dwellings beginning January 1, 2021

4. Increasing the fuel Excise Tax

- RA 10963 increases the excise of petroleum products, which has not been adjusted since 1997.
- The Duterte administration is also doing this to address environmental and health concerns. By
taxing the dirty fuel correctly, we are also investing in amore sustainable future for our country.
- RA 10963 increase the tax rates on petroleum products in three (3) tranches beginning January 1,
2018 to January 1, 2020 as follows

Old Tax New Tax Rates

 Petroleum Products Rates (per liter/kg)
(per
liter/kg)
2018 2019 2020
Lubricating oils and greases P4.50 P 8.00 P 9.00 P 10.00
Process Gas P 0.05 P 8.00 P 9.00 P 10.00
Waxes and petrolatum P 3.50 P 8.00 P 9.00 P 10.00
Denatured and alcohol used for motive P 0.05 P 8.00 P 9.00 P 10.00
power
Naphtha and regular gasoline P 4.35 P 7.00 P 9.00 P 10.00
Leaded Gasoline P 5.35 N/A N/A N/A
Unleaded gasoline P 4.35 P 7.00 P 9.00 P 10.00
Aviation turbo jet fuel P 3.67 P 4.00 P 4.00 P 4.00
Kerosene P 0.00 P 3.00 P 4.00 P 4.00
Diesel fuel oil P 0.00 P 3.00 P 4.00 P 5.00
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) P 0.00 P 1.00 P 2.00 P 3.00
Asphalts P 0.56 P 8.00 P 9.00 P 10.00
Bunker fuel oil P 0.00 P 2.50 P 4.50 P 6.00
Petroleum coke N/A P 2.50 P 4.50 P 6.00

5. Increasing the Excise Tax of Automobiles

- RA 10963 simplifies the excise tax on automobiles, but lower-priced cars continue to be taxed at
lower while more expensive cars are taxed at higher rates.
- RA 10963 restructures the tax schedule on the excise tax on automobiles by imposing ad valorem
tax rates that are directly applied to the net manufacturer’s price/importer’s selling price instead of
imposing marginal tax rates.

OLD TAX RATES

Net Manufacturer’s Price/Importer’s Tax Rate
Selling Price
Up to 600,000 2%
Over 600,000 12,000+20% of value in excess of 600,000
Over 1,100,000 to 2,100,000 112,000+40% of value in excess of
1,100,000
Over 2,100,000 512,000+60% of value in excess of
2,100,000

NEW TAX RATES

Net Manufacturer’s Price/Importer’s Tax Rate

Selling Price
Up to 600,000 4%
Over 600,000 to 1,000,000 10%
Over 1,000,000 to 4,000,000 20%
Over 4,000,000 50%

Notes:
 1. Hybrid vehicles powered by electric energy in combination with gasoline, diesel or any other
motive power shall ne subject to 50% of the applicable excise tax rates on automobiles.
2. Purely electric vehicles and pick-up trucks shall be exempt from excise tax on automobiles.
3. Pick-ups shall be considered as trucks

6. Increasing the Tax of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

- The SSB excise tax will help promote a healthier Philippines. DOH supports this as part of
comprehensive health measure aimed to curb the consumption of SSBs and address the
worsening number of diabetes and obesity cases in the county.
- This is to measure to encourage consumption of healthier products, to raise public awareness of
the harms of SSBs, and to help incentivize the industry to develop healthier products and
complements.
- Under RA 10963, an excise tax rate of 6.00 per liter will be taxed on sweetened beverages
using purely caloric sweeteners, and purely non-caloric sweeteners or a mix of caloric and
non-caloric sweeteners; and
- An excise tax rate of 12.00 per liter will be taxed on sweetened beverages using purely high
fructose corn syrup or in combination with any caloric or non-caloric sweetener.

Beverages Covered under the RA 10963

1. Sweetened Juice Drinks;
2. Sweetened Tea;
3. Flavored Water;
4. All Carbonated Beverages;
5. Energy Sports and Drinks;
6. Cereal and Grain Beverages;
7. Other Powdered Drinks not classified as Milk, Juice, Tea and Coffee; and
8. Other non-alcoholic beverages that contain added sugar

Beverages are not covered under the RA 10963

1. All milk products, including Plan milk, Infant Formula Milk, Powdered Milk;
2. Meal Replacement and Medically-Indicated Beverages;
3. Ground Coffee, Instant Soluble Coffee and Pre-package Powdered Coffee Products;
4. 100% Natural Vegetable Juices; and
5. 100% Natural Fruit Juices

Why impose a TAX on SSBs?

1. Most of the sugar-sweetened beverages, with some notable exceptions provide unnecessary
or empty calories with little or no nutrition. SSBs are not a substitute for healthy foods such as
fruits and rice.
2. SBBs are relatively affordable especially to children and the poor who are the most vulnerable
to its negative effects on health.
3. SSB products are easily accessible and can be found in almost any store, unlike other
sweetened products. Most often, the poor and the children are not aware of their
consequences.

CHANGES ON OTHER EXCISE TAXES

1. On Cigarettes
- RA 10963 increases the excise tax on cigarettes packed by hand and packed by machine as
follows:

OLD TAX RATE

Tobacco Products Per Pack
 Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. 1, Jan. 1,
1, 1, 1, 1, 2017 2018
2013 2014 2015 2016
Cigarettes packed by hand 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 30.00 To be
Cigarettes packed by increased
machine 12.00 17.00 21.00 25.00 30.00 by 4%
NRP 11.50 and below 25.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 every
NRP more than 11.50 year
thereafter

NEW TAX RATE

Tobacco Products Per Pack
Jan. 1, Jul. 1, Jan. 1, Jan. 1, Jan. 1,
2018 2018 2020 2022 2024
Cigarettes packed by hand 32.50 35.00 37.50 4.0.00 To be
increased
by 4% every
Cigarettes packed by 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00 year
machine thereafter

2. On Mineral Product
- RA 10963 increases the excise tax rate on domestic or imported coal and coke in3 tranches
beginning January 1, 2018 to January 1, 2020, as follows:

OLD TAX RATE

Mineral Product Per metric ton
Coal and Coke 10.00

NEW TAX RATE

Mineral Product Per metric ton
2018 2019 2020
Coal and Coke 50.00 100.00 150.00

- RA 10963 also increases the excise tax rate on other mineral products as follows:
Mineral Products Old Tax New Tax
Rate Rate
All metallic minerals and quarry resources 2% 4%
Copper and other metallic minerals 2% 4%
Gold and chromite 2% 4%
Indigenous Petroleum 3% 6%
 Module 5
Critical Evaluation and Promotion
Learning outcomes:

At the end of this module the students will be able to

 Manifest interest in local history and show concern in promoting and preserving the country’s historical and
cultural heritage.

Lesson 1- Local and Oral History

ANALYSIS
Answer the following questions below.
1. What is Local History?
2. What is oral History?
3. Why Study Local History?

ABSTRACT

What is Local History?

Local history is a written history focusing on a particular town, district, or other limited area. (Oxford Dictionary,
n.d.)

Local history is the study of history in geographically local context and it often concentrates on the local
community. It incorporates cultural and social aspects of history. (“Local History”, 2018)

Local history is often documented by local historical societies or groups that form to preserve a local historic
building or other historic site. Many works of local history are compiled by amateur historians working independently
or archivists employed by various organizations. An important aspect of local history is the publication and
cataloguing of documents preserved in local or national records which relate to particular areas. (“Local History”,
2018)

Local history tends to be less documented than other types, with fewer books and artifacts than that of a country
or continent. Many local histories are recorded as oral tales or stories and so are more vulnerable than more well-
known issues. (“Local History”, 2018)

Artifacts of local history are often collected in local history museums, which may be housed in a historic house or
other building. (“Local History”, 2018)

Individual historic sites are inherently local, although they may have national or world history importance as
well. Many however have little overall historical impact but add depth to the local area. (“Local History”, 2018)
What is Oral History?
 Oral history consists of spoken memories, stories, and songs, and the study of these, as a way of communicating
and discovering information about the past. It refers to the memories of living people about events or social conditions
which they experienced in their earlier lives taped and preserved as historical evidence. (Collins, n.d.)

Oral history is the collection and study of historical information about individuals, families, important events, or
everyday life using audiotapes, videotapes, or transcriptions of planned interviews. These interviews are conducted
with people who participated in or observed past events and whose memories and perceptions of these are to be
preserved as an aural record for future generations.

Oral history strives to obtain information from different perspectives and most of these cannot be found in written
sources. Oral history also refers to information gathered in this manner and to a written work (published or
unpublished) based on such data, often preserved in archives and large libraries. Knowledge presented by Oral History
(OH) is unique in that it shares the tacit perspective, thoughts, opinions and understanding of the interviewee in its
primary form. (Oral history, n.d., Online Dictionary, n.d., Oxford Dictionaries, n.d., Nkala & David, 2015).

Why Study Local History?

We study local history for a number of reason, some of which are the following:

1. Studying local history provides the students with increased interest in the larger subject of history. The student
advances from memorizing names; dates and places, to the desire of knowing what was being said about
people, places or events. (“Studying Local History”, n.d.)

2. The study of local history gives the students a better sense of realism. It’s a body of information that can be
relevant to the students’ own surroundings. The subject matter of today’s schools should not be isolated from
the subject matter of life. The community and its institutions can be a laboratory for learning. The whole
community provides a sense of immediacy and reality about both the past and the present. (“Studying Local
History”, n.d.)

3. We have to remember that our local communities, familiar buildings, and the land itself are limited and
exhaustible resources. The study of local history might encourages preservation. It will make us aware of our
own links to the past. (“Studying Local History”, n.d.)

4. All history is local. (Stahle, 2016)

5. Local histories help you understand ancestors in context. (Stahle, 2016)

6. Local histories help you shape who you are. (Stahle, 2016)

Why Study Local History?

When the late Tip O’Neill, former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives said that “all
politics are local,” he essentially was stating that no matter the political issue, be it budget adjustments or education
reform, all politics ultimately come back to an individual person. In the end, the results of all political choices are felt
in communities, neighborhoods, and the lives of individual families. (Stahle, 2016)

But this statement doesn’t apply just to politics. In fact, Amy Johnson Crow says that it also applies to history.

“It’s not just all politics are local,” says Crow, “Really, all history is local.” (Stahle, 2016)

The History of the Muslim in the Philippines

by Hannbal Bara
National Commission for Culture and the Arts
April 30, 2015
(Hannbal Bara is an Associate Professor V at the Mindanao State University-Sulu where he also serves as Dean of its
Graduate School. He is an ExeCom member of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts.)
 …The history of the Philippine Muslims is a part of the backbone of the historical development of the whole
country. Filipino historians like Dr. Renato Constantino asserted that no Philippine history can be complete without a
study of Muslim development (1990:29).

The Philippines has two lines of historical development. The first line, which is the older, came to develop in
Mindanao and Sulu. And this refers to the Muslim line of historical development. Had not this line of historical
development been disturbed by western colonialism, Islam might have charted the entire destiny of the Philippine
nationhood. External factors swept into the country and brought the second line. The Hispanized Filipinos were
central to the development of this second line. This is the product of the great historical experiences of the Filipino
people under western rule.

Roots
Mindanao and Sulu are the original homeland of the Philippine Muslims. These areas are now the third
political subdivision of the Philippines. They are located at the southern part of the country, and lie around hundred
miles north of equator. The areas occupy a strategic position at the center of shipping line between the Far East and
the Malayan world. They are situated north of Sulawise and to the west is the state of Sabah.

Mindanao and Sulu has a total land area of 102,000 sq. km. It is a fertile region and known to be rich in
agricultural plantation, marine and mineral resources. As reported, more than half of the country’s rain forest are
found in Mindanao. While its agricultural crops include rice, corn, root crops, vegetables, cassava and fruits. Marine
products like seaweed production, fish as well as gas and oil are dominant in the Sulu sea. Mainland Mindanao has
substantial mineral deposits. Zamboanga del Sur has gold, silver, lead, zinc deposit; Davao Oriental has chromite
reserves; marble deposits for Davao del Norte and oil deposit in South Cotabato. These huge resources of the southern
islands have made Mindanao the land of promise.

However, the main concentration of the Philippine Muslim population is confined largely to the western side
of Mindanao down to the Sulu Archipelago. In mainland Mindanao, the Muslims are dominant only in Lanao and
Maguindanao provinces. While the rest of the Muslim populations are scattered in nearby provinces such as
Zamboanga peninsula, North Cotabato, Sultan Qudarat, South Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur and Sarangani
island. In the Sulu Archipelago, the Muslims are all dominant in three island provinces of Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-
Tawi.

The Muslim Ethnic Groups

Ethnic is an Italian term for nation. An ethnic community may be defined as tribal group which has its own
language, hold in common a set of tradition different from others whom they are in contact. It has its own territory
from which its ethnic identity is derived, and thus becomes a uniting factor for group cohesion. The Muslim ethnic
groups in Mindanao and Sulu are linked by both ideological and geographical factors.

The Muslims in the south are also culturally linked to Muslim countries in Southeast Asia such as Indonesia,
Malaysia, Brunei and the Patani of southern Thailand. They are composed of eleven ethnic groups. Each group has
its own language but only a few controls a political unit like a province or municipalities. Some groups speak one
language with three variations like the Maranao, Iranun and Maguindanaon. The Sama people have one language with
many variations such as the dialect of the Jama Mapun and the Bangingi.

1. The Maranao

Literally, Maranao means people of the Lake. Their homeland is called Lanao which means lake. Their oldest
settlement started around here, and up to this day, highly populated communities still dot the lake. Their language is
similar to Maguindanaon and Iranun. One shall be confused as to which of them owns the mother tongue since the
Maranao and Iranun can understand 60% of the Magindanaon language. At any rate, these groups live in proximity.
Continuous contact allows them to develop or share a common practice including language.

During the colonial period, the Maranao fought against the Spaniards, usually under the flag of the Maguindanao
sultanate. Throughout the colonial period, Lanao was united as one province of the Maguindanao sultanate. After
about 50 years, the Filipino settlers became established in the north area of Lanao. This eventually led to the division
of Lanao into Del Norte and Del Sur beginning 1960s.
 Lanao is a land rich in literature. Darangan is an example of this. The existence of darangan attests to the level of
civilization that the Maranao have achieved at one point.

Maranao society is a closed society. The entire municipalities of Lanao del Sur, particularly at the vicinity of the
lake are off limits to outsiders. The lifestyle of the people are in their traditional attire, the malong and the abaya. This
is the only place in the Philippines whose lifestyle is not affected with the western trend.

2. The Maguindanao

Originally, Maguindanaon is the name of the family or dynasty which came to rule almost the whole island of
Mindanao, particularly the former Cotabato. It later refers to the Muslim people who live in the Pulangi valley which
sprawls the Southwestern part of Mindanao. It Is for this reason, the Maguindanaon are called people of the plain.
They accepted Islam at the last quarter of 15 th century. Total Islamization of the whole Pulangi area succeeded only
with the arrival of Sharif Kabungsuan a prince from Johore who came to Mindanao after the fall of Mallaca and
nearby areas to Dutch colonialists in 1511.

The greatest contribution of Maguindanao to civilization in Southeast Asia were the sultanates of Maguindanao
and Buayan. It became the instrument of the Muslims in Mindanao in thwarting the western colonialism.

The Cotabato had been the seat of the Maguindanao sultanate. This is the ancestral land of the Maguindanao
including the hill ethnic group such as the Tiruray, Tasaday, and Subanun. Because of its wide valley, Cotabato area
has ever since the rice granary of the country. Many times, the Spaniards made Cotabato as capital of Mindanao
during their military occupation. This colonial plan, however succeeded only during the American period. It was able
to organize the first Filipino settlement in 1912.

The Maguindanao are the hardest hit of the Filipino settlement. Their political power diminished after long period
of fighting and resisting colonialism and Christianization, particularly at the beginning of the 20 th century. By 1970s,
three-fourth of their homeland were lost to Filipino settlers, mostly Ilongo and Cebuano. The Manila government
created in the area the five provinces of Maguindanao, Cotabato, South Cotabato, Sultan Qudarat and Sarangani.

3. The Iranun

These people have inhabited the area bordering between Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao province. They claimed
to be the origin of these two ethnic groups. The language of Maranao and Maguindanao is strongly rooted in the
Iranun tongue. Their culture received much influence from Maguindanao rather than the Maranao. The Iranun were
excellent in maritime activity. They used to ply route connecting the Sulu sea, Moro gulf to Celebes sea, and raided
the Spanish held territories along the way.

The Iranun have also attained a degree of social organization comparable to the Maguindanao or the Tausug. An
Iranun datu, like a sultan, wielded central power over his people. On account of their small population, the Iranus have
been overpowered by their neighbor and prevented them from having their own sultanate.

4. The Tausug

Prof. Muhammad Nasser Matli argued that the term Tausug is a slang word and originated from two words: tau
(people) and ma-isug (brave). Therefore, Tausug means brave people.

Before the coming of the Islam, the Tausug had already established a central government. When Islam came,
Tausug leaders accepted Islam. They did not resist. As soon as they became Muslims they made themselves models by
infusing Islamic values and politics to the government. The result was the spread of justice in the land. Seeing the
beauty of Muslim leadership, the entire natives finally accepted Islam. The peaceful triumph of Islam in Sulu in the
middle of the 13th century led to the Islamization of local politics. This was the process that brought about the
establishment of the Sulu sultanate in 1450. Many Tausug leaders were sent outside Sulu to further strengthen the
Sulu sultanate influence. This was the origin of the growth of Tausug communities in Tawi-Tawi, Palawan, Basilan,
Zamboanga, and Sabah.

5. The Yakan
 The term Yakan is a mispronunciation of the word yakal by the Spaniards. While the term Basilan has originated
from two words basi (iron) and balani (magnate). In the ancient time Basilan was thickly covered by the yakal trees.
Foreign people often mistook the name of the yakal trees as the native identity. During colonial period the Spaniards
branded the inhabitants of Basilan as Yakan, and became carried up to the present.

Basilan has been the target of Christian penetration since the Spanish era. Her rich resources like timber and
fertile agricultural land as well as her geographical proximity to Zamboanga City has made her vulnerable to present
capitalist exploitation and Christian domination.

The culture of the Yakans is similar to the Tausugs. Its inner foundation lies on the spirit of martabat. For the
outer side, religious institution like masjid and madrasa, artifacts and the vast number of Yakan professionals, ulema,
politicians and fighters reinforced further the strength of the Yakan culture.

6. The Sama

The Sama identity is derived from the term sama-sama which means togetherness or collective effort. The Sama
people are highly dispersed and scattered in the Sulu Archipelago. They are geographically diversified owing to their
exposure to maritime activities and fishing. There are sub-clusters that make up the Sama people.

a. Badjaos are known as the sea-gypsies of Sulu Archipelago and Celebes sea.
The Badjao people call themselves Sama Laut. They are boat people. They always move from one island to another,
living in their small boat for weeks or even months without mooring or coming to town to buy their needs.

b. Sama Balimbing, Sama Simunul or Sama Sibutu are the Sama people who
inhabited Tawi-Tawi and are called by their place of residence. These groups claim to be the origin of all Sama sub-
groups scattered throughout the Sulu archipelago. These people have a high level of literacy rate compared to other
Sama sub-group.

c. The Sama Bangingi are also considered major group within the Sama ethnic
group. Their dialect is just a variation of the Sama language. Geographical distance being separated from other Sama
groups by seas has caused the variation of their dialect from their mother tongue. But, generally all Sama people
understand each other. The Bangingi have a well-developed social organization comparable to the Tausugs.

d. Jama Mapun are another Sama sub-group. They call their dialect as pullun
mapun which is part of the Sama language. The term mapun stands for west. They call themselves as Jama Mapun
because they are situated at the distant west of Sulu. They are concentrated largely at the Turtle Island, Cagayan de
Tawi-Tawi an island municipality located at the border adjacent to Sabah. They are also found in southern Palawan.

7. The Sangil

The Sangil came from Sangihe an archipelago sprawling the Celebes sea just south of the Mindanao sea. Their
migration to Sarangani province and to the coastal areas of Davao del Sur and South Cotabato was ahead of the
coming of Islam to Southeast Asia.

The Sangil speak a language similar to Bahasa, and in the Philippines, to Tausug. They also evolved their own
social organization associated with central leadership, which enabled them to wage battle against the Dutch and
Spanish colonialism.

8. The Kaagan

The Kaagan inhabited mostly Davao areas. They became Muslims as a result of
contact with the Maguindanao sultanate, and later strengthened with the arrival of some Tausug groups who helped to
organize the Kaagan society. No wonder the Kaagan language has many Bahasa sug root words. With the departure of
the Tausug and Maguindanao influences at the height of Filipinization process, most of them have been marginalized
and were helpless to improve their society because their social organization did not improve as those in Lanao and
Sulu.

9. The Kolibugan
 The term kolibugan is a Sama word which means “half-breed.” Originally, they are part of the Subanun ethnic
group, an indigenous people inhabiting the interior of the Zamboanga peninsula. Their neighbors, particularly the
Sama Bangingi and the Tausugs called these Islamized Subanun as Kolibugan because their culture has been altered
by their Muslim neighbors and for years there has been intermarriage with other groups that produced new
generations, hence they are called Kolibugan.

10. The Panimusan

The early Muslim inhabitants in mainland Palawan were the Panimusan. These people became Muslims as a
result of close contact with the Sulu sultanate. Many Tausug during the sultanate period came to Palawan in order to
introduce Islam to the local people. The Muslim concentration is mostly in the southern part of Palawan such as
Batarasa, Rizal, Quezon, Brooke’s Point and Espanola. Isolated Muslim communities are also found in Narra, Roxas,
Taytay and Aborlan.

11. The Molbog

The Molbog are mainly confined in the Balabac islands located at the southern tip of Palawan. They received
Islamic influence and later embraced Islam from Brunei Muslim missionaries. At this period, the Brunei sultanate was
expanding its influence to the Philippines and Palawan is not far from Brunei. The Sulu sultanate also helped to
strengthen Islam among the Molbog.

Muslim Legacy

Just like other Muslim nations in Southeast Asia, the national identity of the Philippine Muslims was shaped
by Islam and further developed in the course of their heroic struggle against western colonialism. Right after the first
encounter with foreign aggressors in 1570 in Manila, the Philippine Muslims won a distinct honor as “Moro,” an
identity put forward by the aggressors after the Moors of Spain. They were called Moros only on account of their
Islamic ideology and their culture being similar to the Moors who conquered Spain for 785 years. To the Spaniards,
the term Moro would also mean Muslim.

Since then, the Muslims in this country have been identified in Southeast Asia and across the Muslim world as
the Bangsamoro people. This identity is officially recognized by the Organization of Islamic Countries. This is the
reference by which the historians and government legislators recognized the official designation of the Muslims in the
country and is now enshrined in the Muslim Organic Act of 1989.

The history of the Bangsamoro people is no doubt ranked as the first line of historical development of the
Philippines. The cohesiveness of the 11 Muslim groups under the spirit of Islamic brotherhood is a living reality of
Bangsamoro nationalism. This should form part of the Philippines’ political foundation. It is within this context by
which the struggle of the Bangsamoro people finds a just treatment in Philippine history.

LESSON 2
MUSEUMS AND HISTORICAL SHRINES
ANALYSIS
Give your insight about this quotation
“A Country that has few museums is both materially poor and spiritually poor…Museums, like theatres
and libraries, are a means to freedom.”- Wendy Beckett

ABSTRACT
MUSEUMS AND HISTORICAL SHRINES

1. MUSEUM
- the word museum is a Latin word which originally denotes a place or temple dedicated to the
Muses and therefore a building set apart for study and the arts

- is an institution that takes care and conserves a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic,
cultural, historical, or scientific importance

- these artifacts or objects are made available for public viewing through permanent or temporary
exhibits

- the world's oldest museum was built by a Babylonian princess 2,500 years ago
- discovered in 1925 by archaeologist Leonard Wooley.

It is worthy to note that even the ancient peoples also studied history. Babylonians who lived 2,500
years ago were able to look back on millennia of previous human experience. It is said that museum of
Princess Ennigaldi was so remarkable because her collection contained wonders and artifacts that were
very ancient.

The National Museum of the Philippines (Pambansang Museo ng Pilipinas)

- a government institution and serves as an educational, scientific and cultural institution in
preserving the various permanent national collections featuring the ethnographic, anthropological,
archeological and Visual artistry of the Philippines.

- Since 1998, the National Museum has been the regulatory and enforcement agency of the
National Government in the restoring and safeguarding of important cultural properties, sites, and
reservations throughout the Philippines.

MUSEUM vs. ART GALLERY

1. Museum’s purpose is to collect, preserve, research, and protect artifacts and other objects as well
as provide social services and education while Art Gallery’s purpose is to sell arts.
2. The first is universally public non-profit entities while the latter is a privately-owned business.

3. The first maintains a permanent collection of artifacts and objects, the latter has no permanent
collection or an endowment

4. The first most has a universal focus unless specified by the museum’s name itself, the latter has a
specific artistic focus, e.g contemporary art.

5. The first is accredited through trustees ad a board of directors as well as a director and staff, the
latter is not governed by rules of accreditation

6. The first is often partially funded by local, state, ad federal grants, aw well as solicited gifts and
donations from private donors, foundations and companies, while the latter is funded by the sale of art
objects

7. The first is in a special place often constructed or erected for the purpose, while the latter if often
located in commercial places.
MUSEUMS IN MANILA
1. BAHAY TSINOY (Intramuros);

2. CASA MANILA (Intramuros);

3. SAN AGUSTIN MUSEUM (Intramuros);

4. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES (P. Burgos Avenue);

5. MALACANANG MUSEUM (San Miguel);

6. METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF MANILA (Roxas Boulevard);

7. MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ARTS AND DESIGN (Malate);

8. THE MUSEUM (De La Salle University, Taft Ave.);

9. UST MUSEUM (Sampaloc); and

10. MUSEO PAMBATA (Ermita)

MUSEUMS IN PASAY
1. CCP MUSEO NG KALINANGANG PILIPINO; and
ASIAN TRADITIONAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS (Roxas Boulevard)

2. GSIS MUSEO NG SINING (Financial Center)

OTHER MUSEUMS
1. AYALA MUSEUM in Makati;

2. YUCHENGCO MUSEUM in Makati;

3. LOPEZ MEMORIAL MUSEUM in Pasig;

4. ATENEO ART GALLERY in Quezon City;

5. JOSE B. VARGAS AND FILIPINIANA RESEARCH CENTER in Quezon City;

6. MIND MUSEUM in Taguig;

7. PAULINA CONSTANCIA MUSEUM OF NAIVE ART (MoNA) in Cebu;

8. BALER MUSEUM in Aurora;

9. PROVINCIAL CAPITOL MUSEUM of Nueva Ecija;

10. FRED’S ARTS GALLERY in Nueva Ecija; and

11. BENCAB MUSEUM in Benguet

2. HISTORICAL LANDMARKS AND UNESCO SITES

CULTURAL SITES
1. Baroque Churches – serial inscription consisting of four Roman Catholic Churches constructed
between the 16th and the 18th centuries in the Spanish period
a. San Agustin Church (Manila);

b. San Agustin Church (Paoay, Ilocos Norte);

c. Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur; and

d. Santo Thomas de Villanueva Church in Miag-ao, Iloilo

- established a style of building and design that was adapted to the physical conditions in the
Philippines and had an important influence on later church architecture in the region

- represent the fusion of European church design and construction with local materials and
decorative motifs to form a new church-building tradition

- their unique architectural style is a reinterpretation of European Baroque by Chinese and

Philippine craftsmen

2. Historic City of Vigan (Ilocos Sur)

- most intact example in Asia of a planned Spanish colonial town, established in the 16th century

- its architecture reflects the coming together of cultural elements from elsewhere in the
Philippines and from China with those of Europe and Mexico to create a unique culture and townscape
without parallels anywhere in East and South-East Asia
3. Rice Terraces (Banaue, Ifugao)
- for 2000 years, the high rice field of the Ifugao have followed the contours of the mountains

- the fruit knowledge was handed down from one generation to the next, and the expression of
sacred traditions and a delicate social balance, they have helped to create a landscape of great beauty
that expresses the harmony between humankind and the environment

4. The Tabon Cave Complex and all of Lipuun (Palawan)

- located on the west coast of Palawan

- it is located on a limestone promontory which is visible from any direction for many kilometers
and honeycombed with at least 200 caves and rockshelters

- this point is called Lipuun by the local people but marked “Abion Head” on charts made from
British surveys I 1851 about 104 hectares and is formed by a number of rounded limestone domes
separated by deep chasms

5. Paleolithic Archaeological Sites (Cagayan Valley)

- located within the Cagayan Valley Basin that is bordered by the Sierra Mountain rage on the East;
the Caraballo on the South; the Cordillera Central on the West; and the Babuyan Channel on the North

- found in two municipalities of the province, namely, Solana and Penablanca, Paleolithic sites
yielded the earliest stone tools and remains of extinct and extant species of animals.

6. Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves (Benguet)

- individuals from the higher societal stratum of the Ibaloi of Kabayan used to be mummified
through a long ritual process over a long period of time

- the process of mummification using salt and herbs and set under fire may take up to two years

- when the body is finally rid of body fluids, the mummy is placed inside a pinewood coffin and laid
to rest in a man-made cave or in niche dug-out from solid rock.

- during the Spanish period, Christianity spread and took a foothold in the mountains of Benguet
and the practice of mummification and cave burial was abandoned
- the remains are then placed in wooden coffins and interred in man-made burial niches in rocks or
rock shelters and/or natural caves.

7. Butuan Archaeological Sites

- In 1975, as a result of the construction of an extensive network of large drainage channels to
relieve Butuan City from destructive annual floods, significant amounts of archaeological artifacts were
discovered that dated back to the Age of Contact with the Great Traditions of Asia, co-eval with the Yueh
type wares to Ming Dynasties of ancient China from the 10th Century to the 16th Century AD.

8. Baroque Churches (Extension)

a. Church complex of Patrocinio de Maria (Boljo-on, Cebu);

b. Church of La Inmaculada Concepcion (Guiuan, Samar);

c. Church complex of San Pedro Apostol (Loboc, Bohol);

d. Church complex of San Isidro Labrador (Lazi, Siquijor); and

e. Church of San Mattias (Tumauini, Isabela)

9. Petroglyphs and Petrographs

- are are of animate figures interpreted as representing juveniles or infants on a rock face in a rock
shelter

- the shelter is located southeast of the city of Manila, three kilometers from the town of Angono,
and some 235 meters above sea level. The shelter if formed by quaternary volcanics, located on the
eastern limb of an anticline

10. Neolithic Shell Midden Sites

- located along the banks of Cagayan River in the municipalities of Lalon and Gattaran

- the shell middens are in varying sizes and extent; and made up mostly of one type of freshwater
clams, Batissa childreni
- the biggest deposits of shells are found in Magapit and Bangag in Lal-lo (thickest is more than six
feet)

- associated with these shell middens are polished stone tools, chert flakes, bones and teeth, and
red slipped earthenware with incised and impressed designs

- most of stone tools are ground, polished with a trapezoidal cross-section; and made of
sandstone, claystone and shale.

NATURAL SITES
1. Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary (Davao Oriental);

2. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park (Palawan);

3. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (Palawan);

4. Batanes Protected Landscapes and seascapes (Batanes);

5. Chocolate Hills Natural Monument (Bohol);

6. Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park (Misamis Occidental);

7. Mt. Pulag National Park (Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya);

8. Apo Reef Natural Park (Mindoro);

9. El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area (Palawan);

10. Coron Island Natural Biotic Area (Palawan);

11. Mt. Iglit-Baco National Park (Mindoro);

12. Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park and outlying areas inclusive of the buffer zone (Isabela);
13. Mt. Mantalingahan Protected Landscape (Palawan);

14. Mayon Volcano Natural Park (Albay); and

15. Turtle Island Wildlife Sanctuary (Tawi-Tawi)

APPLICATION:
Write a Reaction paper or critique of the shrines, historical sites, museums that you’ve already visited.

LESSON 3
CULTURAL PERFORMANCE AND INDIGENOUS PRACTICES
ANALYSIS
What are the indigenous practices in the Philippines?

What are the cultural practices in the Philippines?

What are indigenous practices?

How do indigenous practices improve the human conditions?

ABSTRACTION

Cultural Performances and Indigenous Practices

1. VISUAL ARTS (SCULPTURE)

a. MANUNGGUL JAR (burial jar)
- dated to the late Neolithic Period, about 890-710 B.C.

- cultural treasure found in the early 1960’s in Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan
- the upper portion of the jar, as well as the cover is incised with curvilinear scroll designs and painted with natural
iron or hematite
- on top of the jar cover or lid is a boat with two human figures representing two souls on a voyage to the afterlife
- the boatman is seated behind a figure whose hands are crossed on the chest
- the position of the hands is a traditional Filipino practice observed when arranging the corpse
- the burial jar which is unrivaled in Southeast Asia and considered as the work of a master potter, signifies the belief
of early Filipinos in life after death.

b. SCULPTURES OF PAETE, LAGUNA

- Paete, Laguna is known for its generations of skilled artisans and their woodcarvings—from life-size statues of
saints, to miniature sculptures and wall hangings
- the town is also famous for its craft of colorful taka or papier-mache horses. 
- it was declared the "Carving Capital of the Philippines" in 2005.

c. TAKA OF PAETE, LAGUNA

- colorful, warm, and whimsical – the taka of Paete have become the epitome of Filipino folk art
 - they are like the Filipino fiesta painted on papier-mâché figures of dolls in Filipiniana, roosters, carabaos, and fire
engine-red horses

d. SANICULAS COOKIE MOLD CARVINGS

- it is made using age-old techniques and ingredients like arrowroot flour (uraro), eggs, lard, dalayap (lemon rind) and
coconut milk
- are used to impress the dough with the distinctive imprint are interesting kitchen artifacts themselves
- they are often commissioned from Betis and Bacolor carvers, and although the designs vary, the moulds always have
the abstracted figure of the saint in the center, surrounded by floral, vegetal and curlicue patterns

e. MALE RICE DEITY (BULUL) OF IFUGAO

- a standing male figure representing a rice deity (bulul) from the Ifugao people of northern Luzon Island in the
Philippines

- it is an outstanding and highly important expression of the foremost tradition of anthropomorphic sculpture in the
northern Philippines

- it is sculpted with exceptional elegance and sensitivity for its genre, it is among the finest expressions of its type.
While bulul figures are fairly common, the great majority are of more recent date and are more roughly carved than
this work.

f. THE OKIR (MOTIF) DESIGN OF MINDANAO

- it is an exclusive artistic cultural heritage of the Maranaos of Lanao, Philippines
- an artistic design of the Maranao native inhabitants of southern Philippines that started from the early 6th Century
C.E. before the Islamization of the area

- it is a design or pattern often rendered or curved in hardwood, brass, silver and wall painting in curvilinear lines and
Arabic geometric figures
- an art depicting the indigenous originality and skill of the Maranaos
- a fine art of figuring, painting, curving and sculpturing depicting the social and psychological identity of Maranao
Society
- every artifact or Maranao made ornament or device or decoration is designed with authentic okir revealing that the
Maranaos have a distinct and original culture and civilization not being imitated from other culture.

g. THE SARIMANOK
- a legendary bird of the Maranao people
- “Sari” means cloth or garment, which is generally of assorted colors and “Manòk”, which makes up part of its
name, is a Philippine word for chicken
- it is derived from a totem bird of the Maranao people, called Itotoro and according to the Maranao people, the
Itotoro is a medium to the spirit world via its unseen twin spirit bird called Inikadowa.

h. TOROGAN OF MARANAO
- a no ordinary home because it was a symbol of high social status

- such residence was once a home to a sultan or Datu in the Maranao community.

i. HAGABI OF IFUGAO
- a bench that is only used among the rich Ifugao

- it is usually carved out of a single tree trunk

- it is a symbol of wealth and prestige

j. PABALAT.
- a form of papercutting originating in the province of Bulacan
- it involves making intricate papercut designs from wrappers used in pastillas, usually papel de hapon or japanese
paper

k. PUNI OR BORLAS DE ASTILLAS OF BULACAN

- Puni is a tagalong term from the province of Bulacan which means to beautify or decorate with the use of coconut
leaf
 - coconut leaves are fashioned by folding, plaiting, braiding and simple weaving, which may have functional as well
as aesthetic uses.

2. VISUAL ARTS (ARCHITECTURE)

- ancient Filipinos lived in big settlements along sheltered bays, coastal areas, and mouths of rivers
- interior settlements were established at the headwaters and banks of rivers and their tributaries
- the houses were usually constructed side by side along the river banks or seashores. This type of settlement could be
found in Cebu, Leyte, Bohol, Panay, Cagayan, Manila and others
- other types of settlements included clustered communites and scattered communities on the inland hills and plains
- Philippine architecture responds to the climate. Although there are many variations, generally the roof of the first
Philippine houses, nipa huts, or bahay kubo, were high pitched and usually open gabled to allow for ventilation
- the materials used in the Filipino house are found near the site. The major building materials are: bamboo
(kawayan), rattan (yantok), various native woods, native palms like palma brava (anahaw), and nipa palms, cane,
and cogon, a long grass, for thatching. Stone and clay are sometimes used as well
- the early Filipino house was constructed without the use of nails or pegs, which were not available. The frame was
tied together with rattan or other materials.
- the houses are usually constructed by the head of the family, the whole family, or the family and their friends.

3. POTTERY
- traditional pot-making in certain areas of the Philippines would use clay found near the river

- molding the clay required the use of wooden paddles, and the clay had to be kept away from sunlight
- other pottery was used to hold remains of the deceased were decorated with anthropomorphic designs
- it is also used as well. During the Neolithic period of the Philippines, pottery was made for water vessels, plates,
cups, and for many other uses.

4. WEAVING
- involves many threads being measured, cut, and mounted on a wooden platform
- the threads are dyed and weaved on a loom.
- During pre-colonial era, native Filipinos weaved using fibers from abaca, cotton, and bark cloth
- textiles, clothes, rugs, and hats were weaved
- baskets were also weaved and used as vessels of transport and storage, and for hunting. These baskets were used to
transport grain, store food, and catching fish
- they also used weaving to make just about all of the clothing that was worn
- they weaved rugs that they used for quilts and bedding. The quality of the quilt/bedding was based on how soft, how
tight together, and the clean pattern

5. PAINTINGS AND DRAWINGS

- prehistoric cave drawings were discovered in a number of sites in the Philippines
- a notable set is the Angono Petroglyphs, found in a shallow rock shelter
- it measures 63 meters wide, 8 meters deep, and a maximum height of 5 meter
- artistic paintings were introduced to Filipinos in the 16th century when the Spaniards arrived. During this time, the
Spaniards used paintings as visual aids for their religious propaganda of spreading Catholicism. These paintings,
 appearing mostly on church walls, featured religious figures that appear in Catholic teachings. The purpose of most
paintings in the Philippines from the 16th to the 19th century were to aid the Catholic Church
- in the early 19th century, wealthier, educated Filipinos introduced more secular Filipino art, causing art in the
Philippines to deviate from religious motifs
- the use of watercolour paintings increased and the subject matter of paintings began to include landscapes, Filipino
inhabitants, Philippine fashion, and government officials
- Portrait paintings featured the painters themselves, Filipino jewelry, and native furniture
- Landscape paintings portrayed scenes of average Filipinos partaking in their daily tasks. These paintings often
showcased ornately painted artists' names. These paintings were done on canvas, wood, and a variety of metals.

LESSON 3
FIESTAS AND FESTIVAL, RITES AND RITUALS
ANALYSIS
Why do you think festivals are important to our lives as a Filipino Citizen.

ABSTRACTION

Fiesta and Festivals, Rites and Rituals in the Philippines

1. Sinulog – Cebu (3rd Sunday of January)
- celebrates the image of the Santo Niño (Holy Child) that was originally brought by Ferdinand Magellan from Spain
in the 16th century
- the words “Pit Señor” that you will constantly hear throughout the celebration, which is a plea to Holy Child.

2. MassKara – Bacolod City (3rd week of October)

- Filipinos are known to be resilient people who are able find ways to smile and jest even amidst crises and adversity
- this was the answer to the city’s dwindling revenue from the sugar industry
- marked by dancers donning elaborate colorful masks parading all over town, backed up by Latin-inspired drumbeats
- highlighted by a beauty pageant, concerts, and sports events among its numerous activities.

3. Dinagyang – Iloilo City (4th Sunday of January)

- celebration in honour of Sr. Sto. Niño
- this award-winning fête in Iloilo is marked by a street party celebrated with bountiful food and drinks, concerts, and
a street dance competition where different districts and local schools participate
- it also celebrates the traditions of Aklan Island’s indigenous Aeta people.

4. Panagbenga – Baguio City (February)

- also called the “Season of Blooming”

- it is a grand event where giant floats adorned with flowers parade along the whole stretch of Session Road
- a tribute to the city’s flower industry, it was first held after the 1990 Luzon earthquake to uplift the spirits of those
who were affected by the tragedy.
5. Pintados – Tacloban, Leyte (June 29)
- festival dedicated to Santo Niño
- street dancers are painted with designs that resemble armors, to display the body-painting traditions of ancient
warriors, while they parade all over town to the beat of marching bands
- it then culminates with a grand dance presentation where people from all over the area participate in.
6. Moriones – Marinduque (Holy Week)
- during the celebration, men and women who play the role of the “Moriones” are dressed in biblical Roman warrior
costumes and intricately carved masks
 - they then reenact the seven-day search for St. Longinus, a Roman centurion who converted into Christianity
- during the reenactment, they scare kids or conjure up surprises and tricks to draw attention
- the most exciting thing is that the audience gets to participate in the search for the person who plays St. Longinus
who sometimes hides in townspeople’s homes.

7. Pahiyas – Lucban, Quezon (May 15)

- dedicated to San Isidro Labrador, the patron saint of farmer
- a harvest festival
- houses are gilded with colorful kiping (wafer made of rice) and fresh produce that you can pick for free
- these décors are then judged by town officials and are given awards before the celebration culminates.
8. Kadayawan – Davao City (3rd week of August)
- the word “madayaw,” which means beautiful in Dabawenyo, truly encapsulates the biggest and most colorful harvest
festival in Mindanao
- it celebrates Davao Region’s abundance of fruit, flowers, and other fresh produce that are seen adorning the floats
that parade around the main streets of the city
- its main events are ethnic dance competitions, beauty pageants, fireworks display, and a food event called “Ka’n sa
Da’n.”

9. Ati-Atihan – Kalibo, Aklan

- one of the oldest festivals in the country
- originally a pagan festival that is now celebrated as a tribute to Santo Niño
- characterized by soot-covered performers, dressed in indigenous costumes dancing tirelessly to the beat of the
drums.
10. Bailes de Luces – Negros Occidental (January 5)
- also called as Festival of Lights
- it started back in 1997 as a thanksgiving feast for the upcoming year, where a lively parade of dancers moving to the
Latin beat, floats, and children are all decked with beautiful lights—you just cannot help but be awestricken by this
festival.

OTHER FESTIVALS:
11. Ibalong Festival – Legazpi City
12. Sandugo Festival – Tagbilaran, Bohol
13. Higantes – Angono, Rizal
14. Black Nazarene – Quiapo, Manila
15. Kaamulan – Malaybalay, Bukidnon
16. Kalilangan – General Santos City
17. Tuna – General Santos City
18. T’nalak – South Cotabato
19. Peñafrancia – Bicol Region
20. Caracol – Makati City
21. Lanzones – Camiguin
22. Pasungay – San Joaquin, Iloilo
23. Turumba – Pakil, Laguna
24. Carabao – San Isidro, Nueva Ecija; Pulilan, Bulacan; Angono, Rizal
25. Suman – Baler, Aurora
26. Buyogan – Abuyog, Leyte
27. Bangus – Dagupan City
28. Kinabayo – Dapitan City
29. Parada ng Lechon – Balayan, Batangas
30. Kasilonawan / Sayaw sa Obando – Obando, Bulacan
31. Cutud Crucifixions – San Fernando, Pampanga
32. Ligligan Parul – San Fernando, Pampanga
33. Taong Putik – Brgy. Bibiclat, Aliaga, Nueva Ecija
CLOSURE: CONGRATULATIONS!